THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND FROM THE ACCESSION OF JAMES TIIE SECOND. THOMAS BABINGTON MACAULAY. COPYRIGHT EDITION. BERNHARD TAUCHNITZ 1849 . [1848] Digitized by Google Digitized^ Google CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME. CHAPTER I. • PACK Ihtkodpctioh . .... 1 Britain under the Romans 3 Britain under the Saxons , . , . <1 Effect of the Conversion of the Saxons to Christianity . « Danish Invasion! , 9 The Normans . • = • • • • » . ill The Norman Conquest and its Effects . 13 Effects of the Separation of England and Normandy . i . 14 Amalgamation of Races lfi Conquests of the English on the Continent IS Wars of the Roses I . 20 Extinction of Villenagc . 21 Beneficial Operation of the Roman Catholic Religion 22 The Nature of the ancient English Government often misrepre- sented , and why . 24 Description of the limited Monarchies of the Middle Ages . 21 Prerogatives of the ancient English Kings how limited ... 23 The Limitations not always strictly observed, and why ... 29 Resistance an ordinary Check on Tyranny in the Middle Ages . 33 Peculiar Character of the English Aristocracy .... 30 The Government of the Tudors 39 The limited Monarchies of the Middle Ages generally turned into absolute Monarchies, and why 41 The English Monarchy a singular Exception, and why ... 42 The Reformation and its Effects ..... *4 Digitized by Google VI CONTENTS rAti Origin of the Church of England . ... 50 Her peculiar Character i i i ... 5i The Relation in which ibc stood to the Crown , ... 53 The Puritan* « . 5» Their Republican Spirit . ...... 59 No systematic Parliamentary Opposition offereil to the Govern- fill nient of Eluabeth , and why The Queation of the Monopoliea til Scotland and Ireland become ParU of the same Empire with England 43 Diminution of the Importance of England after the Accession of Janie* the First . ........ ^ 6S The Doctrine of Divine Right ...... 69 The Separation between the Church and the Puritan* become* wider 11 Accession and Character of Charle* the Firat Tactic* of the Opposition in the House of Common* Petition of Right . The Petition of Right violated Character and Design* of Wentworth Character of Laud . * The Star Chamber and High Commi*»ion Ship-money . Resistance to the Liturgy in Scotland A Parliament called and dissolved The Long Parliament . ... The first Appearance of the two great English Parties The Irish Rebellion The Remonstrance . • , . , . The Impeachment of the Five Member* ...... Departure of Charles from London . Commencement of the Civil War ....... Succe*»e* of the Royalist* Rise of the Independent* Oliver Cromwell The Self-denying Ordinance ........ Victory of the Parliament . Domination and Character of the Army Risings again*! the Military Government suppressed TilFT’ roCffdt ng against the King . Hi* Execution . I ^ Subjugation of Ireland and Scotland Expulsion of the Long Parliament The Protectorate of Oliver ...... ^ ^ Oliver succeeded by Richard . Fall of Richard and Revival of the Long Parliament Second Expulsion ot the Long Parliament Digitized by Google CONTENTS. VII PACK Monk and the Army of Scotland march into England . H2 Monk decla res for a free Parliament . , . 115 General Election of 1660 . llfi The Restoration « , . in CHAPTER n The Conduct of those who restored the House of Stuart un)ustly censured ... 1M Abolition of the Tenures b; Knight Service 151 Disbanding of the Army iA. Disputes between the Roundheads and Cavaliers renewed 151 Religious Dissension 155 Unpopularity of the Puritans . _J58 Character of Charles the Second . IBS Characters of the Duke of York and Earl of Clarendon . ir.'> General Election of 1661 m Violence of the Cavaliers in the new Parliament . m Persecution of the Puritans m Zeal of the Church for hereditary Monarchy . 135 Change in the Morals of the Community . .... tifi Profligacy of the Politicians of that Age . ~ . ns State of Scotland . 181 State of Ireland 183 The Government becomes unpopular in England .... 185 War with the Dutch 188 Opposition in the House of Commons ISO Fall of Clarendon m State of European Politics, and Ascendency of France . 121 Character of Lewis the Fourteenth 126 The Tnple Alliance The Country Party -’00 Connection between Charles the Second and France 201 Views of Lewis with respect to England 203 Treaty of Dover 20C Nature of the English Cabinet; The Cabal 208 Shutting of the Exchequer 212 War with the United Provinces and their extreme Danger 211 William Prince of Orange 211 Meeting of the Parliament 2lfi Declaration of Indulgence . 213 Digitized by Google . VIII CONTENTS. r A c.tr It ia cancelled , and the Test Act passed . • • • 213 The Cabal dissolved 0 • 2211 Peace with the United Provinces; Administration of Danby • 221 Embarrassing Situation of the Country Party . 0 • • 221 Dealings of that Parly with the French Embassy . • 0 • lb. Peace of Nimeguen; violent discontents in England • • • 226 Fall of Danby: the Popish Plot 229 First General Election of 1039 ! I I . T • 0 2.13 Violence of the new House of Commons . o 235 Temple's Plan of Government ..... 236 Character of Halilai 210 Character of Sunderland .... 212 Prorogation of the Parliament ..... 211 Habeas Corpus Act 215 Second General Election of 1G39; Popularity of Monmouth 0 0 Ul. Lawrence Hyde 250 Sidney Godolpbin ........ 251 Violence of Factions on the Subject of the Exclusion Bill • • 252 Names of Whig and Tory 253 Meeting of Parliament. 251 The Exclusion Bill passes the Commons . • • • Ul. Exclusion Bill rejected by the Lords • • • 255 Execution of Stafford; General Election of 16S1 . a • • 256 Parliament held at Oxford and dissolved; Tory Reaction • • 251 Persecution of the Whigs 260 The Charter of the City confiscated; Whig Conspiracies • # 261 Detection of the Whig Conspiracies; Severity of the Government. 264 Seixure of Charters 265 Influence of the Duke of York ..... 266 He is opposed by Halifax 267 Lord Keeper Guildford 270 Policy of Lewis 232 Slate of Factions in the Court of Charles at the Time of his Death 273 CHATTER III, Grpat Change in Ihe Slate of England since 1685 . TIC Population of England in 1685 . .. 233 South = . = , . • . s . 233 Revenue in 1685 s s . , . * . 5 . , . 282 Digitized by Google . CONTENTS IX PACK miliary system 2X5 The Nan . : : r~ 293 The Ordnance .....~ Noneffective Charge . T~ 301 Charge of Civil Government 302 Great Gains of Courtiers and Ministers 303 Stale of Agriculture .... • 306 Mineral Wealth of the Country . • 311 Increase of Rent: the Country Gentlemen • • 313 The Clergy 319 The Yeomanry . .... - 329 Growth of the Towns; Bristol ^ T • f o 330 Norwich 332 Other Country Towns .... • 333 Manchester: Leeds .... • 335 Sheffield 336 Birmingham 331 Liverpool 338 Watering places: Cheltenham; Brighton. 339 Buxton » Tunbridge Wellf 340 Bath 341 London 342 The City ...... 344 The Fashionable Part of the Capital . o • 350 Police of London . 355 The Lighting of London 356 White Friars ...... 351 The Court 358 The Coffee-houses .... 361 Difficulty of Travelling 365 Badness of the Roads . I I ! 366 Stage Coaches 311 Highwaymen . 314 Inns ....... 3M The Post Office 319 The Newspapers 381 The Newsletters • 383 The Observator 385 Scarcity of Books in Country Places . 386 Female Education .... • 381 Literary Attainments of Gentlemen 389 Influence of French Literature . 39U Immorality of the Polite Literature of England 399 State of Science in England # • 399 Slate of the Fine Arts . 405 Stale of tne Common People; Agricultural Wages 401 Digitized by Google X CONTENTS- r\f.K Wage* of Manufacturer* 4IQ •*!- Labour of Children in Factories . , , . , . • • 41* Number of Pauper* . « » » Benefit* derived by the Common People from the Progress of Ci- ' wilimion I , . , , , , , . , 415 Pelmton which lead* Men f overrate the Happinca* of preceding generation* ill Digitized by Google HISTORY OF ENGLAND. CHAPTER L I purpose to write the history of England from the acces- ciup. sion of King James the Second down to a time which is within — the memory of men still living. I shall recount the errors t?0 u. which, in a few months, alienated a loyal gentry and priest- hood from the House of Stuart. I shall trace the course of that revolution which terminated the long struggle between our sovereigns and their parliaments, and bound up together the rights of the people and the title of the reigning dynasty. I shall relate how the new settlement was, during many troubled years, successfully defended against foreign and do- mestic enemies; how, under that settlement, the authority of law and the security of property were found to be compatible with a liberty of discussion and of individual action never be- fore known; how, from the auspicious union of order and freedom, sprang a prosperity of which the annals of human affairs had furnished no example; how our country, from a Btate of ignominious vassalage, rapidly rose to the place of umpire among European powers; how her opulence and her martial glory grew together; how, by wise and resolute good faith, was gradually established a public credit fruitful of marvels which to the statesmen of any former age would have seemed incredible; how a gigantic commerce gave birth to a maritime power, compared with which every other maritime power, ancient or modern, sinks into insignificance; how Uacaiiltiy, History. /. ' 1 Digitized by Google HISTORY OK ENGLAND, Scotland, after ages of enmity, was at length united to England, not merely by legal bonds, but by indissoluble ties of interest and affection; how, in America, the British colonies rapidly became far mightier and wealthier than the realms which Cortes and Pizarro had added to the dominions of Charles the Fifth; how, in Asia, British adventurers founded an empire not less splendid and more durable than that of Alexander. Nor will it be less my duty faithfully to record disasters mingled with triumphs, and great national crimes and follies far more humiliating than any disaster. It will be seen that even what we justly account our chief blessings were not without alloy. It will be seen that the system which effectually secured our liberties against the encroachments of kingly power gave birth to a new class of abuses from which absolute monarchies are exempt.