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Flavonoids and Stilbenoids of the Genera Dracaena and Sansevieria: Structures and Bioactivities
molecules Review Flavonoids and Stilbenoids of the Genera Dracaena and Sansevieria: Structures and Bioactivities Zaw Min Thu 1,* , Ko Ko Myo 1, Hnin Thanda Aung 2, Chabaco Armijos 3,* and Giovanni Vidari 4,* 1 Department of Chemistry, Kalay University, Kalay 03044, Sagaing Region, Myanmar; [email protected] 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Mandalay, Mandalay 100103, Myanmar; [email protected] 3 Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto s/n, Loja 1101608, Ecuador 4 Medical Analysis Department, Faculty of Science, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Iraq * Correspondence: [email protected] (Z.M.T.); [email protected] (C.A.); [email protected] (G.V.) Received: 18 May 2020; Accepted: 2 June 2020; Published: 3 June 2020 Abstract: The genera Dracaena and Sansevieria (Asparagaceae, Nolinoideae) are still poorly resolved phylogenetically. Plants of these genera are commonly distributed in Africa, China, Southeast Asia, and America. Most of them are cultivated for ornamental and medicinal purposes and are used in various traditional medicines due to the wide range of ethnopharmacological properties. Extensive in vivo and in vitro tests have been carried out to prove the ethnopharmacological claims and other bioactivities. These investigations have been accompanied by the isolation and identification of hundreds of phytochemical constituents. The most characteristic metabolites are steroids, flavonoids, stilbenes, and saponins; many of them exhibit potent analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and cytotoxic activities. This review highlights the structures and bioactivities of flavonoids and stilbenoids isolated from Dracaena and Sansevieria. Keywords: Dracaena; Sansevieria; biological/pharmacological activities; flavonoids; stilbenoids 1. Introduction The taxonomic boundaries of the dracaenoid genera Dracaena and Sansevieria have long been debated. -
Ornamental Garden Plants of the Guianas, Part 3
; Fig. 170. Solandra longiflora (Solanaceae). 7. Solanum Linnaeus Annual or perennial, armed or unarmed herbs, shrubs, vines or trees. Leaves alternate, simple or compound, sessile or petiolate. Inflorescence an axillary, extra-axillary or terminal raceme, cyme, corymb or panicle. Flowers regular, or sometimes irregular; calyx (4-) 5 (-10)- toothed; corolla rotate, 5 (-6)-lobed. Stamens 5, exserted; anthers united over the style, dehiscing by 2 apical pores. Fruit a 2-celled berry; seeds numerous, reniform. Key to Species 1. Trees or shrubs; stems armed with spines; leaves simple or lobed, not pinnately compound; inflorescence a raceme 1. S. macranthum 1. Vines; stems unarmed; leaves pinnately compound; inflorescence a panicle 2. S. seaforthianum 1. Solanum macranthum Dunal, Solanorum Generumque Affinium Synopsis 43 (1816). AARDAPPELBOOM (Surinam); POTATO TREE. Shrub or tree to 9 m; stems and leaves spiny, pubescent. Leaves simple, toothed or up to 10-lobed, to 40 cm. Inflorescence a 7- to 12-flowered raceme. Corolla 5- or 6-lobed, bluish-purple, to 6.3 cm wide. Range: Brazil. Grown as an ornamental in Surinam (Ostendorf, 1962). 2. Solanum seaforthianum Andrews, Botanists Repository 8(104): t.504 (1808). POTATO CREEPER. Vine to 6 m, with petiole-tendrils; stems and leaves unarmed, glabrous. Leaves pinnately compound with 3-9 leaflets, to 20 cm. Inflorescence a many- flowered panicle. Corolla 5-lobed, blue, purple or pinkish, to 5 cm wide. Range:South America. Grown as an ornamental in Surinam (Ostendorf, 1962). Sterculiaceae Monoecious, dioecious or polygamous trees and shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple to palmately compound, petiolate. Inflorescence an axillary panicle, raceme, cyme or thyrse. -
Listado De Todas Las Plantas Que Tengo Fotografiadas Ordenado Por Familias Según El Sistema APG III (Última Actualización: 2 De Septiembre De 2021)
Listado de todas las plantas que tengo fotografiadas ordenado por familias según el sistema APG III (última actualización: 2 de Septiembre de 2021) GÉNERO Y ESPECIE FAMILIA SUBFAMILIA GÉNERO Y ESPECIE FAMILIA SUBFAMILIA Acanthus hungaricus Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Metarungia longistrobus Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Acanthus mollis Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Odontonema callistachyum Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Acanthus spinosus Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Odontonema cuspidatum Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Aphelandra flava Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Odontonema tubaeforme Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Aphelandra sinclairiana Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Pachystachys lutea Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Aphelandra squarrosa Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Pachystachys spicata Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Asystasia gangetica Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Peristrophe speciosa Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Barleria cristata Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Phaulopsis pulchella Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Barleria obtusa Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Pseuderanthemum carruthersii ‘Rubrum’ Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Barleria repens Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Pseuderanthemum carruthersii var. atropurpureum Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Brillantaisia lamium Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Pseuderanthemum carruthersii var. reticulatum Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Brillantaisia owariensis Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Pseuderanthemum laxiflorum Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Brillantaisia ulugurica Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Pseuderanthemum laxiflorum ‘Purple Dazzler’ Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Crossandra infundibuliformis Acanthaceae Acanthoideae Ruellia -
Assessment of Photosynthetic Potential of Indoor Plants Under Cold Stress
DOI: 10.1007/s11099-015-0173-7 PHOTOSYNTHETICA 54 (1): 138-142, 2016 BRIEF COMMUNICATION Assessment of photosynthetic potential of indoor plants under cold stress S.M. GUPTA+, A. AGARWAL, B. DEV, K. KUMAR, O. PRAKASH, M.C. ARYA, and M. NASIM Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research, Goraparao, P.O.-Arjunpur, Haldwani, Dist.-Nainital (UK) – 263 139, India Abstract Photosynthetic parameters including net photosynthetic rate (PN), transpiration rate (E), water-use efficiency (WUE), and stomatal conductance (gs) were studied in indoor C3 plants Philodendron domesticum (Pd), Dracaena fragans (Df), Peperomia obtussifolia (Po), Chlorophytum comosum (Cc), and in a CAM plant, Sansevieria trifasciata (St), exposed to various low temperatures (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25C). All studied plants survived up to 0ºC, but only St and Cc endured, while other plants wilted, when the temperature increased back to room temperature (25C). The PN declined rapidly with –2 –1 the decrease of temperature in all studied plants. St showed the maximum PN of 11.9 mol m s at 25ºC followed by Cc, –2 –1 Po, Pd, and Df. E also followed a trend almost similar to that of PN. St showed minimum E (0.1 mmol m s ) as compared to other studied C3 plants at 25ºC. The E decreased up to ~4-fold at 5 and 0ºC. Furthermore, a considerable decline in WUE was observed under cold stress in all C3 plants, while St showed maximum WUE. Similarly, the gs also declined gradually with the decrease in the temperature in all plants. -
TAXON:Cordyline Fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. SCORE:4.0 RATING:Evaluate
TAXON: Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. SCORE: 4.0 RATING: Evaluate Chev. Taxon: Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. Family: Asparagaceae Common Name(s): red ti Synonym(s): Asparagus terminalis L. Cordyline terminalis Kunth Dracaena terminalis Lam. Terminalis fruticosa (L.) Kuntze Assessor: No Assessor Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 25 Apr 2018 WRA Score: 4.0 Designation: EVALUATE Rating: Evaluate Keywords: Tropical Shrub, Ornamental, Seed-Producing, Bird-Dispersed, Spreads Vegetatively Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 y 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 25 Apr 2018 (Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. -
No. 34 March 2016
No. 34 March 2016 Sansevieria 34/2016 pages 14 - 26 The Genus Sansevieria: An Introduction to Molecular (DNA) Analysis and Preliminary Insights to Intrageneric Relationships Andrew S. Baldwin*, Robert H. Webb** *Department of Life Science, Mesa Community College, Mesa, Arizona **School of Natural Resources, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Contact: [email protected] All photos by the Author Summary species? So, in this article, pretend that the genus San- Molecular biology, particularly as it involves the analysis sevieria, and the use of molecular biology, is on trial and of DNA, is growing in importance within plant taxon- you are the jury: will you vote for conviction or acquittal? omy to resolve how families and genera are related and to even resolve plant species from one another. Here, we Biogeography review some of the concepts of molecular biology with As the readers of this journal are well aware, Sansevieria an emphasis on how it may help to unravel certain long- is a cosmopolitan genus that occurs in Africa, the Middle debated issues within the genus Sansevieria as well as the East, and the Asian subcontinent. The diversity in form placement of this genus among other related genera. We is rather astonishing, ranging from tiny little plants, provide some preliminary data and offer a few insights some with stout, spiky leaves and others with thin, flat but caution against jumping to any conclusions about ones, to formidable shrubs 2-4 m in height. What holds Sansevierias without considerable additional data. this group of plants together within the genus Sansevier- ia are the similar flowers and seeds, but some believe that Introduction the flowers and seeds aren’t so unique to exclude larger, A well-respected succulent plant and cactus collector related plants currently within the genus Dracaena (Bos, and researcher from England reportedly refers to DNA 1984), and some molecular data bear this out (Lu and as “Damned Nasty Answers” because he doesn’t particu- Morden, 2014). -
Complete Plastome Sequence of Dracaena Cambodiana (Asparagaceae): a Species Considered “Vulnerable” in Southeast Asia
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B: RESOURCES 2018, VOL. 3, NO. 2, 620–621 https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2018.1473740 MITOGENOME ANNOUNCEMENT Complete plastome sequence of Dracaena cambodiana (Asparagaceae): a species considered “Vulnerable” in Southeast Asia Zhi-Xin Zhua, Wei-Xue Mub, Jian-Hua Wanga, Jin-Ran Zhanga, Kun-Kun Zhaoa, Cynthia Ross Friedmanc and Hua-Feng Wanga aHainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China; bBGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; cDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Dracaena cambodiana (Asparagaceae) is a treelike plant ranging from 3 to 10 m tall. It grows in low-ele- Received 1 May 2018 vation forests (0–300 m) having dry and sandy soils. It is distributed in Southern Hainan Island in China Accepted 2 May 2018 and other Southeast Asian countries (e.g. Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam). The dried resin can KEYWORDS be used medicinally as a substitute for that of Dracaena cochinchinensis. It has been ranked as a Vulnerable (VU) species in China. Here we report and characterize the complete plastid genome Dracaena cambodiana; illumina sequencing; sequence of D. cambodiana. The complete plastome is 156,697 bp in length. It contains the typical plastome; Asparagaceae; structure and gene content of angiosperm plastomes, including two Inverted Repeat (IR) regions of phylogenetic analysis; 26,526 bp, a Large Single-Copy (LSC) region of 84,988 bp and a Small Single-Copy (SSC) region of Asparagales 18,657 bp. The plastome contains 113 genes, consisting of 76 unique protein-coding genes, 30 unique tRNA genes, four unique rRNA genes and three pseudogenes (i.e. -
Cordyline Australis Cordyline Australis, Commonly Known As the Cabbage Tree, Cabbage-Palm Or Tī Kōuka Is a Widely Branched Monocot Tree Endemic to New Zealand
Cordyline australis Cordyline australis, commonly known as the cabbage tree, cabbage-palm or tī kōuka is a widely branched monocot tree endemic to New Zealand. It grows up to 20 metres (66 feet) tall with a stout trunk and sword-like leaves, which are clustered at the tips of the branches and can be up to 1 metre (3.3 feet) long. With its tall, straight trunk and dense, rounded heads, C. australis is a characteristic feature of the New Zealand landscape. Its fruit is a favourite food source for the New Zealand pigeonand other native birds. It is common over a wide latitudinal range from the far north of the North Island at 34° 25'S to the south of the South Island at 46° 30'S. Absent from much of Fiordland, it was probably introduced by Māori to the Chatham Islands at 44° 00'S and to Stewart Island at 46° 50'S. It grows in a broad range of habitats, including forest margins, river banks and open places, and is abundant near swamps. The largest known tree with a single trunk is growing at Pakawau, Golden Bay. It is estimated to be 400 or 500 years old, and stands 17 metres (56 feet) tall with a circumference of 9 metres (30 feet) at the base. Known to Māori as tī kōuka, the tree was used as a source of food, particularly in the South Island, where it was cultivated in areas where other crops would not grow. It provided durable fibre for textiles, anchor ropes, fishing lines, baskets, waterproof rain capes and cloaks, and sandals. -
Foliar Carbon and Nitrogen Content and Stable Isotopic Composition of Selected Philippine Flora
Philippine Journal of Science 150 (S1): 539-550, Special Issue on Biodiversity ISSN 0031 - 7683 Date Received: 04 Oct 2020 Foliar Carbon and Nitrogen Content and Stable Isotopic Composition of Selected Philippine Flora Roland V. Rallos*, Gerald P. Dicen, Andrea Luz G. Nery, and John Leonard R. Labides Agriculture Research Section Philippine Nuclear Research Institute Department of Science and Technology (DOST-PNRI) Commonwealth Ave., Diliman, Quezon City National Capital Region 1101 Philippines The elemental carbon and nitrogen content, as well as the stable isotopic composition of plants, can provide information on their nutrient dynamics and physiological characteristics. With applications ranging from paleoecology to ecological modeling, this information is critical in biodiversity conservation and management especially for highly dynamic ecosystems such as the Philippines’. Here, we determined the carbon and nitrogen content and their stable isotopic ratios in selected Philippine flora across different classifications and photosynthetic pathways. Fully developed leaves from different species of grasses, succulents, shrubs, and trees were collected and analyzed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry for carbon and nitrogen concentration and stable isotopic composition. Our results showed that trees had the highest carbon and nitrogen content, while grasses that utilized the C4 photosynthetic pathway were most efficient in terms of nutrient utilization as evidenced by their high C/N ratios. Foliar stable carbon isotopic composition of the surveyed Philippine flora was an excellent measure for distinguishing among photosynthetic pathways. The stable nitrogen isotopic composition was not distinct across plant classifications and showed indications of being sensitive to environmental factors, thus limiting its use for phylogenetic tracing. Our findings thus indicate that foliar carbon and nitrogen content and stable isotopic composition provide insights that cannot be easily achieved with other measurements. -
Evolution Along the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Continuum
Review CSIRO PUBLISHING www.publish.csiro.au/journals/fpb Functional Plant Biology, 2010, 37, 995–1010 Evolution along the crassulacean acid metabolism continuum Katia SilveraA, Kurt M. Neubig B, W. Mark Whitten B, Norris H. Williams B, Klaus Winter C and John C. Cushman A,D ADepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MS200, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0200, USA. BFlorida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800, USA. CSmithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama. DCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] This paper is part of an ongoing series: ‘The Evolution of Plant Functions’. Abstract. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a specialised mode of photosynthesis that improves atmospheric CO2 assimilation in water-limited terrestrial and epiphytic habitats and in CO2-limited aquatic environments. In contrast with C3 and C4 plants, CAM plants take up CO2 from the atmosphere partially or predominantly at night. CAM is taxonomically widespread among vascular plants andis present inmanysucculent species that occupy semiarid regions, as well as intropical epiphytes and in some aquatic macrophytes. This water-conserving photosynthetic pathway has evolved multiple times and is found in close to 6% of vascular plant species from at least 35 families. Although many aspects of CAM molecular biology, biochemistry and ecophysiology are well understood, relatively little is known about the evolutionary origins of CAM. This review focuses on five main topics: (1) the permutations and plasticity of CAM, (2) the requirements for CAM evolution, (3) the drivers of CAM evolution, (4) the prevalence and taxonomic distribution of CAM among vascular plants with emphasis on the Orchidaceae and (5) the molecular underpinnings of CAM evolution including circadian clock regulation of gene expression. -
Raulerson, L. 2006
Vascular Plant Distribution in the Mariana Islands. X = present; indigenous; O = present, introduced, as of 1995; ? = presence uncertain; + = fossil. Guam Rota Aguihan Tinian Saipan Marpi Anatahan Sarigan Guguan Alamagan Pagan Agrihan Asuncion Maug Uracas PTERIDOPHYTA PSILOTACEAE Psilotum complanatum Sw. X X X Psilotum nudum (L.)Beauv. X X X X X X X LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium cernuum L. X X X X X X Lycopodium phlegmaria var. longifolium Spring X X Lycopodium squarrosum Forst.f. X SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella ciliaris (Retz.) Spring X X X X X Selaginella erythropus O OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook. X Ophioglossum nudicaule L.f. X X X Ophioglossum pendulum L. X X X Ophioglossum reticulatum L. X MARATTIACEAE Angiopteris evecta (Forst.f.) Hoffm. X X X X X X HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Trichomanes brevipes (Presl) Baker X X Trichomanes javanicum var. boryanum (Kunze) X X Fosb. Trichomanes minutum Bl. X X PARKERIACEAE Ceratopteris gaudichaudii Brongn. X OSMUNDACEAE Osmunda japonica Thunb. X X GLEICHENIACEAE Guam Rota Aguihan Tinian Saipan Marpi Anatahan Sarigan Guguan Alamagan Pagan Agrihan Asuncion Maug Uracas Gleichenia linearis (Burm.f.) C.B.Cl. X X X X X SCHIZAEACEAE Lygodium auriculatum (Willd.) Alston X Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br. X X X Schizaea dichotoma var. sellingii Fosb. X X CYATHEACEAE Alsophila australis R.Br. O Cyathea aramaganensis Kaneh X X X X X X Cyathea lunulata (Forst.f.) Copeland X DICKSONIACEAE Cibotium chamissoi Kaulf. O POLYPODIACEAE Acrostichum aureum L. X X X X X X Acrostichum speciosum Willd. ? ? Adiantum philippense L. X Adiantum tenerum L. O Adiantum trapeziforme O Antrophyum plantagineum (Cav.) Kaulf. X X X Arachniodes aristata (Forst.f.) Tindale X Asplenium laserpitifolium Lam. -
Plant Care Guide Intro
PLANT CARE GUIDE INTRO Darryl Chang wants to change the way we care for plants. His Instagram handle @houseplantjournal was born of a desire to offer more thoughtful instructions on how to live with and care for plants. To Darryl, plants aren’t simply decoration: they are a biological curiosity that you live with. Rather than depend on generic instructions from a mass-produced care-label, Darryl aims to educate his readers on how to establish an intuitive relationship with their plants. PLANT CARE GUIDE GLOSSARY In his quest to offer more intuitive instructions for plant care, Darryl relies on the following phrases to better communicate his plant care philosophies. WIDEST POSSIBLE VIEW OF THE SKY (WPVS) Ever read the phrase “bright indirect light” and wondered “what does that MEAN”? Darryl too. Darryl came up with “WPVS” to explain that plants need to be right near a window to flourish. The bigger your window, the better. TOLERABLE As much as we try to be super specific about light, a plant will do well in a huge range of light levels. Darryl uses the word “tolerable” to communicate a condition that will require a bit of monitoring, but that your plant is likely getting what it needs. PLANT CARE GUIDE GLOSSARY SOIL DAMPNESS LEVELS Over and under watering can mean death for a plant. Rather than rely on a weekly watering schedule, Darryl advises to assess the soil dampness before adding more water to one of your plants. Plants don’t adhere to a schedule. WET SOIL PARTIALLY DRY COMPLETELY DRY Brown, dry to touch.