DOCSLIB.ORG

Comparative Law Perspective on P2p File Sharing Diego

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comparative Law Perspective on P2p File Sharing Diego COMPARATIVE LAW PERSPECTIVE ON P2P FILE SHARING DIEGO ALBERTO HERRERA FALQUEZ PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS JURÍDICAS PROGRAMA DE DERECHO BOGOTÁ D.C. 2012 COMPARATIVE LAW PERSPECTIVE ON P2P FILE SHARING DIEGO ALBERTO HERRERA FALQUEZ Trabajo de Grado para obtener el Título de Abogado Director HERNANDO GUTIERREZ PRIETO Profesor Departamento Derecho Privado PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS JURÍDICAS PROGRAMA DE DERECHO BOGOTÁ D.C. 2012 NOTA DE ADVERTENCIA “La Universidad no se hace responsable por los conceptos emitidos por sus alumnos en sus trabajos de tesis. Solo velará por que no se publique nada contrario al dogma y a la moral católica y por que las tesis no contengan ataques personales contra persona alguna, antes bien se vea en ellas el anhelo de buscar la verdad y la justicia”. ! 2! ABSTRACT The primary objective of this paper is to expose the inevitable change that the world is facing with regards to the information tsunami and the right of everybody to access it, taking advantage of the technology at our disposition. It seems contradictory that the world is taking a leap of faith towards the free market, free economy, and the removal of many other barriers that existed before this day, thus it looks like the protection towards copyright is increasing. Within an economical and regulatory point of view, the world is in need of a modern system that can adapt to the peoples’ needs nowadays. The law should follow society, not vice versa. That is why prohibiting and censoring free information that lies on the Web is a categorical mistake. Throughout history we have learned that prohibition has not only led us to more criminality, but it has drained our resources in the fight against the black market. This paper analyzes the legal scope and regulation that is in force today in the United States and Colombia, that directly or indirectly relates to P2P file sharing. P2P file sharing is a system based on social collaboration. People are solidary with each other by sharing whatever information they have. The protection of the file sharing system is in total harmony with a social state of law. The regulation that our legislature should be imposing, is the one that can help people gather this information more safely, ergo, instead of criminalizing and persecuting innocent individuals or internet providers (ISPs), we should be going after the people who make internet unsafe. Therefore, this paper ends up recommending some viable alternatives that the countries legislatures have that are more comprehensive with P2P file sharing and that adjust to the modern day technological era. ! ! 3! TABLE&OF&CONTENTS& INTRODUCTION)......................................................................................................................................)4! WHAT!IS!P2P!FILE!SHARING?!.................................................................................................................................!4! BACKGROUND!INFORMATION!.................................................................................................................................!7! LEGAL)IMPLICATIONS)OF)P2P)FILE)SHARING)UNDER)COPYRIGHT)REGULATION)SCOPE )...................................................................................................................................................................)12! NAPSTER,!INC.!CASE!.............................................................................................................................................!17! COPYRIGHT)REGULATION)RELATED)TO)P2P)FILE)SHARING)................................................)22! UNITED!STATES!OF!AMERICA!..............................................................................................................................!22! U.S.$Federal$Code$................................................................................................................................................$22! Code$of$Federal$Regulations$..........................................................................................................................$30! Copyright$Act$of$1976$......................................................................................................................................$30! Piracy$and$Counterfeiting$Amendments$Act$of$1982$.........................................................................$32! Digital$Millennium$Copyright$Act$(DMCA)$of$1998$............................................................................$32! SOPA$(Stop$Online$Piracy$Act)$.....................................................................................................................$36! ACTA$(AntiJCounterfeiting$Trade$Agreement)$.....................................................................................$38! Free$Trade$Agreements$...................................................................................................................................$40! North!American!Free!Trade!Agreement!(NAFTA)!...........................................................................................................!40! Dominican!RepublicQCentral!AmericaQUnited!States!Free!Trade!Agreement!(CAFTAQDR)!...........................!42! United!StatesQColombia!Trade!Promotion!Agreement!(CTPA)!..................................................................................!47! COLOMBIA!................................................................................................................................................................!51! Law$23$of$1982$....................................................................................................................................................$52! “Lleras”$Bil$V.$1.0$................................................................................................................................................$58! Law$1520$of$2012$(“Lleras”$Bill$$V.2.0)$....................................................................................................$61! International$Treaties$ratified$by$Colombia$..........................................................................................$67! The!Berne!Convention!.................................................................................................................................................................!67! WIPO!Copyright!Treaty!...............................................................................................................................................................!69! Decision$of$the$Andean$Community$351$of$1993$.................................................................................$70! Case$Law$................................................................................................................................................................$72! LENIENT)COPYRIGHT)REGULATION)TO)FIT)P2P)FILE)SHARING)PROTOCOLS).................)75! REASONS!FOR!A!P2P!FILE!SHARING!ACCEPTED!REALITY!..............................................................................!75! IDEAS!FOR!A!MODERNIZED!COPYRIGHT!REGULATION!....................................................................................!80! Alternative$Compensation$.............................................................................................................................$81! Alternative$Licensing$Models$........................................................................................................................$84! Open!Source!Licensing!System!.................................................................................................................................................!85! The!Creative!Commons!Licensing!System!...........................................................................................................................!88! The$New$Gradual$Dedication$Model$..........................................................................................................$91! CONCLUSION’S)......................................................................................................................................)96! BIBLIOGRAPHY)....................................................................................................................................)99! ! ! 4! INTRODUCTION& What&is&P2P&file&sharing?& ! It is vital to understand the concept of “file sharing,” before explaining the definition of P2P file sharing. Usually, file sharing is directly associated with virtual1 technology. This means sharing, by means of a network interface or the Internet. The Oxford English Dictionary defines file sharing as: “the practice of or ability to transmit files from one computer to another over a network or the Internet”. File sharing does not include all of the various alternatives for sharing information. For example, printing out information from a CD-ROM2 and then sharing its content with another person, is not considered file sharing. “While files can easily be shared outside a network (for example, simply by handing or mailing someone your file on a diskette), the term file sharing almost always means sharing files in a network, even if in a small local area network. File sharing allows a number of people to use the same file or file by some combination of being able to read or view it, write to or modify it, copy it, or print it.” (Rouse, Definition: File Sharing) Peer-to-Peer file sharing (hereinafter P2P file sharing) is a newly recognized concept in which every computer connected to the Internet may
Load more

Recommended publications
  • How Developing Countries Can Manage Intellectual Property Rights to Maximize Access to Knowledge
    HOW DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CAN MANAGE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS TO MAXIMIZE ACCESS TO KNOWLEDGE Edited by Xuan Li and Carlos Correa February 2009 THE SOUTH CENTRE In August 1995, the South Centre was established as a permanent inter-Governmental organization of developing countries. In pursuing its objectives of promoting South solidarity, South-South cooperation, and coordinated participation by developing countries in international forums, the South Centre has full intellectual independence. It prepares, publishes and distributes information, strategic analyses and recommendations on international economic, social and political matters of concern to the South. For detailed information about the South Centre see its website www.southcentre.org The South Centre enjoys support and cooperation from the governments of the countries of the South and is in regular working contact with the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77 and China. The Centre’s studies and position papers are prepared by drawing on the technical and intellectual capacities existing within South governments and institutions and among individuals of the South. Through working group sessions and wide consultations which involve experts from different parts of the South, and sometimes from the North, common problems of the South are studied and experience and knowledge are shared. This South Perspectives series comprises authored policy papers and analyses on key issues facing developing countries in multilateral discussions and negotiations and on which they need to develop appropriate joint policy responses. It is hoped that the publications will also assist developing country governments in formulating the associated domestic policies which would further their development objectives. How Developing Countries Can Manage Intellectual Property Rights to Maximize Access to Knowledge was first published in February 2009 by the South Centre.
    [Show full text]
  • Minimum Documentation: N~Tional Patent Documents
    PCT /TCO/SS/I/ 2 ENGLISH ONLY WIJPO DATE: October 15, 1971 WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION UNITED INTERNATIONAL BUREAUX FOR THE PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PATENT COOPERATION TREATY INTERIM COMMITTEE ON TECHNICAL COOPERATION STANDING SUBCOMMITTEE First Session: Geneva, December 8 to 10, 1971 MINIMUM DOCUMENTATION: N~TIONAL PATENT DOCUMENTS Report prepared by the International Bureau Introduction 1. Article 15(4) of the PCT provides that any International Searching Authority must consult "the documentation specified in the Regulations," and Rule 34.l(b) of the PCT Regulations provides that the documentation referred to in Article 15(4) ("minimum documentation") shall among other things include "national patent documents," as specified in paragraph (c) of the same Rule. 2. According to the prov1s1ons of said paragraph (c), the "national patent documents'" shall be, subject to paragraphs (d) and (e), the following: (i) the patents issued in and after 1920 by France, the former Reichspatentamt of Germany, Japan, the Soviet Union, Switzerland (in French and German languages only), the United Kingdom, and the United States of America, (ii) the patents issued by the Federal Republic of Germany, (iii) the patent applications, if any, published in and after 1920 in the countries referred to in items (i) and (ii), (iv) the inventors' certificates issued by the Soviet Union, (v) the utility certificates issued by, and the published applications for utility certificates of, France, PCT/TCO/SS/I/2 page 2 (vi) such patents issued by, and such patent applica­ tions published in, any other country after 1920 as are in the English, French, or German language and in which no priority is claimed, provided that the national Office of the interested country sorts out these documents and places them at the disposal of each International Searching Authority.
    [Show full text]
  • The Berne Convention)
    International Journal of Medicine and Medical Research 2018, Volume 4, Issue 1, p. 89-93 copyright © 2018, TSMU, All Rights Reserved DOI 10.11603/IJMMR.2413-6077.2018.1.8710 CONVENTIONAL MINIMUM IN COPYRIGHT proteCTION (THE BERNE CONVENTION) J. Barg AXIOM, WROCLAW, POLAND Background. Intellectual property rights are present in our everyday lives to a huge extent. Law of intellectual property is generally governed by national law, with general principles set out in international treaties. Copyrights strictly protect only the expression of ideas, not the underlying ideas, procedures, methods of operation, or mathematical concepts themselves. Berne Convention was first signed in 1886 and to this day is one of the most important international treaties concerning copyrights and moral rights. Objective. This paper aims to shortly explain the basic rights and privileges provided to the authors by the Berne Convention in its present version, i.e. Paris Act of July 24, 1971, amended on September 28, 1979. Results. Berne Convention provides a „conventional minimum”, meaning that all members must provide at least the rights granted by the Berne Convention to the authors. However, each member can grant more rights to the authors. In article 7 Berne Convention regulates the term of protection of copyrights, which is the life of the author and fifty years after her death. Moral rights, provided in Article 6bis, were added in 1928 and grant the author a right to claim authorship of the work and the right of respect. Article 10 of the Berne Convention provides “certain free uses of works”. Conclusions. The freedoms granted include possibilities of making quotations and of using the work of someone else to illustrate for teaching purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • ENFORCEMENT of LICENCE AGREEMENTS While Preparing
    1 ENFORCEMENT OF LICENCE AGREEMENTS by Barry Gamache* LEGER ROBIC RICHARD, Lawyers, ROBIC, Patent & Trademark Agents Centre CDP Capital 1001 Square-Victoria- Bloc E – 8th Floor Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2Z 2B7 Tel. (514) 987 6242 - Fax (514) 845 7874 www.robic.ca - [email protected] While preparing this presentation on the enforcement of licence agreements, I realized that the vastness of the subject could justify different approaches. The subject could be studied by reviewing the content of licensing agreements; it could also be studied by taking note of various statutes affecting the licensee's capacity to enforce his or her own rights under the licence agreement. I decided to take the latter road and remain in a single lane and concentrate on a particular point, that is the legislative setting regulating a licensee's standing to sue an infringer under three specific laws in the field of intellectual property, namely the Copyright Act, the Patent Act and the Trade-Marks Act. The word "licence" has very ancient origins; in its primitive sense, it means a leave, a permission or the liberty to do something. For example, the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles indicates that medieval English attributed to the word licence the meaning of "a formal permission from a constituted authority to do something, e.g. to marry, preach, carry on some trade". Fastforwarding to today, one realizes that the word "licence" retains the idea of a special permission or authorization. To quote one source, The Dictionary of Canadian Law (Toronto, Carswell, 1991) has the following definition for the term: © LÉGER ROBIC RICHARD / ROBIC, 1993.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Copyright?
    Limitations and Exceptions to Copyright and Neighbouring Rights in the Digital Environment: An International Library Perspective Summary: S The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions represents the interests of libraries and information services as well as the users of such services worldwide. S Libraries are major purchasers of information in print, analogue and digital formats and wish to ensure lawful, equitable access to knowledge contained in such works. S IFLA believes that the economic rights of information providers must be balanced with society’s need to gain access to knowledge and that libraries play a pivotal role in this balance. S The digital environment has the potential to support access for all members of society, especially those in developing countries and in disadvantaged groups, but this will not happen unless intellectual property laws continue to be balanced with effective limitations and exceptions. S IFLA believes that exceptions and limitations to copyright, which exist for the public good, are being jeopardized by the increased use of technological protection measures and licensing restrictions. Introduction The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions welcomes UNESCO’s proposal to study the use of limitations and exceptions to copyright in the digital environment. As the main voice speaking on copyright on behalf of the international library and information profession as well as our users in education, business and industry, the health sector, the voluntary and public sectors, IFLA believes that the economic rights of information providers must be balanced with society’s need to gain access to knowledge. IFLA is concerned that the increased use of licensing and technological protection is distorting the balance toward commercial interests and away from information users.
    [Show full text]
  • A RIFF on FAIR USE in the DIGITAL MILLENNIUM COPYRIGHT ACT T DAVID NIMMER
    University of Pennsylvania Law Review FOUNDED 1852 Formerly American Law Register VOL. 148 JANUARY2000 NO. 3 ARTICLES A RIFF ON FAIR USE IN THE DIGITAL MILLENNIUM COPYRIGHT ACT t DAVID NIMMER INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 674 I. THE RIF ............................................................................................. 675 II. THE DIGITAL MILLENNIUM COPYRIGHT ACT ................................... 680 A. Background-Regulationof Devices and Services........................... 681 B. Section 1201's Anti-CircumventionBans ...................................... 684 1. Breaking and Entering ........................................................ 685 2. Disorderly Conduct. ............................................................. 688 3. Distinctions Between Those Schemes ................................. 689 t © 2000 by David Nimmer, Of Counsel, Irell & Manella, Los Angeles, California. This Article was initially presented as a paper to the Haifa Conference on the Com- modification of Information on May 30, 1999. It is warmly dedicated to all my friends at Frimer & Gellman, at whose Jerusalem offices it was largely composed during what was supposed to be my sabbatical year-naturally, the very time that Congress chose to enact the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. (673) 674 UNIVERSITY OFPENNSYLVANIA LAWREVEW [Vol. 148:673 C. Statutory Exemptions in Section 1201 ....................................... 692 1. General Exemptions ...........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • AAUP Permissions
    The Association of American University Presses PERMISSIONS FAQ (Author Responsibilities and Copyright Guidelines) This FAQ was developed by the members of the Copyright Committee for the AAUP (Association of American University Presses) for use by university presses and authors. They are provided as guidelines that will give you information that can help you fulfill your copyright and permissions obligations. You may copy, distribute, and display these FAQs as long as they are reproduced in their entirety, not for commercial purposes, and include attribution to the AAUP. We consider this a living document. If you would like to suggest improvements or revisions, please send information to: Brenna McLaughlin ([email protected]) at the AAUP Central Office, who will forward it to the current AAUP Copyright Committee Chair. This FAQ and other compiled copyright resources are available at the AAUP site: http://www.aaupnet.org/aboutup/issues/copyright/ By their nature, these FAQs simplify complex legal issues and therefore may not reflect a fully accurate summary of the law applicable to all instances. They are not a substitute for qualified legal advice. These FAQs should not be construed as representing the views of the individual members of AAUP. Individual presses may have different interpretations of copyright law, for example, about what fair use allows, so you should confirm your decisions with your editor. —AAUP Copyright Committee, May 2006 CONTENTS: 1. Who is responsible for clearing permissions? (page 2) 2. What if I cannot find the copyright owner, or get no response? (page 2) 3. What types of works are protected by copyright? (page 2) 4.
    [Show full text]
  • No. 15-55287 in the UNITED STATES COURT of APPEALS FOR
    Case: 15-55287, 09/09/2015, ID: 9676795, DktEntry: 29, Page 1 of 28 No. 15-55287 _________________________________________________________ IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT _________________________________________________________ FLO & EDDIE, INC., Plaintiff-Appellee, v. PANDORA MEDIA, INC., Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________ On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California, Case No. 2:14-cv-07648-PSG-RZ, Hon. Philip S. Gutierrez ________________________________ BRIEF AMICUS CURIAE OF THE COMPUTER & COMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION IN SUPPORT OF DEFENDANT-APPELLANT PANDORA MEDIA, INC. URGING REVERSAL _____________________________________________________________ Matt Schruers Ali Sternburg Computer & Communications Industry Association 900 17th Street NW, Suite 1100 Washington, D.C. 20006 (202) 783-0070 [email protected] Counsel for Amicus Curiae September 9, 2015 Case: 15-55287, 09/09/2015, ID: 9676795, DktEntry: 29, Page 2 of 28 CORPORATE DISCLOSURE STATEMENT Pursuant to Rule 26.1 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, amicus curiae the Computer & Communications Industry Association states that it does not have a parent corporation and that no publicly held corporation has an ownership stake of 10% or more in it. /s/ Matt Schruers ii Case: 15-55287, 09/09/2015, ID: 9676795, DktEntry: 29, Page 3 of 28 TABLE OF CONTENTS CORPORATE DISCLOSURE STATEMENT ................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Intellectual Property in the Book Publishing Industry a Business-Oriented Information Booklet
    Managing Intellectual Property in the Book Publishing Industry A business-oriented information booklet Creative industries – Booklet No. 1 Managing Intellectual Property in the Book Publishing Industry A business-oriented information booklet Creative industries – Booklet No. 1 Managing Intellectual Property in the Book Publishing Industry Managing Intellectual Property in the Book Publishing Industry 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE 5 INTRODUCTION 7 SECTION A 11 Basic Notions of Copyright and other Relevant Rights in the Book Publishing Industry 11 Copyright 12 What is copyright? 12 What rights does copyright provide? 14 Who owns copyright? 15 How long does copyright last? 16 Are some works free of copyright? 16 Does copyright protect titles, names and characters? 19 Trademarks 24 Confidential Information and Trade Secrets 28 Further Business and Legal Considerations 28 SECTION B 30 The Book Publishing Value Chain 30 Publishing Across the Digital Landscape 36 SECTION C 38 Publishers’ Responsibilities in Negotiating Agreements 38 C.i. Managing Primary Rights 39 Grant of rights and specification 39 Commissioned works 40 Delivery and publication dates 41 Acceptability 42 Warranties and indemnities 43 Payments to authors and other creators 43 Other publisher issues 45 Termination 45 Concluding an agreement 46 Managing Intellectual Property in the Book Publishing Industry 4 C.ii. Managing Secondary and Third-Party Rights 47 Operating a secure permissions system 47 Text excerpts 48 Illustrations and web content 50 Drawn artwork 50 Photographs 51 Fine art 52 Picture acknowledgements 52 Web content 52 Conclusion 53 C.iii. Managing Subsidiary Rights 53 SECTION D 58 The Collective Administration of Rights 58 SECTION E 62 Business Models: Payment to Authors, Permissions and Subsidary Rights 62 E.i .
    [Show full text]
  • The Economics Behind Copyright Fair Use: a Principled and Predictable Body of Law, 24 Loy
    Loyola University Chicago Law Journal Volume 24 Article 2 Issue 2 Volume 24, Issue 2-3 Winter 1993 1993 The conomicE s Behind Copyright Fair Use: A Principled and Predictable Body of Law Michael G. Anderson Law Clerk to Hon. Joel M. Flaum, U.S. Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit Paul F. Brown Law Clerk to Hon. James L. Ryan, U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit Follow this and additional works at: http://lawecommons.luc.edu/luclj Part of the Intellectual Property Law Commons Recommended Citation Michael G. Anderson, & Paul F. Brown, The Economics Behind Copyright Fair Use: A Principled and Predictable Body of Law, 24 Loy. U. Chi. L. J. 143 (1993). Available at: http://lawecommons.luc.edu/luclj/vol24/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by LAW eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loyola University Chicago Law Journal by an authorized administrator of LAW eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Economics Behind Copyright Fair Use: A Principled and Predictable Body of Law* Michael G. Anderson** and Paul F. Brown*** TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ...................................... 144 II. BACKGROUND OF THE DECEPTIVE ORTHODOXY: BASIC BooKs, INC v. KINKO'S GRAPHICS CORP....... 145 A. Fair Use Under the Copyright Act of 1976 ........ 145 B. Basic Books, Inc. v. Kinko's Graphics Corp ...... 147 1. Factual Background ......................... 147 2. The Orthodox Balancing Analysis ........... 148 III. PROBLEM: THE BALANCING ANALYSIS-THE FAILURE OF THE KINKO'S COURT ................... 149 A. The Four Factors in Section 107 ................. 149 1. Purpose and Character of the Secondary U se .........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fair Use Factor Four Revisited: Valuing the "Value of the Copyrighted Work" – Essay
    Columbia Law School Scholarship Archive Faculty Scholarship Faculty Publications 2020 Fair Use Factor Four Revisited: Valuing the "Value of the Copyrighted Work" – Essay Jane C. Ginsburg Columbia Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship Part of the Intellectual Property Law Commons Recommended Citation Jane C. Ginsburg, Fair Use Factor Four Revisited: Valuing the "Value of the Copyrighted Work" – Essay, JOURNAL OF THE COPYRIGHT SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A., VOL. 67, P. 19, 2020; COLUMBIA PUBLIC LAW RESEARCH PAPER NO. 14-653 (2020). Available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2677 This Working Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications at Scholarship Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Scholarship Archive. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ESSAY – FAIR USE FACTOR FOUR REVISITED: VALUING THE “VALUE OF THE COPYRIGHTED WORK” by JANE C. GINSBURG* ABSTRACT Recent caselaw has restored the prominence of the fourth statutory factor —“the effect of the use upon the market for or value of the copyrighted work”— in the fair use analysis. The revitalization of the inquiry should also occasion renewed reflection on its meaning. As digital media bring to the fore new or previously under-examined kinds of harm, courts not only need to continue refining their appreciation of a work’s markets. They must also expand their analyses beyond the traditional inquiry into whether the challenged use substitutes for an actual or potential market for the work.
    [Show full text]
  • MPEP Chapter 2100
    Chapter 2100 Patentability 2126.01 Date of Availability of a Patent As a Reference 2105 Patentable Subject Matter — Living Subject 2126.02 Scope of Reference's Disclosure Which Can Be Matter Used to Reject Claims When the Reference Is a 2106 Patent Subject Matter Eliqibility “Patent” but Not a “Publication” 2106.01 Computer-Related Nonstatutory Subject Matter 2127 Domestic and Foreign Patent Applications as 2106.02 Mathematical Algorithms Prior Art 2107 Guidelines for Examination of Applications for 2128 “Printed Publications” as Prior Art Compliance with the Utility Requirement 2128.01 Level of Public Accessibility Required 2107.01 General Principles Governing Utility 2128.02 Date Publication Is Available as a Reference Rejections 2129 Admissions as Prior Art 2107.02 Procedural Considerations Related to 2131 Anticipation — Application of 35 U.S.C. 102(a), Rejections for Lack of Utility (b), and (e) 2107.03 Special Considerations for Asserted 2131.01 Multiple Reference 35 U.S.C. 102 Rejections Therapeutic or Pharmacological Utilities 2131.02 Genus-Species Situations 2111 Claim Interpretation; Broadest Reasonable 2131.03 Anticipation of Ranges Interpretation 2131.04 Secondary Considerations 2111.01 Plain Meaning 2131.05 Nonanalogous or Disparaging Prior Art 2111.02 Effect of Preamble 2132 35 U.S.C. 102(a) 2111.03 Transitional Phrases 2132.01 Publications as 35 U.S.C. 102(a) Prior Art 2111.04 “Adapted to,” “Adapted for,” “Wherein,” and 2133 35 U.S.C. 102(b) “Whereby” Clauses 2133.01 Rejections of Continuation-In-Part (CIP) 2112 Requirements
    [Show full text]