DOCSLIB.ORG

Fixing the Law Governing the Relationship Between Hate Speech and Mass Violence

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fixing the Law Governing the Relationship Between Hate Speech and Mass Violence FIXING THE LAW GOVERNING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HATE SPEECH AND MASS VIOLENCE CLE Credit: 1.0 Thursday, June 14, 2018 3:45 p.m. - 4:45 p.m. Bluegrass Ballroom II Lexington Convention Center Lexington, Kentucky A NOTE CONCERNING THE PROGRAM MATERIALS The materials included in this Kentucky Bar Association Continuing Legal Education handbook are intended to provide current and accurate information about the subject matter covered. No representation or warranty is made concerning the application of the legal or other principles discussed by the instructors to any specific fact situation, nor is any prediction made concerning how any particular judge or jury will interpret or apply such principles. The proper interpretation or application of the principles discussed is a matter for the considered judgment of the individual legal practitioner. The faculty and staff of this Kentucky Bar Association CLE program disclaim liability therefore. Attorneys using these materials, or information otherwise conveyed during the program, in dealing with a specific legal matter have a duty to research original and current sources of authority. Printed by: Evolution Creative Solutions 7107 Shona Drive Cincinnati, Ohio 45237 Kentucky Bar Association TABLE OF CONTENTS The Presenter .................................................................................................................. i Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 Setting the Stage ................................................................................................. 1 An Overview ........................................................................................................ 5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 26 THE PRESENTER Professor Gregory Gordon The Chinese University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law 6/F Lee Shau Kee Building Shatin, New Territories Hong Kong GREGORY S. GORDON is an Associate Professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) Faculty of Law. He formerly served as Associate Dean (Development/External Affairs) and Director, Research Postgraduates Programme. Prior to joining CUHK, Professor Gordon was a tenured faculty member at the University of North Dakota (UND) School of Law and Director of the UND Center for Human Rights and Genocide Studies. He earned his B.A., summa cum laude, and J.D. at the University of California at Berkeley. He then served as law clerk to U.S. District Court Judge Martin Pence (D. Haw.). After a stint as a litigator in San Francisco, he worked with the Office of the Prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, where he served as Legal Officer and Deputy Team Leader for the landmark "media" cases, the first international post-Nuremberg prosecutions of radio and print media executives for incitement to genocide. For this work, Professor Gordon received a commendation from Attorney General Janet Reno for "Service to the United States and International Justice." After his experience at the ICTR, he became a white-collar criminal prosecutor with the U.S. Department of Justice, Tax Division. Following a detail as a Special Assistant U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia, he was appointed as the Tax Division's Liaison to the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Forces (Pacific Region) for which he helped prosecute large narcotics trafficking rings. Also during this time, he was detailed to Sierra Leone to conduct a post-civil war justice assessment for DOJ's Office of Overseas Prosecutorial Development, Assistance, and Training. In 2003, he joined the DOJ Criminal Division's Office of Special Investigations, where he helped investigate and prosecute Nazi war criminals and modern human rights violators. Professor Gordon has been featured on CNN, the BBC, NPR, C-SPAN, and Radio France Internationale as an expert on genocide and war crimes prosecutions and has lectured on those subjects at the United Nations, the International Criminal Court, the U.S. Army J.A.G. School, the Harry S. Truman Presidential Museum and Library, the Nuremberg Trials Courtroom, and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. In 2015, his work was featured in an NPR broadcast on incitement to genocide narrated by Academy Award-winning actor Morgan Freeman. Professor Gordon has trained high- level federal prosecutors in Addis Ababa at the request of the Ethiopian government, as well as prepared prosecutors for the Khmer Rouge leadership trial at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia in Phnom Penh and trained lawyers and judges at the War Crimes Chamber for the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. His scholarship on international criminal law has been published in leading international academic i publications, such as the Columbia Journal of Transnational Law and the Virginia Journal of International Law as well as top American flagship law reviews such as the Ohio State Law Journal and the Oregon Law Review. He is one of the world's foremost authorities on incitement to genocide and his book Atrocity Speech Law: Foundation, Fragmentation, Fruition, proposing a new paradigm for international hate speech law, was published by Oxford University Press in 2017. Professor Gordon has presented his work at institutions such as Harvard Law School, Columbia Law School, Yale University, Georgetown University Law Center, Melbourne Law School and Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. He was the inaugural winner of the North Dakota Spirit Law School Faculty Achievement Award in 2009 and was invited to deliver the prestigious UND Faculty Lecture in 2011. In 2010, Professor Gordon co- wrote the U.S. Supreme Court amicus brief of Holocaust and Darfur Genocide survivors in the case of Yousuf v. Samantar. He also represented the International League for Human Rights at the International Criminal Court Conference in Kampala, Uganda. In 2012, he was the BBC World News live on-air television analyst for the announcement of the historic Charles Taylor trial verdict. He serves as a consultant for the International Nuremberg Principles Academy and is adviser on hate speech issues for the Sentinel Project on Genocide Prevention's Advisory Council. He is also on the Council of Advisors for the Global Institute for the Prevention of Aggression. ii INTRODUCTION Professor Gregory Gordon Excerpted from Atrocity Speech Law: Foundation, Fragmentation, Fruition "Those who can make you believe absurdities, can make you commit atrocities." --Voltaire1 I. SETTING THE STAGE In a broadcast during the week of April 6, 1994, at the beginning of the Rwandan Genocide, Hutu extremist station Radio Télévision Libre des Milles Collines (RTLM) falsely informed its listeners that Daniel Kabaka, a Kigali resident who happened to be a Tutsi, was a supporter of the Tutsi rebel group the Rwandan Patriotic Front.2 Within twenty-four hours, Kabaka's house was attacked with a hand grenade and partially destroyed. Kabaka broke his leg in the blast and could not flee. While the rest of his family escaped, his twelve-year-old daughter Chine remained with him, saying she wanted to die with her father. Kabaka lay in the rubble of his residence until eight gendarmes arrived. Chine tried to save her dad by helping him move into the home's courtyard. But the gendarmes thoroughly searched the premises, found Daniel and Chine, and murdered them. The following week, an RTLM radio announcer on his way to work noticed hundreds of unarmed Tutsis -- including numerous women and children -- seeking refuge in Kigali's Islamic Cultural Center. Within an hour, RTLM announced that there were "cockroaches" in the Center and falsely described them as armed. The next morning, the compound was encircled by soldiers and militia who attacked and slaughtered the Tutsi civilians inside.3 Broadcasts of this sort repeated themselves over the next ninety days until approximately 800,000 innocent victims had been murdered by the end of July. Sadly, this kind of media communication was hardly unique during the decades that preceded the Rwandan genocide -- RTLM's emissions merely representing the twentieth century's coda of genocidal discourse. About eighty years previously, the Ottoman propaganda weekly Harb Mecmuasi, "in order to justify [the Armenian genocide]," thoroughly prepared "the requisite propaganda 1 François-Marie Arouet (pen name "Voltaire"), Questions sur Les Miracles, in Œuvres Complètes De Voltaire, Vol. VIII, 691 (Chez Furne 1836). The actual quotation is "Certainement qui est en droit de vous rendre absurde est en droit de vous rendre injuste." This would translate somewhat differently but the above is the standard rendering of the quotation. See, e.g., Voltaire, Wikiquote, https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Voltaire (last visited Sept. 12, 2016) (noting that this is the "widely used paraphrase"); Richard Dawkins, NS Diary, New Statesman, Jan. 30, 2006, at 8 (quoting Voltaire using the common paraphrase). 2 Prosecutor v. Nahimana, Barayagwiza, & Ngeze, Judgment and Sentence, ICTR Case No. 99- 52-T ¶ (Dec. 3, 2003) [hereinafter Media Case]. 3 Id. ¶ 450. 1 material" in Istanbul.4 Such propaganda contributed toward the murder of 1.5 million Armenian citizens by, among other things, convincing the Turkish people of 'the need to 'rid ourselves of these Armenian parasites'" and identifying Armenians with "traditionally unclean animals such as rats, dogs, and pigs."5 And a couple of decades after the Armenian genocide,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Media Matters: Reflections of a Former War Crimes Prosecutor Covering the Iraqi Tribunal Simone Monasebian
    Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 39 Issue 1 2006-2007 2007 Media Matters: Reflections of a Former War Crimes Prosecutor Covering the Iraqi Tribunal Simone Monasebian Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil Recommended Citation Simone Monasebian, Media Matters: Reflections of a Former War Crimes Prosecutor Covering the Iraqi Tribunal, 39 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 305 (2007) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol39/iss1/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. MEDIA MATTERS: REFLECTIONS OF A FORMER WAR CRIMES PROSECUTOR COVERING THE IRAQI TRIBUNAL Simone Monasebian* Publicity is the very soul ofjustice. It is the keenest spur to exertion, and the surest of all guards against improbity. It keeps the judge himself, while trying, under trial. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) The Revolution Will Not Be Televised. Gil Scott Heron, Flying Dutchmen Records (1974) I. THE ROAD TO SADDAM After some four years prosecuting genocidaires in East Africa, and almost a year of working on fair trial rights for those accused of war crimes in West Africa, I was getting homesick. Longing for New York, but not yet over my love jones with the world of international criminal courts and tri- bunals, I drafted a reality television series proposal on the life and work of war crimes prosecutors and defence attorneys.
    [Show full text]
  • Propaganda Vs. Education: a Case Study of Hate Radio in Rwanda David Yanagizawa-Drott Harvard University
    Propaganda vs. Education: A Case Study of Hate Radio in Rwanda David Yanagizawa-Drott Harvard University Forthcoming Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies Abstract: This article discusses whether education limits or exacerbates the effects of state- sponsored propaganda on political violence. It provides evidence of the hypothesis that basic education can limit the effectiveness of propaganda by increasing access to alternative media sources. It builds on the case study of the Rwandan Genocide in Yanagizawa-Drott (2011), and shows that the propaganda disseminated by the “hate radio” station RTLM did not affect participation in violence in villages where education levels, as measured by literacy rates, were relatively high. A discussion of the potential underlying mechanisms driving the results is presented. The methodological challenges of identifying causal effects of mass media and propaganda are also described, including recent innovations using statistical methods that may be used to overcome those challenges. Keywords: media effects, education, literacy, radio, political violence, Rwandan Genocide. 1. Introduction Is a lack of basic education a necessary condition for propaganda to be effective? The 1994 Rwandan genocide was an event unique in the speed of killings and widespread participation of ordinary citizens in carrying out the massacre. Many believe that propaganda and inflammatory “hate media” calling for the extermination of the Tutsi ethnic minority played a significant role in fuelling the violence (BBC, 2003; Thompson, 2007). In Yanagizawa-Drott (2011, hereafter YD), I found evidence supporting the hypothesis that mass media can induce mass violence. I estimated that approximately ten percent of participation in the Rwandan genocide can be attributed to propaganda spread by the radio station Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM).
    [Show full text]
  • The Hartford Guidelines on Speech Crimes in International Criminal Law
    The Hartford Guidelines on Speech Crimes in International Criminal Law The Hartford Guidelines on Speech Crimes in International Criminal Law Richard Ashby Wilson and Matthew Gillett Colophon This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) - creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ISBN: 978-94-6345-389-9 Published by Peace and Justice Initiative www.peaceandjusticeinitiative.org [email protected] For more information contact: Richard Ashby Wilson School of Law, University of Connecticut 65 Elizabeth Street Hartford, Connecticut 06105 USA [email protected] Matthew Gillett Peace and Justice Initiative, The Hague the Netherlands [email protected] Cover photo: People gather as Serbian Radical Party (SRS) ultra-nationalist leader Vojislav Šešelj (C) gives a speech during a anti-government demonstration, protest- ing ICTY's decision for Radovan Karadžić on March 24, 2016 after Radovan Karadžić trial at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague of Netherlands. Cover design, layout and typesetting by Robin Berghuijs Printing by multicopy.nl This book is typeset in Freight Text Pro and Freight Sans Pro. Richard Ashby Wilson and Matthew Gillett gratefully acknowledge the support of The Peace and Justice Initiative (The Hague) and The Humanities Institute, The Human Rights Institute, and the School of Law of the University of Connecticut. This work was also supported in part through a visiting scholarship for Richard A. Wilson from the Russell Sage Foundation. Any opinions expressed are those of the authors and should not be construed as representing the opinions of any of the spon- soring organizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Security for All Cahill.Qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page Ii
    cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page i Human Security for All cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page ii INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS SERIES Kevin M. Cahill, M.D., series editor 1. Kevin M. Cahill, M.D., ed., Basics of International Humanitarian Missions. 2. Kevin M. Cahill, M.D., ed., Emergency Relief Operations. 3. Kevin M. Cahill, M.D., ed., Traditions, Values, and Humanitarian Action. 4. Kevin M. Cahill, M.D., ed., Technology for Humanitarian Action. cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page iii Human Security for All A Tribute to Sergio Vieira de Mello Edited by KEVIN M. CAHILL, M.D. A Joint Publication of FORDHAM UNIVERSITY PRESS and THE CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND COOPERATION New York • 2004 cahill.qxp 10/1/2004 1:36 PM Page iv Copyright © 2004 The Center for International Health and Cooperation All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher. International Humanitarian Affairs Series, No. 5 ISSN 1541-7409 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Human security for all : a tribute to Sergio Viera de Mello / edited by Kevin M. Cahill.-- 1st ed. p. cm. -- (International humanitarian affairs series, ISSN 1541-7409 ; no.5) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8232-2398-1 (hardcover) -- ISBN 0-8232-2399-X (pbk.) 1. Humanitarian assistance. 2. War relief. 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Rwanda Media Experience After The
    IMS assessment mission: The Rwanda media experience from the genocide International Media Support • Report • March 2003 Monique Alexis, IMS Consultant Ines Mpambara, Co-director of Rwanda’s School of Journalism Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................. 3 1.1 Background for the mission .............................................................................3 1.2 Mission Objectives..........................................................................................3 1.3 Method and Scope of work ..............................................................................3 1.4 Structure of the report....................................................................................4 2 The Rwandan Context............................................................... 5 2.1 Political background .......................................................................................5 3 The media and the genocide ................................................... 10 3.1 Historical development of the Rwandan media before the genocide .................... 10 3.2 The media during the genocide: the hate media............................................... 14 4 The media after the genocide ................................................. 19 4.1 Reconstruction of a destroyed media sector (1994 - 2003)................................ 19 4.2 Today: Absence of pluralism and constant threats and pressures ....................... 20 4.3 The new Press Law and the High Press Council
    [Show full text]
  • Ganda Falls on Fertile Grounds of Our Mental Landscapes, the Insights In
    Judge Sir Howard Morrison While empirical research International Criminal Court (ICC) strongly indicates that propa- Mr Nicholas James Leddy ganda falls on fertile grounds Office of the Prosecutor, ICC of our mental landscapes, the Prof. Predrag Dojčinović University of Connecticut insights into the concept of Dr Wibke K. Timmermann propaganda in the legal Legal Aid Western Australia sphere lag behind such studies Ms Jessica Hart and scientific publications. CPS, Counter Terrorism Division Prof. Richard Ashby Wilson This symposium will provide a University of Connecticut forum for a rigorous analysis Prof. Gregory S. Gordon of the necessity of an im- The Chinese University of Hong Kong proved approach to dealing Prof. Mohamed Badar Northumbria University with the phenomenon of hate Ms Clare Lawson and fear propaganda at inter- Kosovo Specialist Prosecutor’s Office national criminal tribunals. Dr Polona Florijančič Independent researcher Prof. Caroline Fournet University of Groningen Ms Audrey Fino University of Groningen Dr Nicola Palmer King’s College London Dr Juline Beaujouan 10-11 February 2020 University of Edinburgh Great Hall, Sutherland Building, College Street CENTRE FOR EVIDENCE AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE STUDIES Newcastle Upon Tyne Dr Michael Kearney LAW AND SOCIETY SIGNATURE Independent legal expert For conference registration: northumbria.ac.uk/hpict2020 RESEARCH AREA 9.00-9.30 Registration and Coffee 9.30 – 10.00 WELCOME AND OPENING REMARKS Professor John Wilson, Pro Vice-Chancellor for the Faculty of Business and Law, Northumbria
    [Show full text]
  • Inciting Genocide with Words
    INCITING GENOCIDE WITH WORDS Richard Ashby Wilson* INTRODUCTION ................................................. 278 I. EARLY JURISPRUDENCE: AVOIDING EXPLICIT CAUSATION ............................................ 282 II. DIRECT AND PUBLIC INCITEMENT TO COMMIT GENOCIDE AT THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA ............................... 287 A. Explicit Causality Analysis in Akayesu . 287 B. The Nahimana Trial Chamber’s Incoherent Jurisprudence ....................................... 289 C. Confusion at the Nahimana Appeals Chamber . 292 D. Causation: Compensating for Absence of Specific Intent? ............................................. 295 E. Consequences of the ICTR’s Causality Jurisprudence . 298 III. THE “GHOST OF CAUSATION” IN INTERNATIONAL SPEECH CRIMES ........................................ 299 A. Benesch’s “Likelihood of Genocide” . 300 B. Revisiting Cause and Effect in Rwanda . 301 C. Application of the Benesch Factors in General . 302 IV. RESOLVING THE CONFUSION: ICG AND AUSTIN’S THEORY OF SPEECH ACTS .............................. 304 A. Austin’s Speech Act Theory and Legal Scholarship . 305 B. Austin’s Speech Act Theory . 306 C. Application to ICG and Other Inchoate Crimes . 308 V. SPEECH AND CAUSATION IN COMPLETED CRIMES . 314 CONCLUSION ................................................... 319 * Gladstein Chair of Human Rights, Professor of Law and Anthropology and Founding Director of the Human Rights Institute at the University of Connecticut. BSc., Ph.D. London School of Economics and Political Science. I am grateful to Kerry Bystrom, Eleni Coundouriotis, Predrag Dojˇcinovi´c, Gregory Gordon, Jordan Kiper, Thomas Morawetz, Suzy Killmister and Nishith Prakash, and to seminar and conference participants at Harvard University School of Law, the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, the University of Connecticut Humanitarianism Studies Research Group, the University of Michigan Department of History, the University of Virginia Law School, and the 2012 Law and Society Association Annual Meeting.
    [Show full text]
  • Otto Dietrich and the Future of Persecution Law
    The Forgotten Nuremberg Hate Speech Case: Otto Dietrich and the Future of Persecution Law GREGORY S. GORDON* Among internationaljurists, the conventional wisdom is that atrocity speech law sprang fully formed from two judgments issued by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg (IMT): the crimes against humanity conviction of Nazi newspaper editor Julius Streicher, and the acquittal on the same charge of Third Reich Radio Division Chief Hans Fritzsche. But the exclusive focus on the IMT judgments as the founding texts of atrocity speech law is misplaced. Not long after Streicher and Fritzsche, and in the same courtroom, the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunal (NMT) in the Ministries Case, issued an equally significant crimes againsthumanity judgment against Reich Press Chief Otto Dietrich, who was convicted despite the fact that the charged language did not directly callfor violence. So why is the Dietrichjudgment, a relatively obscure holding, issued sixty-five years ago, so significant today, after the development of a substantialbody ofad hoc tribunaljurisprudence on atrocity speech? It is because the seemingly antithetical holdings in Streicher and Fritzsche are more than just the subject of academic discourse. The next generation of atrocity speech decisions, it turns out, is at loggerheads about the relationship between hate speech and persecution as a crime against humanity. Trial chambersfor the InternationalCriminal Tribunalfor Rwanda (ICTR) have found that hate speech, standing alone, can be the basis for charges of crimes against humanity (persecution). A trial chamber for the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia has reached the opposite conclusion. And surprisingly, these judicial decisions, like the academic commentary, have completely ignored the Dietrich judgment.
    [Show full text]
  • Journalism , Media and the Challenge of Human Rights
    JOURNALISM, MEDIA AND THE CHALLENGE OF HUMAN RIGHTS REPORTING The International Council on Human Rights Policy The International Council on Human Rights Policy was established in Geneva in 1998 to conduct applied research into current human rights issues. Its research is designed to be of practical relevance to policy- makers in international and regional organisations, in governments and intergovernmental agencies, and in voluntary organisations of all kinds. The Council is independent, international in its membership, and participatory in its approach. It is registered as a non-profit foundation under Swiss law. Additional information about the Council, and other research projects it is undertaking, can be found at the end of this document. Journalism, media and the challenge of human rights reporting The International Council on Human Rights Policy wishes to thank the Ford Foundation (New York), the Swedish International Development Co- operation Agency (SIDA), the Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DANIDA), the Jacob Blaustein Institute for Human Rights (New York), OXFAM (United Kingdom) and Christian Aid (United Kingdom) for their financial support of the Council and of this research. Journalism, media and the challenge of human rights reporting © 2002, International Council on Human Rights Policy © Copyright 2002 International Council on Human Rights Policy 48, chemin du Grand-Montfleury, POB 147, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland Journalism, Media and the Challenge of Human Rights Reporting, 2002, International Council on Human Rights Policy, Versoix, Switzerland. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic mail, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Peace Under Fire: Building the Media Agenda in Post-Genocide Rwanda
    Peace under Fire: Building the Media Agenda in Post-Genocide Rwanda A dissertation presented to the faculty of the Scripps College of Communication of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Sally Ann Cruikshank May 2013 © 2013 Sally Ann Cruikshank. All Rights Reserved. This dissertation titled Peace under Fire: Building the Media Agenda in Post-Genocide Rwanda by SALLY ANN CRUIKSHANK has been approved for the E. W. Scripps School of Journalism and the Scripps College of Communication by Yusuf Kalyango, Jr. Associate Professor of Journalism Scott Titsworth Dean, Scripps College of Communication ii ABSTRACT CRUIKSHANK, SALLY ANN, Ph.D., May 2013, Mass Communication- Journalism Peace under Fire: Building the Media Agenda in Post-Genocide Rwanda Director of Dissertation: Yusuf Kalyango, Jr. Following the 1994 genocide, in which the media played a significant role, the government enacted strict media laws that have led to a climate of self-censorship and government influence on the media. This study examined the processes of agenda building and frame building in the media from the perspective of Rwandan journalists and media professionals. It further examined the media within the framework of peace journalism. The study used both a qualitative and quantitative approach. A series of 35 in-depth interviews were conducted with Rwandan journalists and media professionals, along with a survey of 101 journalists. Results showed that journalists and media professionals in Rwanda face several challenges, including indirect government censorship, few opportunities for training, and a lack of resources including low pay. According to the respondents, the government strongly influences the media agenda.
    [Show full text]
  • World Report 2005
    HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH WORLD REPORT 2005 EVENTS OF 2004 Copyright 2005 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-331-5 Front Cover photo: Darfur, Sudan © 2004 Benjamin Lowy Back Cover photo: Tikrit, Iraq © 2003 Geert van Kesteren (Agentur Focus/Contact Press Images) Cover design by Rafael Jiménez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: 1-(212) 290-4700, Fax: 1-(212) 736-1300 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel:1-(202) 612-4321, Fax:1-(202) 612-4333 [email protected] 2nd Floor, 2-12 Pentonville Road London N1 9HF, UK Tel: 44 20 7713 1995, Fax: 44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] Rue Van Campenhout 15, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Tel: 32 (2) 732-2009, Fax: 32 (2) 732-0471 [email protected] 9 rue de Cornavin 1201 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 04 81, Fax: +41 22 738 17 91 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org Listserv address: To receive Human Rights Watch news releases by email, subscribe to the HRW news listserv of your choice by visiting http://hrw.org/act/subscribe-mlists/subscribe.htm Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable.
    [Show full text]
  • The UN Security Council and the Responsibility to Protect
    The UN Security Council and the Responsibility to Protect FAVORITA PapeRs 01/2010 01/2010 S The UN Security Council PAPER A and the Responsibility to Protect FAVORIT Policy, Process, and Practice DA 39th IPI VIenna SemInar BN 978-3-902021-67-0 s I "FAVORITA PAPERS" OF THE DIPLOMATIC ACADEMY OF VIENNA The ‘Favorita Papers’ series is intended to complement the academic training for international careers which is the core activity of the Diplomatic Academy. It reflects the expanding conference and public lectures programme of the Academy by publishing substantive conference reports on issues that are of particular relevance to the understanding of contemporary international problems and to the training for careers in diplomacy, international public service and business. The series was named ‘Favorita Papers’ after the original designation of the DA’s home, the imperial summer residence ‘Favorita’ donated by Empress Maria Theresia to the ‘Theresianische Akademie’ in 1749. Contributions to this series come from academics and practitioners actively engaged in the study, teaching and practice of international affairs. All papers reflect the views of the author. THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL AND THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT: POLICY, PROCESS, AND PRACTICE 39th IPI Vienna Seminar Diplomatic Academy of Vienna Favorita Papers 01/2010 Edited by: Hans Winkler (DA), Terje Rød-Larsen (IPI), Christoph Mikulaschek (IPI) ISBN 978-3-902021-67-0 ©2010 The Diplomatic Academy of Vienna The Diplomatic Academy of Vienna is one of Europe’s leading schools for post-graduate studies in international relations and European affairs. It prepares young university graduates for the present-day requirements of successful international careers in diplomacy, public administration and business.
    [Show full text]