S-290 Intermediate Wildland Fire Behavior, Student Workbook
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Soaring Weather
Chapter 16 SOARING WEATHER While horse racing may be the "Sport of Kings," of the craft depends on the weather and the skill soaring may be considered the "King of Sports." of the pilot. Forward thrust comes from gliding Soaring bears the relationship to flying that sailing downward relative to the air the same as thrust bears to power boating. Soaring has made notable is developed in a power-off glide by a conven contributions to meteorology. For example, soar tional aircraft. Therefore, to gain or maintain ing pilots have probed thunderstorms and moun altitude, the soaring pilot must rely on upward tain waves with findings that have made flying motion of the air. safer for all pilots. However, soaring is primarily To a sailplane pilot, "lift" means the rate of recreational. climb he can achieve in an up-current, while "sink" A sailplane must have auxiliary power to be denotes his rate of descent in a downdraft or in come airborne such as a winch, a ground tow, or neutral air. "Zero sink" means that upward cur a tow by a powered aircraft. Once the sailcraft is rents are just strong enough to enable him to hold airborne and the tow cable released, performance altitude but not to climb. Sailplanes are highly 171 r efficient machines; a sink rate of a mere 2 feet per second. There is no point in trying to soar until second provides an airspeed of about 40 knots, and weather conditions favor vertical speeds greater a sink rate of 6 feet per second gives an airspeed than the minimum sink rate of the aircraft. -
Thesis Characteristics of Hailstorms and Enso
THESIS CHARACTERISTICS OF HAILSTORMS AND ENSO-INDUCED EXTREME STORM VARIABILITY IN SUBTROPICAL SOUTH AMERICA Submitted by Zachary S. Bruick Department of Atmospheric Science In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Spring 2019 Master’s Committee: Advisor: Kristen L. Rasmussen Russ S. Schumacher V. Chandrasekar Copyright by Zachary S. Bruick 2019 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT CHARACTERISTICS OF HAILSTORMS AND ENSO-INDUCED EXTREME STORM VARIABILITY IN SUBTROPICAL SOUTH AMERICA Convection in subtropical South America is known to be among the strongest anywhere in the world. Severe weather produced from these storms, including hail, strong winds, tornadoes, and flash flooding, causes significant damages to property and agriculture within the region. These in- sights are only due to the novel observations produced by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite since there are the limited ground-based observations within this region. Con- vection is unique in subtropical South America because of the synoptic and orographic processes that support the initiation and maintenance of convection here. Warm and moist air is brought into the region by the South American low-level jet from the Amazon. When the low-level jet intersects the Andean foothills and Sierras de Córdoba, this unstable air is lifted along the orography. At the same time, westerly flow subsides in the lee of the Andes, which provides a capping inversion over the region. When the orographic lift is able to erode the subsidence inversion, convective initiation occurs and strong thunderstorms develop. As a result, convection is most frequent near high terrain. -
Fire Weather Area Forecast Matrices User’S Guide to Decoding the AFW
Fire Weather Area Forecast Matrices User’s Guide to Decoding the AFW What are the Area Forecast Matrices? The Area Forecast Matrices (AFW) is a table that displays the forecasted weather parameters in 3, 6 and 12 hour intervals out to 7 days in the future. Below is a sample AFW, along with a description of each parameter’s code (blue colored numbers). (1) NCZ510-082100- EASTERN POLK- INCLUDING THE CITIES OF...COLUMBUS 939 AM EST THU DEC 8 2011 (2) DATE THU 12/08/11 FRI 12/09/11 SAT 12/10/11 UTC 3HRLY 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 EST 3HRLY 04 07 10 13 16 19 22 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 22 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 (3) MAX/MIN 51 30 54 32 52 (4) TEMP 39 49 51 41 36 33 32 31 42 51 52 44 39 36 33 32 41 49 50 41 (5) DEWPT 24 21 20 23 26 28 28 26 26 25 25 28 28 26 26 26 26 26 25 25 (6) MIN/MAX RH 29 93 34 78 37 (7) RH 55 32 29 47 67 82 86 79 52 36 35 52 65 68 73 78 53 40 37 51 (8) WIND DIR NW S S SE NE NW NW N NW S S W NW NW NW NW N N N N (9) WIND DIR DEG 33 16 18 12 02 33 31 33 32 19 20 25 33 32 32 32 34 35 35 35 (10) WIND SPD 5 4 5 2 3 0 0 1 2 4 3 2 3 5 5 6 8 8 6 5 (11) CLOUDS CL CL CL FW FW SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC FW FW FW FW (12) CLOUDS(%) 0 2 1 10 25 34 35 35 33 31 34 37 40 43 37 33 24 15 12 9 (13) VSBY 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 (14) POP 12HR 0 0 5 10 10 (15) QPF 12HR 0 0 0 0 0 (16) LAL 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (17) HAINES 5 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 (18) DSI 1 2 2 (19) MIX HGT 2900 1500 300 3000 2900 400 600 4200 4100 (20) T WIND DIR S NE N SW SW NW NW NW N (21) T WIND SPD 5 3 2 6 9 3 8 13 14 (22) ADI 27 2 5 44 51 5 17 -
Exhibit 18 Ro-6-151
EXHIBIT 18 RO-6-151 1921 University Ave. ▪ Berkeley, CA 94704 ▪ Phone 510-629-4930 ▪ Fax 510-550-2639 Chris Lautenberger [email protected] 12 April 2018 Dan Silver, Executive Director Endangered Habitats League 8424 Santa Monica Blvd., Suite A 592 Los Angeles, CA 90069-4267 Subject: Fire risk impacts of Otay Ranch Village 14 and Planning Areas 16/19 Project Dear Mr. Silver, At your request I have reviewed the Fire Protection Plan (FPP) for the planned Otay Ranch Village 14 and Planning Areas 16/19 Project and analyzed potential fire/life safety impacts of this planned development. Santa Ana winds Santa Ana winds (or Santa Anas for short) present major fire/life safety concerns for the Otay Ranch Village 14 and Planning Areas 16/19 Project. Santa Anas are hot and dry winds that blow through Southern California each year, usually between the months of October and April. Santa Anas occur when high pressure forms in the Great Basin (Western Utah, much of Nevada, and the Eastern border of California) with lower pressure off the coast of Southern California. This pressure gradient drives airflow toward the Pacific Ocean. As air travels West from the Great Basin, orographic lift dries the air as it rises in elevation over mountain ranges. As air descends from high elevations in the Sierra Nevada, its temperature rises dramatically (~5 °F per 1000 ft decrease in elevation). A subsequent drop in relative humidity accompanies this rise in temperature. This drying/heating phenomenon is known as a katabatic wind. Relative humidity in Southern California during Santa Anas is often 10% or lower. -
Influence of Orographic Precipitation on the Co-Evolution of Landforms and Vegetation
EGU2020-5280, updated on 26 Sep 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-5280 EGU General Assembly 2020 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Influence of orographic precipitation on the co-evolution of landforms and vegetation Ankur Srivastava1, Omer Yetemen2, Nikul Kumari1, and Patricia M. Saco1 1University of Newcastle, University of Newcastle, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Callaghan, Australia ([email protected]) 2Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey Topography plays an important role in controlling the amount and the spatial distribution of precipitation due to orographic lift mechanisms. Thus, it affects the existing climate and vegetation distribution. Recent landscape modelling efforts show how the orographic effects on precipitation result in the development of asymmetric topography. However, these modelling efforts do not include vegetation dynamics that inhibits sediment transport. Here, we use the CHILD landscape evolution model (LEM) coupled with a vegetation dynamics component that explicitly tracks above- and below-ground biomass. We ran the model under three scenarios. A spatially‑uniform precipitation scenario, a scenario with increasing rainfall as a function of elevation, and another one that includes rain shadow effects in which leeward hillslopes receive less rainfall than windward ones. Preliminary results of the model show that competition between increased shear stress due to increased runoff and vegetation protection affects the shape of the catchment. Hillslope asymmetry between polar- and equator-facing hillslopes is enhanced (diminished) when rainfall coincides with a windward (leeward) side of the mountain range. It acts to push the divide (i.e., the boundary between leeward and windward flanks) and leads to basin reorganization through reach capture. -
Literature Review and Scientific Synthesis on the Efficacy of Winter Orographic Cloud Seeding
Statement on the Application of Winter Orographic Cloud Seeding For Water Supply and Energy Production Literature Review and Scientific Synthesis on the Efficacy of Winter Orographic Cloud Seeding A Report to the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation January 2015 Prepared by David W. Reynolds CIRES Boulder, Co 1 Technical Memorandum This information is distributed solely for the purpose of pre-dissemination peer review under applicable information quality guidelines. It has not been formally disseminated by the Bureau of Reclamation. It does not represent and should not be construed to represent Reclamation’s determination or policy. As such, the findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of Reclamation. 2 Statement on the Application of Winter Orographic Cloud Seeding For Water Supply and Energy Production 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.1. Introduction to Winter Orographic Cloud Seeding .......................................................... 5 1.2 Purpose of this Study........................................................................................................ 5 1.3 Relevance and Need for a Reassessment of the Role of Winter Orographic Cloud Seeding to Enhance Water Supplies in the West ........................................................................ 6 1.4 NRC 2003 Report on Critical Issues in Weather Modification – Critical Issues Concerning Winter Orographic -
Introduction to Wildland Fire Behavior (S-190) Resources Table of Contents
Introduction to Wildland Fire Behavior (S-190) Resources Table of Contents Web Resources ..............................................................................................................................2 Incident Response Pocket Guide (IRPG).....................................................................................3 Glossary .....................................................................................................................................122 Page 1 Web Resources Fireline Handbook http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/410-1/410-1.pdf Incident Response Pocket Guide http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/nfes1077/nfes1077.pdf Page 2 Incident Response Pocket Guide A Publication of the National Wildfire Coordinating Group Sponsored by Incident Operations Standards Working Team as a subset to PMS 410-1 Fireline Handbook JANUARY 2006 PMS 461 NFES 1077 Additional copies of this publication may be ordered from: National Interagency Fire Center, ATTN: Great Basin Cache Supply Office, 3833 South Development Avenue, Boise, Idaho 83705. Order NFES #1077 Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................... i Operational Leadership ....................................................v Communication Responsibilities ................................... ix Human Factors Barriers to Situation Awareness and Decision-Making ....................................................x GREEN - OPERATIONAL Risk Management Process ...........................................1 Look Up, Down and Around -
California Cumulonimbus
California Cumulonimbus Spring 2015 Articles in this Edition: Welcome Message by Jimmy Taeger California CoCoRaHS Regions CoCoRaHS, which stands for Welcome Message 1 lowers are in bloom and the Community Collaborative Rain Northern Mountains F San Joaquin Valley days are getting longer which Hail and Snow network, is a S. Coast - Los Angeles means...it’s time for another edi- group of volunteer observers who S. Coast - San Diego tion of the California Cumulo- report precipitation daily. Not Observer 1 S. Deserts - Vegas Region nimbus! The California Cumulo- only is it fun, but your report Spotlight: Bob SE. Deserts - nimbus is a biannual newsletter gives vital information to organi- Phoenix Region King for California CoCoRaHS ob- zations and individuals such as servers that is issued twice a year; the National Weather Service, once in the spring and once in the River Forecast Centers, farmers, fall. and others. Low Elevation 2 This edition contains articles on Visit cocorahs.org to sign up, or Snow in SoCal the summer climate outlook, an e-mail [email protected] observer spotlight, a low eleva- for additional information. Central Coast tion snow weather event in E. Sierra N. Coast SoCal, the El Niño advisory, the Enjoy the newsletter! Northern Interior continuing California drought California’s 3 and spring in the North Bay area. Summer Climate Map of California divided up into different CoCoRaHS regions. Each Outlook region has one or more coordinators. If you’re not a CoCoRaHS volun- (Source: CoCoRaHS) teer yet, it’s not too late to join! Observer Spotlight: Bob King by Jimmy Taeger El Niño Advisory 3 in Effect of the daily observations, especial- S ince 2009, Bob King has been ly since the gauge was just 20 feet an active and loyal observer to from his bedroom door. -
Towards the Improvement of Winter Orographic Cloud Seeding in Utah
TOWARDS THE IMPROVEMENT OF WINTER OROGRAPHIC CLOUD SEEDING IN UTAH Prepared for: Utah Division of Water Resources www. https://water.utah.gov/ Prepared by: The Utah Climate Center December 2019 www.climate.usu.edu Phone: (435) 797-2190 Dr. Binod Pokharel Post-Doctoral Research Scientist, Utah Climate Center Utah State University Prof. Simon Wang, Utah State University & Utah Climate Center Dr. Jon Meyer, Utah Climate Center Dr. Hongping Gu, Utah Climate Center Prof. Matthew LaPlante Utah State University i NOTICE This report was compiled by the Utah Climate Center. The results and conclusions in this report are based on industry-accepted best practices and publicly available data sources. Therefore, neither the Utah Climate Center nor any person acting on behalf of the Utah Climate Center can: (a) make any warranty, expressed or implied, regarding future use of any information or method in this report, or (b) assume any future liability regarding the use of any information or method contained in this report. The funding for this study is provided by the Utah Division of Water Resources, the State of Utah, and the Colorado River Lower Basin States. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. iii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... -
SW Fire Weather Annual Operating Plan
SOUTHWEST AREA FIRE WEATHER ANNUAL OPERATING PLAN 2018 Arizona New Mexico West Texas Oklahoma Panhandle 2018 SOUTHWEST AREA FIRE WEATHER ANNUAL OPERATING PLAN SECTION PAGE I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. SIGNIFICANT CHANGES SINCE PREVIOUS PLAN 1 III. SERVICE AREAS AND ORGANIZATIONAL DIRECTORIES 2 IV. NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SERVICES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 2 A. Basic Services 2 1. Core Forecast Grids and Web-Based Fire Weather Decision Support 2 2. Fire Weather Watches and Red Flag Warnings (RFW) 2 3. Spot Forecasts 5 4. Fire Weather Planning Forecasts (FWF) 7 5. NFDRS 8 6. Fire Weather Area Forecast Discussion (AFD) 9 7. Interagency Participation 9 B. Special Services 9 C. Forecaster Training 9 D. Individual NWS Forecast Office Information 10 1. Northwest Arizona – Las Vegas, NV 10 2. Northern Arizona – Flagstaff, AZ 10 3. Southeast Arizona – Tucson, AZ 10 4. Southwest and South-Central Arizona – Phoenix, AZ 10 5. Northern and Central New Mexico – Albuquerque, NM 10 6. Southwest/South-Central New Mexico and Far West Texas – El Paso, TX 10 7. Southeast New Mexico and Southwest Texas – Midland, TX 10 8. West-Central Texas – Lubbock, TX 10 9. Texas and Oklahoma Panhandles – Amarillo, TX 10 V. WILDLAND FIRE AGENCY SERVICES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 11 A. Operational Support and Predictive Services 11 B. Program Management 12 C. Monitoring, Feedback and Improvement 12 D. Technology Transfer 12 E. Agency Computer Systems 12 F. WIMS ID’s for NFDRS Stations 12 G. Fire Weather Observations 13 H. Local Fire Management Liaisons & Southwest Area Decision Support Committee___14 Southwest Area Fire Weather Annual Operating Plan Table of Contents VI. -
Midlevel Ventilation's Constraint on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Brian
Midlevel Ventilation’s Constraint on Tropical Cyclone Intensity by Brian Hong-An Tang B.S. Atmospheric Science, University of California Los Angeles, 2004 B.S. Applied Mathematics, University of California Los Angeles, 2004 Submitted to the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Atmospheric Science at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY September 2010 c Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2010. All rights reserved. Author.............................................. ................ Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences June 14, 2010 Certified by.......................................... ................ Kerry A. Emanuel Breene M. Kerr Professor of Atmospheric Science Director, Program in Atmospheres, Oceans and Climate Thesis Supervisor Accepted by.......................................... ............... Maria Zuber Earle Griswold Professor of Geophysics and Planetary Science Head, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences 2 Midlevel Ventilation’s Constraint on Tropical Cyclone Intensity by Brian Hong-An Tang Submitted to the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences on June 14, 2010, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Atmospheric Science Abstract Midlevel ventilation, or the flux of low-entropy air into the inner core of a tropical cyclone (TC), is a hypothesized mechanism by which environmental vertical wind shear can constrain a TC’s intensity. An idealized framework is developed to assess how ventilation affects TC intensity via two pathways: downdrafts outside the eyewall and eddy fluxes directly into the eyewall. Three key aspects are found: ventilation has a detrimental effect on TC intensity by decreasing the maximum steady state intensity, imposing a minimum intensity below which a TC will unconditionally decay, and providing an upper ventilation bound beyond which no steady TC can exist. -
FIRE DANGER INDICES: CURRENT LIMITATIONS and a PATHWAY to BETTER INDICES Setting the Agenda for Fire Danger Policy and Research Into Operations
FIRE DANGER INDICES: CURRENT LIMITATIONS AND A PATHWAY TO BETTER INDICES Setting the agenda for fire danger policy and research into operations Claire S Yeo1, Jeffrey D Kepert123 and Robin Hicks1 1Bureau of Meteorology 2Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research 3Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC FIRE DANGER INDICES: CURRENT LIMITATIONS AND A PATHWAY TO BETTER INDICES | Report No. 2014.007 Version Release history Date 1.0 Initial release of document 16/10/2014 1.1 Executive Summary updated and 26/11/2015 editorial clarifications in response to technical comments received. © Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC 2015 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form without the prior written permission from the copyright owner, except under the conditions permitted under the Australian Copyright Act 1968 and subsequent amendments. Disclaimer: This material was produced with funding provided by the Attorney-General's Department through the National Emergency Management program. The Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC, the Attorney-General's Department and the Australian Government make no representations about the suitability of the information contained in this document or any material related to this document for any purpose. The document is provided 'as is' without warranty of any kind to the extent permitted by law. The Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC, the Attorney-General's Department and the Australian Government hereby disclaim all warranties and conditions with regard to this