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Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Course No.: WFM 6303 Course Title: Integrated Water Resources Management Presented by Group 4 Kazi Samsunnahar Mita 1015282032 Mehanaz Moshfika 1015282048 Proposition of a IWRM strategy for North East Haor Area in Bangladesh: An Application of Multi Criteria Analysis. Introduction • North-East region of Bangladesh has one of the most unique wetlands not only of Bangladesh but also of South Asia. • The Government of Bangladesh declared Tanguar Haor as an Ecologically Critical Area in 1999 considering its critical condition as a result of overexploitation of its natural resources and declared as a Ramsar site in 2000. • The rich biodiversity, notable occurrence of wildlife especially waterfowl is one of the most significant features that allowed this area to gain the designation as a Ramsar site. • It directly sustains the livelihoods of over 56,000 people from 88 surrounding villages and largely contributes to the country's food production and security. Location of Study area Objectives of the study The primary objectives of the study are . To conduct a situation analysis of water resources management of Bawlai river including the Tanguar haor. To assess the degree to which IWRM principles are currently applied in management of water in the haor basin. To develop/ improve upon Water Management Plan by incorporating IWRM principles and tools (consistent with the National Water Management Plan- NWMP). Characteristics of Study Area • Geography o Tanguar Haor is located in the floodplain of the Surma River. o Tanguar Haor lies in the northeastern part of the country adjacent to the Indian border at 25°05'-25°12' North/91°01'-91°07' East. o Although several hundred kilometers from the sea, Tanguar Haor is located at an altitude of only 2.5-5.5 meters above sea level, and water movement is generally sluggish. Characteristics of Study Area • Geology . Subsidence is continuing at an estimated rate of 20 mm per year. It is observed that the soil texture varies from clay, clay loam and loam. • Topography . Study area belongs to Susang Hills & Piedmont and Haor Basin physiographic sub-regions . The elevation of the Tanguar Haor ranges from a maximum of 10 m to a minimum of 0.65 m PWD. The average elevation is nearly 5m PWD. Hydrology Besides surma and kushiyara river study area is also influenced by Dhanu, Baulai and Jadukata Rivers. Characteristics of Study Area • Water Quality . Due to Deforestation in the sub-basin, Lack of sanitation, Absence of latrines, increasing population pressure water quality is degrading day by day. Decline in water quality has increased higher incidence of waterborne diseases, effects on fish and other aquatic lives. Characteristics of Study Area Land and Water Resources • Fisheries – It is one of the 'Mother Fisheries' of a total of six of the country. – The estimated number of fish species is 141 under 35 families. The number is around half of Bangladesh's total 350 freshwater fish species. • Freshwater swamp forest – In swamp forests, the water table is typically very close to the surface. – This continuous inundation gives rise to a habitat that is floristically distinct from the surrounding forests. Characteristics of Study Area • Physical Infrastructure Kanda :The villages at haor are built on elevated land, mostly artificial hillocks, locally known as kandas. Roads: The communication system in Tanguar Haor is also highly dependent on seasons. There is no permanent paved road network in the haor. Education Poor infrastructure, overwhelming poverty, poor communication system exerts challenges for the education system in Tanguar Haor, reflected to having high degree of illiteracy. Fuel and Electricity None of the village around Tanguar Haor is linked to the national electricity grid, and there are no diesel powered generators either. Even though few solar connections exist in the locality, they are mostly used by and are accessible to the rich farmers. Characteristics of Study Area • Population – provides livelihood to villagers living in 88 island- like villages which administratively falls under two Thana (police station) and 4 unions. – Recent estimate (BBS, 2011) shows that about 35 millions people live in these four unions. – Having dominance by Bengali people, a small quantity of 10% belongs to the Garo and Hajong ethnic minority groups . – Depending on religion, majority of the population is Muslim (about 78%) and rest others are Hindu. Characteristics of Study Area • Land use Even though agriculture and fishing are the dominant land use for this region, other practices such as forests and pastures and reed-beds are also common and provide a considerable amount of livelihood depending on season. • Ecosystem Tanguar Haor is a hot spot for biodiversity and one of the richest areas in Bangladesh, having at least: 150 wetland plant species, 135 fish species, 11 amphibians, 34 reptiles. Characteristics of Study Area • Socio-Economic Conditions . With varying sizes, the villages remain disconnected from mainland for at least six months in a year, basically in the monsoon season. In the region, about 95% people are directly dependent on haor for their livelihood. Surveying on 800 people, IUCN found that annual income from agriculture is less then the households engaged in fisheris/ small business holder. Characteristics of Study Area • Water Scarcity – Despite being a large wetland, pure drinking water is a crisis for the people in all seasons. In dry seasons, they suffer from water scarcity and in wet seasons from flooding. – In the past, communal ponds and wells were used to fulfill drinking water demand. – With the assistance from many development organizations and government, a considerable portion of the population is now using tube wells for drinking water. At Tanguar Haor 88.3% people have access to tube well, whereas the national average is 97%. Characteristics of Study Area • Causes of land degradation, water pollution and ecosystem degradation – Water pollution has become a major concern for maintaining Haor ecosystem health. • The use of agro-chemicals, especially in ricefields, affects aquatic organisms. • Human excreta are another major pollutant (affect water quality, adding to eutrophication and increasing the level of coliform bacteria). – Ecological disturbance has appeared as a problem at Tanguar Haor, especially in the winter season when fishing activities, agriculture and livestock grazing all peaks and there is an influx of an additional several thousand fishermen to the haor, along with their families. Extractive and Non Extractive use of Water Extractive water use: 1. Agriculture • Historically, the area within Haor has been a single crop area, but with the development in agricultural science and extension activities, and with the introduction of HYV rice, the cropping pattern has changed considerably. • Almost 12.5 % of Tanguar Haor's land that dries up in winter is used for rice cultivation . • Surface water irrigation is major source of soil moisture during dry season. Extractive and Non Extractive use of Water 2.Domestic use • Despite being a large wetland, pure drinking water is a crisis for the people of Tanguar Haor in all seasons. In dry seasons, they suffer from water scarcity and in wet seasons from flooding. • At Tanguar Haor 88.3% people have access to tube well, whereas the national average is 97% . • Only 10.7% of the household or 11.6% of the people have access to sanitary latrines (there is strong doubt whether the water-sealed sanitary latrines are at all functional in these villages). • 77% defecate directly to the local rivers, canals and creeks using bamboo-made, or semi-open or open latrines. Extractive and Non Extractive use of Water Non Extractive use 1. Fisheries Resources • Tanguar Haor contributes about 14% of total fish production of Sunamganj District and about 0.67% of National Fish production. 2. Livestock & Ducks • Approximately 1,000-1,500 head of cattle and a small number of buffalo are kept in the haor area during most of the year. In the past, their numbers used to be greater, but these have dropped since 1993, when the leaseholder of Tanguar Haor imposed fees for the fattening of cattle in the haor of up to Tk. 10,000-12,000 per 100 head for one season. • Domestic duck are widely kept in the haor and their numbers are estimated to be in the range of 10,000-20,000. Since 1993, the leaseholder of Tanguar Haor has imposed a fee of Tk. 3,000(about US$ 60) per 100 ducks per season, for keeping these animals in the haor's waterways and beels. Existing Water Management Projects • Flood Risk Reduction Activities in Sunamganj (FRRAS), Phase -II Project Goal & Objectives: The overall goal of the project is to reduce the vulnerability to flash floods and improved food security for affected communities in Sunamganj. Project Location: Project has covered six sub-districts of the Sunamganj District namely Derai, Sulla, Jamalganj, Tahirpur, Dharmapasha and Daskin Sunamganj. Implementing Agency: BWDB, Local Government and local administration and CBOs Project Duration: December 2006 – 31 March 2010 • Project outcome – The greatest achievement of the project was found in safeguarding the only crop Boro of the local community by protecting land from the damage of flashflood. – Creating opportunity for employment and income generation – Reducing the problem of water logging and farmer can plant & harvest paddy timely and effective manner. – Increasing the conveyance capacity of drainage channels, elongate
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