Defence Infrastructure Organisation
Bulford Garrison Back Gate
Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment
April 2015
Ropemaker Court, 11-12 Lower Park Row, Bristol, BS1 5BN Tel: +44 (0)117 924 4144 Email: [email protected]
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Document Control
Project: Bulford Back Gate
Client: Defence Infrastructure Organisation
Job Number: A073210-27
File Origin: Bulford Back Gate DBA March2015.doc
Document Checking:
Prepared by: Martin Brown Signed: Principal Consultant
Checked by: Kirsten Holland Signed: Principal Consultant
Verified by: Steve Mustow Signed: Head of Environment
Issue Date Status
1 May 2014 Draft
2 May2014 Draft2
3 May 2014 Draft4
4 June 2014 Draft 5 – final route
5 March 2015 Issue Draft - post geophysical surveys
6 April 2015 Issue
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Contents Page
1.0 Introduction ...... 1
1.1 Aims and Objectives ...... 1
2.0 Site and Development Description...... 2
3.0 Methodology ...... 3
3.1 Assessment Methodology ...... 3
3.2 Sources Consulted...... 3
3.3 Consultation ...... 4
4.0 Legislation and Planning Policy Context ...... 4
4.1 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act, 1979 ...... 4
4.2 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act, 1990 ...... 4
4.3 National Planning Policy Framework, 2012 ...... 5
4.4 The Wiltshire Core Strategy ...... 6
5.0 Baseline Data ...... 7
5.1 Designated Sites ...... 7
5.2 Archaeological and Historic Background ...... 7
6.0 Historic Mapping Survey ...... 14
7.0 Site Walkover Surveys ...... 15
8.0 Geotechnical/Site Investigation works ...... 16
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9.0 Geophysical Survey ...... 16
10.0 Historic Landscape Characterisation ...... 17
11.0 Assessment of Archaeological Potential...... 18
12.0 Proposed Mitigation Measures ...... 19
13.0 Conclusions ...... 20
References ...... 21
Appendix Contents
Appendix A – Site Location Plan & Proposed Development Plans
Appendix B – Site Photographs
Appendix C – Assessment Methodology
Appendix D – Planning Policies
Appendix E – Recorded Heritage Sites
Appendix F – Historic Mapping
Appendix G – Site Investigation Logs and Plan
Appendix H – Geophysical Survey Report
Appendix I - Report Conditions
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Bulford Back Gate Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment
1.0 Introduction
This Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment has been prepared by Martin Brown, Principal Consultant, WYG on behalf of Defence Infrastructure Organisation as part of an options appraisal for the final proposed route, which will, in turn, inform an application for planning permission for the proposed vehicle washdown associated with a proposed link track from the back gate of the Bulford Garrison to existing tracks on the Salisbury Plain Military Training Area, Wiltshire. Although the washdown is the subject of a planning application, the track is being constructed as permitted development. The proposed development work also includes creation of a new gate to Ward Barracks and a crossing point across the Nine Mile River.
1.1 Aims and Objectives
In accordance with the Institute for Archaeologists (IfA) standard definition of a desk-based assessment (Standard and Guidance for Desk-Based Assessment, 2012):
Desk-based assessment will determine, as far as is reasonably possible from existing records, the nature, extent and significance of the historic environment within a specified area. Desk-based assessment will be undertaken using appropriate methods and practices which satisfy the stated aims of the project, and which comply with the Code of conduct, Code of approved practice for the regulation of contractual arrangements in field archaeology, and other relevant by-laws of the IfA. In a development context desk- based assessment will establish the impact of the proposed development on the significance of the historic environment (or will identify the need for further evaluation to do so), and will enable reasoned proposals and decisions to be made whether to mitigate, offset or accept without further intervention that impact.
This study examines the cultural heritage potential of the proposed development site and the surrounding area. The aim of the study is to:
Identify recorded cultural heritage sites within the site boundary;
Identify the potential for previously unrecorded sites to be present within the site;
Assess the potential significance of archaeological remains within the site boundary;
Identify potential impacts to cultural heritage and mitigation strategies where appropriate;
Assess potential impacts and mitigation strategies where appropriate; and
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Make recommendations for further work where required.
Cultural heritage within this context includes all buried and upstanding archaeological remains, built heritage sites, historic landscapes and any other features that contribute to the archaeological and historic interest of the area.
This baseline assessment considers the cultural heritage potential within the site itself, the surrounding area and wider local and regional context. A survey radius of 1km has been included to place the site within its immediate context. This assessment does not attempt to plot and review every archaeological find and monument in the extended area; rather, it aims to examine the distribution of evidence, and to use this to predict the archaeological potential of the study area and the likely impact of the development proposals upon those remains.
2.0 Site and Development Description
The proposed development site is located to the north of Ward Barracks, which forms part of the Bulford Garrison. The garrison is located immediately east of the town of Bulford, which has been in existence since medieval times. Bulford has long been associated with the British military and is now one of the main garrisons located around the Salisbury Plain Training Area; it is located to the east of Durrington village and approximately 2.5km west of the Durrington Walls henge monument, which forms the north-east corner of the Stonehenge World Heritage Site. The site is centred on SU 1777 4452; a site location plan has been included in Appendix A. Photographs of the site can be seen in Appendix B.
Five possible routes were originally proposed and assessed and all, bar one, were rejected for a variety of reasons, including military training requirements, the nature of vehicles intended to use the track, including armour, and ecological concerns relating to designated habitats. The final route, which is that formally proposed here, includes a route that runs northeast from the camp, crossing the Nine Mile River, to cross the Bulford droveway, before straightening to a roughly south to north course across arable land. The track then adopts a northeast alignment across open grassland to Bulford plantation where it turns eastwards to run along the north side of the plantation before finally joining an existing stone track running north from the Old Carter Barracks site. A vehicle washdown facility is proposed on the north side of Bulford droveway and on the east side of the proposed track. A plan showing this route is included in Appendix A.
The reader is referred to the submitted planning application for full details of the development site.
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3.0 Methodology
3.1 Assessment Methodology
Impact assessment has been carried out through the consideration of baseline conditions in relation to the elements of the scheme that could cause cultural heritage impacts. Baseline conditions are defined as the existing environmental conditions, and in applicable cases, the conditions that would develop in the future without the scheme. In accordance with best practice, this report assumes that the scheme will be constructed, although the use of the word ‘will’ in the text should not be taken to mean that implementation of the scheme is certain.
No standard method of evaluation and assessment is provided for the appraisal of impact significance upon cultural heritage, therefore a set of evaluation and assessment criteria have been developed using a combination of the Secretary of State’s criteria for Scheduling Monuments (Scheduled Monument Statement, Annex 1), Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (Volume 11, Part 3, Section 2, HA 208/07) and Transport Analysis Guidance (TAG Unit 3.3.9, Heritage of Historic Resources Sub-Objective). Professional judgment is used in conjunction with these criteria to undertake the impact assessment. The full assessment methodology can be seen in Appendix C.
3.2 Sources Consulted
A study area of at least 1km radius around the development site boundary (NGR: SU 12938 43322) has been examined to assess the nature of the surrounding heritage sites, and to place these recorded sites within their context. In addition to the sites which fall within the survey radius, a number of other sites which fall immediately outside of this area, but are relevant to the assessment have also been considered.
This study has been undertaken taking into consideration the historical and archaeological background of the proposed development area. The sources consulted were:
Wiltshire Historic Environment Record (HER);
English Heritage and Local Planning Authority for designated sites;
Historic mapping; and
Appropriate documentary sources and archaeological journals. 3
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In addition to the above sources, a formal site walkover survey was undertaken on Friday 9th May 2014, with subsequent visits thereafter to reflect route option changes. The walkover survey served to place the development site within its wider context, and to identify any previously unidentified earthwork features. The walkover survey also assessed the suitability of the site for potential future evaluation and mitigation measures. Following the walkover survey, two tranches of geophysical survey were undertaken by Wessex Archaeology (see 9.0 below) and the site investigation works were undertaken under archaeological supervision (see 8.0 below).
3.3 Consultation
Consultation was undertaken with the Wiltshire Historic Environment Record, English Heritage, and Wiltshire Archives and Record Office for the provision of data for this report.
A copy of this report has also been supplied to the County Archaeologist for Wiltshire for comment.
4.0 Legislation and Planning Policy Context
4.1 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act, 1979
Scheduled Monuments are designated by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport on the advice of English Heritage, as selective examples of nationally important archaeological and historical remains. Under the terms of Part 1, Section 2 of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, it is an offence to damage, disturb or alter a Scheduled Monument either above or below ground, without first obtaining permission from the Secretary of State. This Act does not allow for the protection of the setting of Scheduled Monuments.
4.2 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act, 1990
The Act outlines the provisions for designation, control of works and enforcement measures relating to Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas. Section 66 of the Act states that the planning authority must have special regard to the desirability of preserving the setting of any Listed Building that may be affected by the grant of planning permission. Section 72 states that special attention shall be paid to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of Conservation Areas.
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4.3 National Planning Policy Framework, 2012
The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) sets out the Government’s national planning policies, including those on the conservation of the historic environment. The NPPF covers all aspects of the historic environment and heritage assets including designated assets (World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Protected Wreck Sites, Conservation Areas, Registered Parks and Gardens and Registered Battlefields) and non-designated assets. The NPPF draws attention to the benefits that conserving the historic environment can bring to the wider objectives of the NPPF in relation to sustainability, economic benefits and place-making (Para 126). NPPF replaces PPS5 (2010), which had already replaced PPG16 (1990), both of which dealt with planning and the historic environment in England and Wales. Section 12 of the NPPF addresses ‘Conserving and Enhancing the Historic Environment’. Although slimmer than PPS5, the current professional opinion is that the objective of the document is very similar in intention (English Heritage 2012).
The NPPF states that the significance of heritage assets (including their settings) should be identified, described and the impact of the proposal on the significance of the asset should be assessed. The planning application should include sufficient information to enable the impact of proposals on significance to be assessed. Therefore, where desk-based research is insufficient to assess the interest, field evaluation may also be required. The NPPF identifies that the requirements for assessment and mitigation of impacts on heritage assets should be proportional to their significance and the potential impact (Para 128).
The NPPF sets out the approach local authorities should adopt in assessing development proposals within the context of applications, for development of both designated and non-designated assets. Great weight should be given to the conservation of designated heritage assets and harm or loss to significance through alteration or destruction should require clear and convincing justification. Substantial harm to, or loss of, a grade II listed building, park or garden should be exceptional. Substantial harm to, or loss of, designated heritage assets of the highest significance, notably Scheduled Monuments, protected wreck sites, battlefields, grade I and II* listed buildings, grade I and II* registered parks and gardens, and World Heritage Sites, should be wholly exceptional (Para 132). Additional guidance is given on the consideration of elements within World Heritage Sites and Conservation Areas (Para 138).
Where there is substantial harm to, or total loss of significance of a designated heritage asset, a number of criteria must be met alongside achieving substantial public benefits (Para 133). Where there is less than substantial harm, the harm should be weighed against the public benefits of the development (Para 134).
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Balanced judgements should be made when weighing applications that affect non-designated heritage assets (Para 134). The NPPF also makes provision to allow enabling developments (Para 140) and allowing developments which act to enhance World Heritage Sites and Conservation Areas (Para 127).
Where loss of significance as a result of development is considered justified, the NPPF includes provision to allow for the recording and advancing understanding of the asset before it is lost, in a manner proportionate to its importance and impact. The results of these investigations and the archive should be made publically accessible. The ability to record evidence should not, however, be a factor in deciding whether loss should be permitted (Para 141).
4.4 The Wiltshire Core Strategy
The Wiltshire Core Strategy is the local development plan for Wiltshire. It was adopted on 20th January 2015. It includes policies relating to Archaeology. Core Policy 58 addresses the conservation of the historic environment:
Core Policy 58: Ensuring the conservation of the historic environment
Core Policy 58 aims to ensure that Wiltshire’s important monuments, sites and landscapes and areas of historic and built heritage significance are protected and enhanced in order that they continue to make an important contribution to Wiltshire’s environment and quality of life.
The Core Policy addresses heritage assets and development, but not relevant to this development concerning listed buildings, conservation areas and Registered Parks and Gardens, as well as trees and environmental enhancement. The full text can be seen in Appendix D.
The only other core policy relating to heritage is Core Policy 58, which addresses the Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites World Heritage Site and its setting. It is not relevant to this proposed development.
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5.0 Baseline Data
5.1 Designated Sites
The Stonehenge Landscape and the sites and monuments within it are subject to a wide range of designations. While not all of these designations are applicable to the development site itself, sites and land of each designation fall within the immediate area and are, therefore, worth summarising here. The boundaries of these designations are illustrated in Appendix A.
5.1.1 World Heritage Sites, Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas, Registered Historic Parks & Gardens and Registered Battlefields
There are no World Heritage Sites, Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas Registered Historic Parks and Gardens or Registered Battlefields within the survey area.
5.1.2 Scheduled Monuments
There are numerous Scheduled Monuments, including barrows and barrow cemeteries across Salisbury Plain. However, only one Scheduled Monuments is located within the study area. This is a later Neolithic or Early Bronze Age bowl barrow (SM10146). It is located to the eastern edge of the study area, approximately 500m from the proposed line of the proposed track. A further barrow (102580) lies a little way further east, just outside the study area.
5.2 Archaeological and Historic Background
The Wiltshire Historic Environment Record holds details for recorded heritage assets and events/activities within the study area. Sites of particular significance to the wider context of the development site are also drawn upon within this document. Details of the sites can be seen in Appendix E and their locations can be seen on Figure 2. Bracketed numbers within the text refer to the identifier in the Appendix E table and Figure 2. Details from the geophysical survey are also incorporated where appropriate.
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5.2.1 Prehistoric (up to 43AD)
Preserved in situ deposits from the Palaeolithic period are extremely rare in Britain and most Palaeolithic archaeology is associated with deposits of former river systems such as the Thames. The main evidence for this early period of prehistory comes from the presence of stone tools and debitage, and typically, ‘sites’ are recognised from lithic scatters, often found within river gravels and terraces. Artefacts belonging to the Palaeolithic period have been found at five sites within the Stonehenge Landscape. These discrete finds all form part of a much larger body of evidence from across the Avon Valley and its tributary valleys.
Like the proceeding Palaeolithic period, the Mesolithic is characterised by seasonal transhumance processes, and sites are principally recognised from concentrations of lithics, as the temporary settlements used by these hunter gatherer communities left little trace in the landscape. There is limited evidence for human presence in this landscape during the Mesolithic period. Mesolithic presence in the wider landscape is perhaps best illustrated at Downton, south of Salisbury, where evidence for a large Mesolithic settlement at Castle Meadow has been revealed and includes scoops, cooking areas, stakeholes and a large flint assemblage. The valley of the Nine Mile River should, perhaps, be regarded as a possible location for Mesolithic activity.
Throughout the region, a range of significant prehistoric sites survive, dating from the Neolithic (c. 4000 BC) onwards. The Neolithic was a period of increasingly permanent human occupation, although seasonal mobility and the exploitation of wild resources continued throughout the period. Mortuary monuments, along with the introduction of pottery and domesticates, and arable farming practices mark the beginning of the Neolithic period. The construction of large ceremonial monuments mark a clear change in ideology from the preceding Mesolithic period, and such monuments arguably indicate increasing stratification within society.
There are a small number of areas in southern England which appear to have acted as focal centres for ceremonial and ritual activity during the Neolithic and Bronze Age periods. Two of the best known and the earliest recognised areas are Avebury and Stonehenge. Archaeologically, the Neolithic is represented exceptionally well in the Stonehenge Landscape, which is located some 3km to the west. This area includes one of the densest and most varied groups of Neolithic and Bronze Age field monuments in Britain, notably Stonehenge, the Stonehenge cursus, the Durrington Walls settlement and henge, Robin Hood’s Ball causewayed enclosure, and a variety of burial monuments, many of which are grouped into cemeteries.
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No occupation sites belonging to the Early or Middle Neolithic have been identified in or around the study area. However, pottery, flints and other artefactual material that has been revealed in the vicinity does suggest that human activity was extensive in this part of the Avon Valley at this time. Within the Stonehenge landscape itself, pits and flint axes along King Barrow ridge, for instance, demonstrate activity during this period and stray finds like polished axes are frequent and may indicate the presence of settlement (Darvill 2005, 45).
The Late Neolithic/ Early Bronze Age period is characterised by significant changes in material culture, and domestic and ceremonial architecture. Late Neolithic causewayed barrows and round barrows represent further monument forms in the Stonehenge landscape in this period, and mark the appearance of Beaker material in the region and the circulation of the first metal artefacts. Mortuary ceremonies also change emphasis with a shift from the large communal complexes and inhumations of the majority of the Neolithic, to individual cremations and round barrow cemeteries, such as HER 7628 (also identified through geophysical survey), which is located close to the proposed line of the track for the proposed route of the track, and SM 10146, located to the east.
By the Middle and Late Bronze Age (1500-1000 and 1000-800/700 BC), the archaeological record sees a marked change in emphasis from the preceding period, with substantial settlements (sometimes enclosed), agriculture structures (e.g. granaries) and field systems dominating the available evidence. During this period, the landscape was extensively cleared of woodland and settlements developed, typically represented by individual farms, often surrounded by field boundaries, and less commonly, villages. In the Late Bronze Age, the appearance of large ditches and banks in Wiltshire known as the ‘Wessex Linears’ may be related to an increased emphasis on cattle husbandry (Fitzpatrick 2008).
Alongside domestic evidence, the emergence of a social elite and increased trade connection between Southern Britain and the Continent are reflected in the presence of increasingly specialised crafts and highly prestigious items, like those found in the Wylye hoard. A recently identified, significant hoard of Middle Bronze Age artefacts from Codford, known as the ‘Wylye hoard’, around 16km south-southwest of Larkhill, comprised 31 bronze ornaments and 8 tools, including spiral twisted torcs, bracelets, armrings, palstaves, awls and ‘waste’ products (Portable Antiquities Scheme: WILT-038191).
Late Bronze Age settlement has been identified in the wider area, for example close to the Fargo Plantation, near Larkhill, where the structural evidence seems to represent a small nucleated settlement lying within an area of at least 40 hectares of rectangular fields known as ‘Celtic fields’. The field system east of Milston Farm (HER: MWI 11650; 11651) could potentially belong to this class of residual earthworks, and Darvill 9
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(2005, 68) indicates that the presence of Celtic field systems has been tentatively suggested at Durrington Down. There is also substantial evidence for linear boundaries within the study area which form part of a more extensive series of ditches on Salisbury Plain, known as the Wessex Linears (HER: MWI 11652).
By the Iron Age period, the Wiltshire landscape, like much of southern Britain, saw increasing evidence for field systems and farmsteads alongside the more well-known hillfort sites. Much stronger evidence for Continental influences is also apparent in the archaeological record than in earlier periods. The period is also marked by evidence for the appearance of iron technology in the archaeological record. No Iron Age sites are listed within the survey area. However, aerial photos reveal the presence of field systems to the north of the development site, and are typically late Iron Age/ Romano-British in form. There is evidence of possible late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age settlement from within Bulford Camp where loom weights and pottery were found during evaluation (HER EWI6647).
During the Iron Age, Durrington Walls was occupied by a small settlement, and Iron Age pottery, a brooch, ring and knife, and chalk loom weights were also found here. At Amesbury, located southwest of Bulford, there is substantial evidence for Iron Age settlement, including the univallate Hillfort at Vespasian’s Camp on the bank of the Avon, northwest of Amesbury, which was constructed around 500 BC. Extensive settlement evidence from elsewhere in Amesbury was seemingly centered on a spur in the course of the Avon. Evidence includes an enclosed settlement comprising enclosures, probable hut circles and pits, and a farmstead with storage pits that were found to contain animal bones, rotary querns and inhumations. Both of these sites are located to the southwest of Amesbury.
5.2.2 Roman/Romano British (43AD to c.450AD)
The Roman period in the South West is traditionally associated with the campaigns led by Vespasian in the years following the invasion of AD 43. In modern-day Wiltshire the hillfort at Sarum became a Roman settlement and towns developed, including Mildenhall and at the foot of Silbury Hill. Beyond military sites and centrally planned civitas capitals, there is little evidence for any major changes in the landscape immediately after the invasion, and earlier settlement forms seem to have persisted through the period (Holbrook 2008). It is, therefore, not surprising that like the preceding Iron Age, there is considerable evidence for settlement and farming activities dating to the Romano-British period on and around Salisbury Plain. Some local Iron Age sites continue and even expand in the Roman period. By the second century AD, the Avon Valley becomes the focus of Roman occupation, with a number of relatively high-status, villa- based settlements being established (Darvill 2005, 76).
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Roman settlement activity has been identified near Durrington village and to the south-west of Durrington Walls. In addition, the so-called Celtic field systems (including an example identified from aerial images of Durrington Down, and further examples to the north of Larkhill) are likely to have continued in use into the Romano-British period.
The settlement south-west of Durrington Walls, dates to the late 3rd or early 4th century but stood on the site of the Neolithic settlement. It is regarded as a peripheral settlement associated with agriculture, with the main settlement focus, potentially a villa, located to the west (Darvill 2005). Settlement in Amesbury also continued during this time and a substantial Roman settlement was established at Old Sarum, the site of an extensive Iron Age hillfort, to the south. Old Sarum may have been one of four or possibly five civitates which lay within Wiltshire (Eagle 2001). Findspots of Roman material, and Roman pottery and coins recovered from a number of the Stonehenge barrows and Stonehenge itself, further demonstrate the presence of activity during this period.
There are no records of identified Romano-British remains within the study area, although the immediate landscape features field systems which are typically late Iron Age/ Romano-British in form (e.g. at Larkhill).
5.2.3 Early Medieval (450AD to 1066AD)
Evidence for the Anglo-Saxon period in Wiltshire suggests that the Avon Valley was occupied early in the period (5th century), particularly around Salisbury. Occupation was accompanied by the introduction and development of new cultural identities and social order, with the River Avon providing a logical route into Wessex from the south coast (Webster 2008: 177). The mechanisms by which Roman territories came under Anglo-Saxon control has generated much speculation, but by the 9th century, Salisbury Plain eventually formed part of the extensive Kingdom of Wessex, which persisted and expanded during the early medieval period. During the later Saxon period, settlements were probably nucleated, centred on a church site with more dispersed farmsteads. Parish units were also established in this period, and in the Stonehenge landscape, many seem to have utilised prehistoric barrow cemeteries and individual barrows as boundary markers and alignments (Darvill 2005: 81).
Perhaps the most conspicuous evidence for the presence of Anglo-Saxon populations in southern Britain comes from cemeteries and burial sites, which are regarded by many as complex expressions of contemporary ideology, ritual and cultural identity (e.g. Howard Williams). Interestingly, archaeological evidence from Wiltshire seems to suggest significant ‘British’ elements in regards to the ‘Anglo-Saxon’ burial rites of the population. Cemeteries such as the possible 5th century example at Collingbourne Ducis have
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produced burials which appear to have been wearing Roman-style dress (Eagles 2001: 218). More generally, one distinctive feature of Wiltshire is the low proportion of cremation burials, marking the burial rites of the region out from other parts of Wessex, and Anglo-Saxon England as a whole (Webster 2008).
Substantial evidence for the Anglo-Saxon period also comes from nearby Amesbury, on an important river crossing on the Avon. The area is likely to have been the centre of a royal estate and was settled by the Saxons by the 7th century, if not much earlier. Old Sarum also retained its importance during this period as a settlement and market.
There are no definite locations for Anglo-Saxon remains within the study area but early medieval settlement is discernible from Saxon burials associated with or inserted into earlier burial mounds, as at Barrow Clump by Figheldean. One such may be the early medieval burials identified on the proposed Bulford South Service Families Accommodation site to west of the proposed development. In addition, the settlement of Durrington has a place name that includes Old English patronymic and descriptive elements: -ingas and – tun, respectively and is likely to mean “the settlement of Deora’s people” (Mills 2011, 196).
5.2.4 Medieval Period (1066AD-c.1540AD)
The Norman Conquest in 1066 AD marks the beginning of a period of development in both urban centres and the countryside, with more and more marginal land being exploited than in earlier periods. During this period, the presence of important royal and ecclesiastical centres provided a focus for the new foundations or continued development of existing centres, which were complimented by development in rural areas. Evidence varies in scale from castles, palaces, churches and monasteries, to much smaller villages, hamlets and farmsteads. At Old Sarum, to the south of the Stonehenge landscape, a substantial castle was established during the Conquest period and the site became an important royal and ecclesiastical centre during the early years of the medieval period. The cathedral was moved to Salisbury (New Sarum) in the early 13th century, and the castle was abandoned in 1514.
From the medieval period, Bulford Parish forms a rectangular parish with the Avon watershed forming its boundary to the west. Amesbury abbey held Bulford from before the Conquest. The Domesday Book describes Bulford estate in 1086, including land for 9 plough teams, and an economy based on sheep and corn produce prevailed in the parish in the Middle Ages, and until the 20th century (Stevenson 1995). The chalklands which dominate the south and east of Wiltshire were characterised by large-scale agricultural practices and sheep husbandry during this period.
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The fortunes of Wiltshire generally grew in the 15th century with the expansion of the cloth industry, and by the 16th century, Wiltshire had become one of the wealthiest counties in England. The fortunes of Bulford are largely tied to Amesbury at this time. Alongside the expansion of industry came a growing need for houses, food and labour and a growing demand for consumer goods and services. By the 14th century, Salisbury to the south, Trowbridge to the northwest, and, to a lesser extent, Devizes were important centres/ clothing towns. Alongside the urban centres, substantial rural industries were also rising during the 14th century, and at nearby Durrington there were a number of land purchases during 1383-91, “suggesting this was a period of high demand” (Hare 1999, 10). By the late 15th and early 16th century, the wealth of the industrial centres of Salisbury and Devizes had fallen sharply, while the growth of areas such as Westbury to the west of Durrington, suggest a more rural focus to the cloth industry at the end of the medieval period.
The development site was used for agriculture during the medieval period. While the manor house at Bulford dates to the late 16th or early 17th century (Grade II Listed Building 1131036), medieval buildings within Bulford village include the Grade I Listed parish church of St Leonard (LB 1131034), which dates from the late 12th and 13th century. The main concentration of medieval evidence in the area comes from nearby Durrington village, where several examples of 15th century architecture remain, including the East End Manor Farmhouse (Grade II Listed) which was built in the 15th century and altered in the early 17th century. More extensive evidence for the medieval period in the region comes from Knighton Farm, located to the north of Durrington Village. Knighton is a deserted medieval town and amongst the earliest moated sites to be recorded historically (SM 1010021); it was mentioned in the Domesday Book and a mill stood there in 1086. There was also a chapel and possibly a manor house by the 13th century, and a large populous during the 14th century (Crowley 1995, 105-119).
5.2.5 Post-Medieval Period (c.1540AD to 1750AD), Industrial (1750 to 1900AD) and Modern (1900AD to present)
Throughout the Middle Ages and into the post-medieval and Industrial eras, the character of Salisbury Plain changed little. Settlement was concentrated in the river valleys while the downland was largely given over to pasture for the grazing of sheep and cattle (McOmish et al. 2002, 109, 117-119). This open, pastoral landscape remained essentially unchanged until the arrival of the Army at the end of the 19th century. Salisbury Plain, particularly the area of Durrington has been used by the military for artillery practice from 1899. The War Department purchased the original training area in the final years of the 19th century.
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Before the First World War there were three tented camps at Durrington and to the west at Larkhill and at Fargo (Stevenson 1995, 93-105).
The camp at Bulford was developed during the Great War, when it housed British and Commonwealth troops. This camp was primarily of wooden hutments but these were replaced following consolidation in the post-war years and in the run up to the Second World War. Street names associated with the Great War (e.g. Somme, Gaza) reflect the post 1919 rebuilding of the site. Within the proposed development area there are the remains of Old Carter Barracks, which may, in part, be identified from the road layout on the north side of the Nine Mile River. However, this camp originally extended further to the west, and its tracks are shown on the 1951 OS 1:25000 map. In addition to the camps, the evidence of military training is evident in the numbers of military fieldworks, which include extensive trench systems which are typical of the Great War, while others are smaller and which may well be foxholes of Second World War, or even more recent date.
6.0 Historic Mapping Survey
Wiltshire Family History Centre was visited by Dr Rebecca Enlander (WYG) on Thursday 1st May 2014. A number of historic maps were retrieved from the Archive, including Ordnance Survey 25” mapping, the Tithe map for the Parish of Durrington and an 1820 map of Bulford Farm. Documents relating to the Manor of Bulford from the 16th century and from 1677 were also inspected. The 16th century document was not sufficiently detailed for the proposed development site to be identified. The estate map of 1677 showed land west of the modern camp and south of the proposed development area, and did not depict the development site.
The area likely to be affected by the proposed development is not depicted on the Tithe Map (see Appendix F: Image 1). This suggests that the area proposed for development was not included within the assessment, indicating it was exempt, being either Glebe land or in the hands of the holder of the Tithe Award.
The first depiction of the area proposed for the new track comes on the Ordnance Survey First Edition 25” maps of 1879, which clearly show the Nine Mile River and a number of burial mounds (Tumuli), as well as Sheepsbridge Farm. However, the overall image is of open downland. The 1901, maps show a similar picture, reflecting the survey taking place before the arrival of the Army in 1899.
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By 1924 the situation has altered: although the area to the north of the river appear to still be largely open downland, the land to the south has been significantly changed with the construction of the camp, reflecting activity during the Great War. In addition, a railway line is shown running parallel to the river and forming the northern boundary to the camp. This railway line was built to service the camps and it can be traced in the modern landscape, even though it is disused and the tracks and other works have been removed. Also shown is the sewage works located between the railway line and the river. This suggests that significant modern sanitary engineering remains, including pipework may be encountered during works. North of the river a number of buildings are shown. These are the last traces of further large camps of Great War vintage. The majority of camps constructed for the wartime Army were composed predominantly of wooden hutments, which were quickly dismantled after the war. However, some buildings, including kitchens and ablution blocks were sometimes more substantial and it is possible that the buildings shown here relate to surviving brick buildings that were less easily dismantled and sold. In addition, the maps do not show the significant earthwork remains of trench systems that appear to have been dug during the war, as part of training and which would have altered the appearance of Bulford Down and which may be identified on aerial photographs. The same, open appearance is depicted on the 1939 maps, which show the situation immediately pre-war and before the construction of Carter Barracks.
The 1958 1:25,000 map shows the situation at Durrington following the Second World War. Carter Barracks is shown on the eastern edge of the study area, while a “camping ground” is shown extending westwards toward Durrington Village from Carter Barracks. This camping ground occupies the former Second World War camp prior to its post-war contraction, as demonstrated by the survival of the camps tracks and of some buildings on the site.
Ordnance Survey maps were also viewed on the National Library of Scotland website which holds records of maps across Britain. In addition to those maps cited above, the 1945 Popular Edition One Inch series (Sheet 167 Salisbury) was viewed. Although the area now called Old Carter Barracks is not shown, the map clearly shows extensive camp structures north of the river, extending almost to Milston Road, which runs north from the village (NLS 1945).
7.0 Site Walkover Surveys
The site walkover survey was undertaken by Martin Brown, Principal Consultant at WYG, on Friday 9th May 2014. The weather was clear, bright and windy. South of Bulford Droveway the site is heavily overgrown with scrub between the road and the marshy ground beside the Nine Mile River. To the south of the river
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there is further scrub and then an arable field before the security fence of Bulford Camp. To the north of the road there is a mixture of arable (Schedule 1) land let to a tenant by DIO for arable cultivation and pasture. There is also unimproved grassland running north onto the Training Area.
The possible barrow (MWI12371) was inspected. It is up to 0.30m high and approximately 5m in diameter. It is covered in rough grass within a pasture field to the north of the stone track that is a relic of the Great War Army Camp to the west of Old Carter Barracks. The mound has potential to be a barrow but the inspection was unable to prove its antiquity, although it is known to predate the camps.
A further walkover survey was undertaken on Wednesday 17th December 2014 following the publication of the definitive route, which differed from earlier iterations in running close and parallel to Bulford Plantation. At this stage the new route along the north side of the woodland was inspected. It was clear from shallow earthworks visible within the plantation that features likely to be practice trenches are present within the woodland and are considered likely to extend northwards into open ground and onto the route of the track.
8.0 Geotechnical/Site Investigation works
Archaeological monitoring was carried out in September 2014 on geotechnical test pits. No archaeological deposits or features were identified during the course of these works. This work was undertaken prior to the identification of option five as the definitive route. As a result, the section of track both north of, and parallel to the plantation was not investigated.
9.0 Geophysical Survey
Following the initial route option assessment the site was subject to two phases of geophysical survey by Wessex Archaeology (2014 & 2015). The surveys were undertaken to confirm the presence of identified assets and to identify the potential for further remains to be present: The first phase was undertaken to assess the line of an earlier iteration of the route but, following the development of the route proposed here, a second phase of survey was undertaken to fill in gaps in the survey data through which the proposed track would pass. The results of those surveys, combined into a single report (Wessex Archaeology 2015), have been incorporated into this document and appear in Appendix H. Most significantly, the 2015 survey identified two ring ditches consistent with the two monuments identified on the Wiltshire HER.
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The first phase of works included the majority of the trackway and the washdown facility, and detailed gradiometer survey was undertaken over all accessible parts of the site, and covered an approximate area of 10ha. The results indicated the presence of anomalies of likely, probable and possible archaeological significance, along with probable vehicle tracks and several spreads of increased magnetic response and a number of modern services. The main concentration of archaeological features was located in the northern portion of the survey area which is now no longer affected by the track route, following the realignment of the northern portion. Nevertheless, these results include a curvilinear ditch extending intermittently for 350m whose southern end (WA 2015: 4014) may be affected by the track as it turns eastwards towards the existing track running northwards from Old Carter Barracks.
The second phase of works included approximately half a hectare of previously unsurveyed ground in the angle of an existing east-west track, the plantation east of Old Carter Barracks and the proposed final route of the track (centred on NGR SU 1796 4480). The survey indicated a number of potentially significant results, notably the two probable ring ditches (WA 2015: 5001; 5003). However, there are also oter results considered likely to be archaeological in origin: a linear feature (WA 2015: 5005) runs north-south on the border of the two phases of survey and may be a continuation of anomaly 4010 noted in the original works. In addition, two parallel, positive anomalies (WA 2015: 5010) have been interpreted as archaeology and may relate to pits or post-holes. Other anomalies were consistent with records of practice trenches identified within and extending westwards from the plantation (WA 2015: 5009). Other results appear to show possible boundaries (WA 2015: 5005) agricultural activity (WA2015: 5011) and services (WA 2015: 5003; 5004).
Both surveys also indicated potential for the presence of linear features likely to have been field boundaries (e.g. WA 2015: 4001, 4002, 4010), while in the fields formerly occupied by the Great War camp, faint rectilinear anomalies are likely to relate to its layout or drainage (WA 2015: 4011), as may the pits or post holes identified in the 2015 survey (5010).
10.0 Historic Landscape Characterisation
Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) is the examination of the historic and archaeological processes which have influenced the form and use of the modern landscape. Although the Wiltshire and Swindon HLC has not yet been completed, the proposed development falls within land in use for military training and, prior to its incorporation into the Army estate in 1899, had been unenclosed agricultural land.
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11.0 Assessment of Archaeological Potential
South of the Bulford Droveway, the track emerges from the northern boundary of the barracks and crosses open arable fields before dropping into the valley of the Nine Mile River. The fields immediately north of the boundary fence are known to have included the former sewage works, which is considered likely to have had a significant impact in any remains present. There are no other records relating to archaeological assets in this area. Survey in the Nine Mile River was restricted due to ground conditions and waterlogging so potential for remains to be present in this area remains largely unknown, though one possible linear archaeological feature, indicative of a former field boundary was identified (WA 2014: 4003). The waterlogged nature of this part of the proposed development site means that, if archaeological deposits are present, there is high potential for the preservation of organic remains.
North of the Bulford droveway the track crosses arable land up to the proposed site of the washdown. This area is not considered, based on the results of test pits and the geophysical survey to have high potential, though a modern service does cross this area (WA 2014: 4008). North of the washdown, the track turns to the north-east and passes between two ring ditches that have been identified as possible barrows on the HER (MWI12371 & MWI12370) and, whose presence has been confirmed by geophysical survey (Wessex Archaeology 2015). There is potential for associated remains, including further burials in the surrounding area around the barrows and between them.
Remains associated with the former Army camp and with military training have also been identified on this route and training trenches are identified on the DIO database on the east side of Old Carter Barracks and the HER (MWI11430). Earthworks consistent with remains of training trenches have also been identified within the Bulford Plantation on the north side of the former barracks. This section of the route should be regarded as having medium to high archaeological potential.
The proposed route has potential for major impact on archaeological remains. Geophysical survey indicates that there are ring ditches consistent with the HER data present close to the proposed track alignment and direct impact could result in the disturbance of human remains, resulting in increased costs associated with archaeological mitigation. The alignment may well also directly affect remains of practice trenches. It should be noted that the military archaeology is characteristic of Salisbury Plain and of its role as the British Army’s principal training area for over a century. It should also be noted that the presence of Commonwealth/Imperial troops in both World Wars have added an international dimension to the remains from this period. Elsewhere on the Eastern Infrastructure Project, military remains have been treated as
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part of the archaeological resource and there is no compelling case for this approach not to be maintained here.
12.0 Proposed Mitigation Measures
In the light of the potential for archaeological remains to be present along the line of the proposed track, archaeological mitigation is considered essential.
Two complementary responses to the potential archaeological impact of the majority of the development are proposed:
Archaeological monitoring of the whole route, with the exception of
Specific areas of Archaeological Strip, Map and Record in advance of construction.
Archaeological monitoring makes provision for the controlled strip of the route under archaeological supervision. Once identified, adequate time and physical space will be afforded for the recording of any archaeological features identified. Where necessary, a temporary track diversion may be installed to permit the appropriate level of recording to take place.
An Archaeological Strip, Map & Record exercise would take place in advance of construction at specific locations along the route of the track where there is heightened potential for archaeological remains to be present. These areas are:
The length of track potentially impacting the ring ditches;
Along the northern edge of Bulford Plantation.
The area north of the plantation has been chosen for Strip, Map & Record because of the known presence of practice trenches and because this area has not been subject to geophysical survey. The washdown will see more significant and potentially damaging groundworks, so that provision of adequate time is available, in the event of discoveries being made. The hard engineering required for the washdown is such that delay from archaeological recording should be avoided
All archaeological works will be undertaken in accordance with a Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) agreed with the County Archaeologist for Wiltshire.
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Areas will be exempt from archaeological intervention for two reasons:
Potential for contamination from the former sewage works; or
Construction methods, such as raised trackways (“no-dig solution”). Currently, no areas with this approach have been identified.
A map showing the areas proposed for the various responses is presented in Appendix A.
13.0 Conclusions
A significant number of recorded heritage assets have been identified within the study area. A significant number of these are likely to be twentieth century remains associated with temporary Army camps from the two World Wars. In addition, there are features associated with military training. However, there are other identified remains which are considered to be of greater antiquity, including the possible barrows located very close to the proposed route of the track. One of these assets is a visible feature on the First Series Ordnance Survey map and both it and its neighbour have been confirmed as of archaeological interest by the geophysical survey.
The temporary camp appears to have had a very limited impact on any underlying remains. It was not evident in monitoring of trial holes nor was it particularly evident in the geophysical survey results. This lack of evidence is consistent with results from other sites, where remains of camps of significant size appear to have had limited effect on the ground surface. Aside from ablutions and cook houses, most buildings were usually timber hutments on sill beams, as has been shown in work at other camps, including Cannock Chase and Belton House (Time Team 2012; Wessex Archaeology 2013). The same will not be true of the areas used for the excavation of training trenches, where extensive fieldworks will have truncated any earlier remains present.
Proposed mitigation includes pre-construction Strip, Map & Record at key points along the route, principally the section close to the ring ditches and along the north side of the plantation, and archaeological monitoring of the remainder of the construction works. The only proposed exemption to this methodology is the field including the former sewage works, where there is considered to be a risk from contamination. All works will be subject to a Written Scheme of Investigation agreed with the County Archaeologist and will be undertaken by a suitably experienced archaeologist.
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References
DCLG (2012) National Planning Policy Framework.
Darvill, T (ed) (2005) ‘Stonehenge World Heritage Site: An Archaeological Research Framework’, English Heritage and Bournemouth University.
Eagles, B. (2001) ‘Anglo-Saxon presence and culture in Wiltshire c. AD 450-c. 675’, in P. Ellis (ed) Roman Wiltshire and after: papers in honour of Ken Annable. Devizes: Wiltshire Archaeology and Natural History Society. 199-233.
English Heritage 2012 http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/imported-docs/a-e/eh-commentary- nppf.pdf (accessed 13th June 2012).
English Heritage 2008 Conservation Principles, Policies & Guidance http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/publications/conservation-principles-sustainable-management-historic- environment/conservationprinciplespoliciesguidanceapr08web.pdf (accessed 24th February 2014).
Fitzpatrick, A. (2008) ‘Later Bronze Age and Iron Age’, in C. J. Webster (ed) The Archaeology of South West England. South West Archaeological Research Framework: Resource Assessment and Research Agenda. http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/swarf/publications.htm (accessed March 2014).
Hare, J. N. (1999) ‘Growth and recession in the fifteenth-century economy: the Wiltshire textile industry and the countryside’, Economic History Review 1. 1-26.
HMSO (1979) Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act.
HMSO (1990) Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act.
Holbrook, N. (2008) ‘Roman’, in C. J. Webster (ed) The Archaeology of South West England. South West Archaeological Research Framework: Resource Assessment and Research Agenda. http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/swarf/publications.htm (accessed March 2014).
Hosfield, R., Straker, V. and Gardiner, P. (2008) ‘Palaeolithic and Mesolithic’, in C. J. Webster (ed) The Archaeology of South West England. South West Archaeological Research Framework: Resource Assessment and Research Agenda. http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/swarf/publications.htm (accessed March 2014). 21
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Institute for Archaeologists (1994 rev 2012) Standards and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment.
McOmish, D., Field, D. & Brown, G., (2001) The Field Archaeology of the Salisbury Plain Training Area, Swindon: English Heritage
Parker-Pearson, M., Chamberlain, A., Jay, M., Marshall, P., Pollard, J., Richards, C., Thomas, J., Tilley, C. and Welham, K. (2009) ‘Who was buried at Stonehenge?’, Antiquity 83. 23-39.
Pollard, J. and Healy, F. (2008) ‘Neolithic and Early Bronze Age’, in C. J. Webster (ed) The Archaeology of South West England. South West Archaeological Research Framework: Resource Assessment and Research Agenda. http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/swarf/publications.htm (accessed March 2014).
Salisbury District Council (2011) Salisbury District Local Plan, http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/planninganddevelopment/planningpolicy/salisburydistrictlocalplan.htm (Accessed May 2014).
Stevenson, J. H. (1995) ‘Parishes: Durrington’, in D. A. Crowley (ed) A History of County Wiltshire, volume 15: Amesbury hundred, Branch and Dole hundred. 93-105.
Time Team (2012) http://www.channel4.com/programmes/time-team/4od#3513463 (accessed May 2014)
Webster, C. (2008) ‘Early Medieval’, in C. J. Webster (ed) The Archaeology of South West England. South West Archaeological Research Framework: Resource Assessment and Research Agenda. http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/swarf/publications.htm (accessed March 2014).
Wessex Archaeology (2013) Belton House, Belton, Lincolnshire, Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results. Wessex Archaeology Time Team Report 85203
Wessex Archaeology (2014) Bulford Garrison Back Gate, Detailed Gradiometer Survey. Wessex Archaeology Report 106090.01
Wessex Archaeology (2015) Bulford Garrison Back Gate, Detailed Gradiometer Survey. Wessex Archaeology Report 106091.01
Wiltshire Council (2015) Wiltshire Core Strategy. http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/core-strategy-adoption.pdf (accessed 30/03/2105).
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Historic Mapping and Archives
Papers relating to the Manor of Durrington, c. 1500 (865/182)
A Particular of the Manor of Durrington, 1677 (212B/939)
Map of Bulford Farm c.1820 (135/37L)
Map of Lands Subject to Tithes in the Parish of Bulford, 1838 (TA/Durrington)
Ordnance Survey maps 25” to 1 mile / 1:2,500 1879, 1901, 1924, 1939
Ordnance Survey 6” to 1 mile: 1924, 1939
NLS (1945) Ordnance Survey 1” Popular Series http://maps.nls.uk/view/74466966 (viewed 08/05/2014)
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Appendices
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Appendix A – Site Location Plan & Proposed Development Plans
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TRACK ALIGNMENT
0 60 120 240 360 480 600 Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright RAE MB February 2015 V1 and database right 2014. All rights reserved. Created: Checked: Date: Version: Title: Metres Sheet Size: A4 Scale of Original: 1:10,000 Client: Arndale Court Defence Infrastructure Organisation Headingley Leeds Site Location Plan LS6 2UJ Project: TEL: +44 (0)113 2787111 Office: Project No: Figure No: FAX: +44 (0)113 2750623 Bulford Backgate Track Alignment e-mail: [email protected] 4154 A073210-27 1 Bulford Back Gate Archaeological Assessment
Appendix B – Site Photographs
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Bulford Camp
Photograph 1: Panorama looking west across part of the proposed development area (Routes 1&2) from Bulford Camp to south and to the Bulford Plantations to north.
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Photograph 2: Panorama to west across proposed development area showing existing road form the former camp site and the potential barrow mound.
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Photograph 3: The potential barrow mound.
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Photograph 4: View south-east across the proposed washdown (south of the track) toward the Bulford Kiwi hillfigure (to left) and Bulford Camp (to right) in the background.
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Photograph 5: View to west showing Bulford Plantations.
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Photograph 6: View to north-east showing Training Area.
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Appendix C – Assessment Methodology
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Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment Methodology
No standard method of evaluation and assessment is provided for the assessment of significance of effects upon cultural heritage, therefore a set of evaluation and assessment criteria have been developed using a combination of the Secretary of State’s criteria for Scheduling Monuments (Scheduled Monument Statement, Annex 1), Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Volume 11, Part 3, Section 2, HA 208/07 and Transport Analysis Guidance (TAG Unit 3.3.9, Heritage of Historic Resources Sub-Objective). Professional judgement is used in conjunction with these criteria to undertake the impact assessment.
Value
The table below provides guidance on the assessment of cultural heritage value on all archaeological sites and monuments, historic buildings, historic landscapes and other types of historical site such as battlefields, parks and gardens, not just those that are statutorily designated.
Value Examples Very High World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments of exceptional quality, or assets of acknowledged international importance or can contribute to international research objectives Grade I Listed Buildings and built heritage of exceptional quality Grade I Registered Parks and Gardens and historic landscapes and townscapes of international sensitivity, or extremely well preserved historic landscapes and townscapes with exceptional coherence, integrity, time-depth, or other critical factor(s) High Scheduled Monuments, or assets of national quality and importance or than can contribute to national research objectives Grade II* and Grade II Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas with very strong character and integrity, other built heritage that can be shown to have exceptional qualities in their fabric or historical association. Grade II* and II Registered Parks and Gardens, Registered Battlefields and historic landscapes and townscapes of outstanding interest, quality and importance, or well preserved and exhibiting considerable coherence, integrity time-depth or other critical factor(s) Medium Designated or undesignated assets of regional quality and importance that contribute to regional research objectives Locally Listed Buildings, other Conservation Areas, historic buildings that can be shown to have good qualities in their fabric or historical association Designated or undesignated special historic landscapes and townscapes with
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Value Examples reasonable coherence, integrity, time-depth or other critical factor(s) Assets that form an important resource within the community, for educational or recreational purposes. Low Undesignated assets of local importance Assets compromised by poor preservation and/or poor survival of contextual associations but with potential to contribute to local research objectives. Historic (unlisted) buildings of modest quality in their fabric or historical association Historic landscapes and townscapes with limited sensitivity or whose sensitivity is limited by poor preservation, historic integrity and/or poor survival of contextual associations. Assets that form a resource within the community with occasional utilisation for educational or recreational purposes. Negligible Assets with very little or no surviving cultural heritage interest. Buildings of no architectural or historical note. Landscapes and townscapes that are badly fragmented and the contextual associations are severely compromised or have little or no historical interest.
Magnitude
The magnitude of the potential impact is assessed for each site or feature independently of its archaeological or historical value. Magnitude is determined by considering the predicted deviation from baseline conditions. The magnitude of impact categories are adapted from the Transport Assessment Guidance (TAG Unit 3.3.9) and Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Volume 11, Part 3, Section 2, HA 208/07.
Magnitude of Typical Criteria Descriptors Impact Substantial Impacts will damage or destroy cultural heritage assets; result in the loss of the asset and/or quality and integrity; cause severe damage to key characteristic features or elements; almost complete loss of setting and/or context of the asset. The assets integrity or setting is almost wholly destroyed or is severely compromised, such that the resource can no longer be appreciated or understood. (Negative) The proposals would remove or successfully mitigate existing damaging and discordant impacts on assets; allow for the restoration or enhancement of characteristic features; allow the substantial re-establishment of the integrity, understanding and setting for an area or group of features; halt rapid degradation
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Magnitude of Typical Criteria Descriptors Impact and/or erosion of the heritage resource, safeguarding substantial elements of the heritage resource. (Positive) Moderate Substantial impact on the asset, but only partially affecting the integrity; partial loss of, or damage to, key characteristics, features or elements; substantially intrusive into the setting and/or would adversely impact upon the context of the asset; loss of the asset for community appreciation. The assets integrity or setting is damaged but not destroyed so understanding and appreciation is compromised. (Negative) Benefit to, or restoration of, key characteristics, features or elements; improvement of asset quality; degradation of the asset would be halted; the setting and/or context of the asset would be enhanced and understanding and appreciation is substantially improved; the asset would be bought into community use. (Positive) Slight Some measurable change in assets quality or vulnerability; minor loss of or alteration to, one (or maybe more) key characteristics, features or elements; change to the setting would not be overly intrusive or overly diminish the context; community use or understanding would be reduced. The assets integrity or setting is damaged but understanding and appreciation would only be diminished not compromised. (Negative) Minor benefit to, or partial restoration of, one (maybe more) key characteristics, features or elements; some beneficial impact on asset or a stabilisation of negative impacts; slight improvements to the context or setting of the site; community use or understanding and appreciation would be enhanced. (Positive) Negligible / No Very minor loss or detrimental alteration to one or more characteristics, features or Change elements. Minor changes to the setting or context of the site. No discernible change in baseline conditions (Negative). Very minor benefit to or positive addition of one or more characteristics, features or elements. Minor changes to the setting or context of the site No discernible change in baseline conditions. (Positive).
Magnitude (scale of change) is determined by considering the predicted deviation from baseline conditions. Quantifiable assessment of magnitude has been undertaken where possible. In cases where only qualitative assessment is possible, magnitude has been defined as fully as possible.
During the assessment any embedded mitigation has been considered in the impact assessment and this is clearly described in this section (cross referring the development description). Therefore, the magnitude of the impacts described herein will be stated before and after additional mitigation has been taken into consideration.
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Impacts may be of the following nature and will be identified as such where relevant:
Negative or Positive. Direct or indirect. Temporary or permanent. Short, medium or long term. Reversible or irreversible. Cumulative.
Significance
By combining the value of the cultural heritage resource with the predicted magnitude of impact, the significance of the effect can be determined. This is undertaken following the table below. The significance of effects can be beneficial or adverse.
Significance of Magnitude of Impact Effects Cultural Substantial Moderate Slight Negligible / No Heritage Value Change Very High Major Major – Intermediate Minor Intermediate High Major – Intermediate Intermediate – Neutral Intermediate Minor Medium Intermediate Intermediate - Minor Neutral Minor Low Intermediate – Minor Minor – Neutral Neutral Minor Negligible Minor-Neutral Minor-Neutral Neutral Neutral
Significance should always be qualified as in certain cases an effect of minor significance could be considered to be of great importance by local residents and deserves further consideration. The significance of effect is considered both before and after additional mitigation measures proposed have been taken into account.
Effects of intermediate significance or greater are considered to be significant effects within the context of planning policy and Environmental Impact Assessment.
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Appendix D – Planning Policies
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Wiltshire Core Strategy 2015
Core Policy 58
Ensuring The Conservation Of The Historic Environment
Development should protect, conserve and where possible enhance the historic environment.
Designated heritage assets and their settings will be conserved, and where appropriate enhanced in a manner appropriate to their significance, including:
i. Nationally significant archaeological remains
ii. World Heritage Sites within and adjacent to Wiltshire
iii. Buildings and structures of special architectural or historic interest
iv. The special character or appearance of conservation areas
v. Historic parks and gardens
vi. Important landscapes, including registered battlefields and townscapes.
Distinctive elements of Wiltshire’s historic environment, including non-designated heritage assets, which contribute to a sense of local character and identity will be conserved, and where possible enhanced. The potential contribution of these heritage assets towards wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits will also be utilised where this can be delivered in a sensitive and appropriate manner in accordance with Core Policy 57 [Core Policy 57 relates to design & placeshaping.]
Heritage assets at risk will be monitored and development proposals that improve their condition will be encouraged. The advice of statutory and local consultees will be sought in consideration of such applications.
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Appendix E – Recorded Heritage Sites
Defence Infrastructure Organisation A073210-27 April 2015 *# *# *# *#
*# *# *# *# *#*# *# *# *# *# *# *# *# *#
*#
*#
*# *#
*# *#*# *# # *# *# **# *# *# *#*# *# *#
*# *#
*# *#*# *# *# *# *#*# *# *# *#
*#
*#
*#
Legend *# Track Alignment MWI11650
± Survey Area
MWI11652 Scheduled Monuments *#
*# Listed Buildings
*# MWI11650 MWI11651 # *# * ^_ Monuments Points *#*#*# *# Monuments Lines *# Monument Polygons MWI11430 MWI11430 1009611 *# Archaeological Events
1009567 *# MWI63510 MWI12124 *# *#*# *# *#*# *# *# MWI63510 *#*#*#*# *# *# *# *# MWI12370 MWI12079 *# MWI12097 MWI12079 MWI12371 *#
MWI12096
1009972
1009968 060 120 240 360 480 600
MWI12070 Metres
1009966 RAE MB February 2015 V1 Created: Checked: Date: Version:
Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright and database right 2015. All rights reserved.
Arndale Court Headingley MWI11920 Leeds LS6 2UJ
TEL: +44 (0)113 2787111 FAX: +44 (0)113 2750623 e-mail: [email protected]
EWI5804 Sheet Size: A3 Scale of Original: 1:8,000 EWI5804 Client: Defence Infrastructure Organisation
Project:
*# MWI12158 *# *# *# Bulford Backgate Track Alignment *# *# #**# *# *# EWI6647 * Title: *#*# MWI11923 *# EWI7395 EWI5804 Recorded Heritage Sites
*# Office: Project No: Figure No: *# *# *# EWI5804 4154 A073210-27 2 *# *#
*# *# *# *# *#
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Recorded Heritage Sites (English Heritage and Wiltshire Historic Environment Record)
Identifier Designation Grid Reference Period Description
DWI14278/ SM 10146 SU 1853 4492 Bronze Age Bowl barrow: one of two round barrows east of Carter Barracks MWI12123 NLHE: 1009567 Prehistoric / MWI63510 SU 1708 4490 Enclosure and Field System, East of Milston Romano-British MWI11430 SU 1820 4504 Modern Practice Trench
MWI11650 SU 1756 4553 Undated Field system, East of Milston Farm Buildings
MWI11651 SU 1772 4531 Undated Undated enclosure visible on an aerial photograph. MWI11652 SU 1817 4535 Undated Undated linear ditch visible on aerial photographs MWI11920 SU 1818 4411 Bronze Age B1 beaker found by workmen in 1939 on site of boiler house in Bulford Camp. MWI11923/ An evaluation trench revealed three archaeological features including two pits and a SU 1831 4371 Bronze Age EWI6647 posthole at the southern end of the trench. MWI12070 SU 1720 4432 Modern Slit Trenches at Bulford Field Plantation. MWI12079 SU 1807 4457 Modern Practice trenches within Carter Barracks. A series of rectangular and sub-rectangular cropmarks on a Crawford aerial photograph, MWI12096 SU 1740 4460 Undated possibly military. MWI12097 SU 1737 4474 Undated Ring ditch seen on aerial photographs thought perhaps to be modern. Prehistoric MWI12124 SU 1838 4494 Bowl barrow recorded by Colt Hoare and then Grinsell. ?Bronze Age Prehistoric A group of 3 barrows depicted on the Ordnance Survey 2 inch drawing of 1808. Now MWI12158 SU 1818 4375 ?Bronze Age built over. A circular feature plotted by the National Monuments Record staff from aerial MWI12370 SU 1785 4480 Undated photographs from aerial photographs. May be a barrow or military works.
Defence Infrastructure Organisation A073210-27 April 2015
Bulford Back Gate Archaeological Assessment
Identifier Designation Grid Reference Period Description
A circular feature plotted by the National Monuments Record staff from aerial MWI12371 SU 1787 4472 Undated photographs from aerial photographs. May be a barrow.
Evaluation at Bulford Military Court Centre: post-medieval tree planting remains and one EWI7395 SU 1815 4360 Undated/Modern modern military trench.
Defence Infrastructure Organisation A073210-27 April 2015
Bulford Back Gate Archaeological Assessment
Appendix F – Historic Mapping
Defence Infrastructure Organisation A073210-27 April 2015 Bulford Back Gate Archaeological Assessment
Approximate area within which the track is proposed.
Image 1: Tithe Map for the Parish of Bulford (1838)
Defence Infrastructure Organisation A073210-27 April 2015 Bulford Back Gate Archaeological Assessment
Approximate area within which the track is proposed.
Image 2: Ordnance Survey 25 Inch First Edition (1879)
Defence Infrastructure Organisation A073210-27 April 2015 Bulford Back Gate Archaeological Assessment
Approximate area within which the track is proposed.
Image 3: Ordnance Survey 25 Inch Second Edition (1901)
Defence Infrastructure Organisation A073210-27 April 2015 Bulford Back Gate Archaeological Assessment
Approximate area within which the track is proposed.
Image 4: Ordnance Survey 25 Inch Third Edition (1924)
Defence Infrastructure Organisation A073210-27 April 2015 Bulford Back Gate Archaeological Assessment
Approximate proposed line of the track.
Image 5: Ordnance Survey 6 Inch Third Edition (1924)
Defence Infrastructure Organisation A073210-27 April 2015 Bulford Back Gate Archaeological Assessment
Approximate route of the track track.
Image 6: Ordnance Survey 25 Inch Fourth Edition (1939)
Defence Infrastructure Organisation A073210-27 April 2015 Bulford Back Gate Archaeological Assessment
Approximate line of the track.
Image 7: Ordnance Survey 6 Inch Fourth Edition (1939)
Defence Infrastructure Organisation A073210-27 April 2015 Bulford Back Gate Archaeological Assessment
Approximate line of the track (Red) and proposed washdown (Orange)
Image 8: Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 (1958)
Defence Infrastructure Organisation A073210-27 April 2015 Bulford Back Gate Archaeological Assessment
Appendix G – Site Investigation Logs and Plan
Defence Infrastructure Organisation A073210-27 April 2015
WYG ENVIRONMENT Exploratory Hole Number Ground Engineering Services TP1 Longcross Court, 47 Newport Road, Cardiff, CF24 0AD. Tel: 02920 829 200. Email: [email protected] Final Project : Bulford Back Gate Scale 1:25 Sheet 1 of 1 Project Number : A073210-27 Client : DIO Logged By : GC Method : 8 tonne tracked excavator Checked By : PV Co-ordinates : 418145E - 145455N Start Date : 02/09/14 Level : 111.59 mAOD Finish Date : 02/09/14 Reduced Depth Water Installation/ Sample Test Legend Level (m) Strike Depth Type Notes / Remarks Strata Description (mOD) (m) Backfill Grass over brown organic silty SAND with roots and rootlets. (TOPSOIL).
111.29 0.30 0.30-0.50 B1 Brown and white gravelly fine to coarse SAND. Gravel is fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded of chalk and 111.09 0.50 flint. (HEAD). Structureless CHALK composed of sandy fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded GRAVEL of chalk and flint with low cobble and boulder content of chalk. Chalk is white with black specks. (SEAFORD CHALK FORMATION - Dc Chalk).
1.00-1.20 B2
108.59 3.00
End of Trial Pit at 3.00 m bgl.
Excavation Information Groundwater Observations / Remarks Struck Rising to Time Remarks 1. Backfilled with arisings. Length : 4.10m (mins) 2. No groundwater encountered. Width : 0.60m 3. CBR test undertaken at 0.45m bgl. Orientation : - Shoring : N/A Stability : Stable WYG ENVIRONMENT Exploratory Hole Number Ground Engineering Services TP2 Longcross Court, 47 Newport Road, Cardiff, CF24 0AD. Tel: 02920 829 200. Email: [email protected] Final Project : Bulford Back Gate Scale 1:25 Sheet 1 of 1 Project Number : A073210-27 Client : DIO Logged By : GC Method : 8 tonne tracked excavator Checked By : PV Co-ordinates : 418125E - 145364N Start Date : 02/09/14 Level : 108.39 mAOD Finish Date : 02/09/14 Reduced Depth Water Installation/ Sample Test Legend Level (m) Strike Depth Type Notes / Remarks Strata Description (mOD) (m) Backfill Grass over brown organic silty SAND with roots and rootlets. (TOPSOIL).
107.89 0.50 Grey brown gravelly fine to coarse SAND. Gravel is fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded of chalk and flint. 107.69 0.70 (HEAD). Structureless CHALK composed of sandy fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded GRAVEL of chalk and flint with low cobble and boulder content of chalk. Chalk is white with black specks. (SEAFORD CHALK FORMATION - Dc Chalk).
1.20-1.40 B1
2.80-3.00 B2
105.39 3.00
End of Trial Pit at 3.00 m bgl.
Excavation Information Groundwater Observations / Remarks Struck Rising to Time Remarks 1. Backfilled with arisings. Length : 4.20m (mins) 2. No groundwater encountered. Width : 0.60m Orientation : - Shoring : N/A Stability : Stable WYG ENVIRONMENT Exploratory Hole Number Ground Engineering Services TP3 Longcross Court, 47 Newport Road, Cardiff, CF24 0AD. Tel: 02920 829 200. Email: [email protected] Final Project : Bulford Back Gate Scale 1:25 Sheet 1 of 1 Project Number : A073210-27 Client : DIO Logged By : GC Method : 8 tonne tracked excavator Checked By : PV Co-ordinates : 418079E - 145269N Start Date : 02/09/14 Level : 106.32 mAOD Finish Date : 02/09/14 Reduced Depth Water Installation/ Sample Test Legend Level (m) Strike Depth Type Notes / Remarks Strata Description (mOD) (m) Backfill Grass over brown organic silty SAND with roots and rootlets. (TOPSOIL). 106.12 0.20 Structureless CHALK composed of sandy fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded GRAVEL of chalk and flint with low cobble and boulder content of chalk. Chalk is white with black specks. (SEAFORD CHALK FORMATION - Dc Chalk).
1.10-1.30 B1
2.20-2.50 B2
103.32 3.00
End of Trial Pit at 3.00 m bgl.
Excavation Information Groundwater Observations / Remarks Struck Rising to Time Remarks 1. Backfilled with arisings. Length : 4.40m (mins) 2. No groundwater encountered. Width : 0.60m 3. CBR test undertaken at 0.32m bgl. Orientation : - Shoring : N/A Stability : Stable WYG ENVIRONMENT Exploratory Hole Number Ground Engineering Services TP4 Longcross Court, 47 Newport Road, Cardiff, CF24 0AD. Tel: 02920 829 200. Email: [email protected] Final Project : Bulford Back Gate Scale 1:25 Sheet 1 of 1 Project Number : A073210-27 Client : DIO Logged By : GC Method : 8 tonne tracked excavator Checked By : PV Co-ordinates : 418016E - 145155N Start Date : 02/09/14 Level : 106.31 mAOD Finish Date : 02/09/14 Reduced Depth Water Installation/ Sample Test Legend Level (m) Strike Depth Type Notes / Remarks Strata Description (mOD) (m) Backfill Grass over brown organic silty SAND with roots and rootlets. (TOPSOIL). 106.11 0.20 Grey buff gravelly fine to coarse SAND. Gravel is fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded of chalk and flint. 105.91 0.40 (HEAD). Structureless CHALK composed of sandy fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded GRAVEL of chalk and flint with low cobble content of chalk. Chalk is white with black specks. (SEAFORD CHALK FORMATION - Dc Chalk).
1.20-1.50 B1
2.50-2.80 B2
103.31 3.00
End of Trial Pit at 3.00 m bgl.
Excavation Information Groundwater Observations / Remarks Struck Rising to Time Remarks 1. Backfilled with arisings. Length : 3.90m (mins) 2. No groundwater encountered. Width : 0.60m Orientation : - Shoring : N/A Stability : Stable WYG ENVIRONMENT Exploratory Hole Number Ground Engineering Services TP5 Longcross Court, 47 Newport Road, Cardiff, CF24 0AD. Tel: 02920 829 200. Email: [email protected] Final Project : Bulford Back Gate Scale 1:25 Sheet 1 of 1 Project Number : A073210-27 Client : DIO Logged By : GC Method : 8 tonne tracked excavator Checked By : PV Co-ordinates : 417970E - 145070N Start Date : 02/09/14 Level : 105.31 mAOD Finish Date : 02/09/14 Reduced Depth Water Installation/ Sample Test Legend Level (m) Strike Depth Type Notes / Remarks Strata Description (mOD) (m) Backfill Grass over brown organic silty SAND with roots and rootlets. (TOPSOIL). 105.06 0.25 Brown gravelly fine to coarse SAND. Gravel is fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded of chalk and flint. (HEAD).
104.46 0.85 Structureless CHALK composed of sandy fine to coarse, 0.90-1.10 B1 angular to sub-rounded GRAVEL of chalk and flint with low cobble and boulder content of chalk. Chalk is white with black specks. (SEAFORD CHALK FORMATION - Dc Chalk).
2.50-2.80 B2
102.31 3.00
End of Trial Pit at 3.00 m bgl.
Excavation Information Groundwater Observations / Remarks Struck Rising to Time Remarks 1. Backfilled with arisings. Length : 3.50m (mins) 2. No groundwater encountered. Width : 0.60m Orientation : - Shoring : N/A Stability : Stable WYG ENVIRONMENT Exploratory Hole Number Ground Engineering Services TP6 Longcross Court, 47 Newport Road, Cardiff, CF24 0AD. Tel: 02920 829 200. Email: [email protected] Final Project : Bulford Back Gate Scale 1:25 Sheet 1 of 1 Project Number : A073210-27 Client : DIO Logged By : GC Method : 8 tonne tracked excavator Checked By : PV Co-ordinates : 417898E - 144938N Start Date : 02/09/14 Level : 103.77 mAOD Finish Date : 02/09/14 Reduced Depth Water Installation/ Sample Test Legend Level (m) Strike Depth Type Notes / Remarks Strata Description (mOD) (m) Backfill Grass over brown organic silty SAND with roots and rootlets. (TOPSOIL). 103.52 0.25 Brown and white slightly silty gravelly fine to coarse 0.30-0.50 B1 SAND. Gravel is fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded of chalk and flint. (HEAD). 103.27 0.50 Structureless CHALK composed of sandy fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded GRAVEL of chalk and flint with low cobble and boulder content of chalk. Chalk is white with black specks. (SEAFORD CHALK FORMATION - Dc Chalk).
2.00-2.20 B2
2.90-3.00 B3 100.77 3.00
End of Trial Pit at 3.00 m bgl.
Excavation Information Groundwater Observations / Remarks Struck Rising to Time Remarks 1. Backfilled with arisings. Length : 4.60m (mins) 2. No groundwater encountered. Width : 0.60m 3. CBR test undertaken at 0.35m bgl. Orientation : - Shoring : N/A Stability : Stable WYG ENVIRONMENT Exploratory Hole Number Ground Engineering Services TP7 Longcross Court, 47 Newport Road, Cardiff, CF24 0AD. Tel: 02920 829 200. Email: [email protected] Final Project : Bulford Back Gate Scale 1:25 Sheet 1 of 1 Project Number : A073210-27 Client : DIO Logged By : GC Method : 8 tonne tracked excavator Checked By : PV Co-ordinates : 417828E - 144851N Start Date : 02/09/14 Level : 102.25 mAOD Finish Date : 02/09/14 Reduced Depth Water Installation/ Sample Test Legend Level (m) Strike Depth Type Notes / Remarks Strata Description (mOD) (m) Backfill Grass over brown organic silty SAND with roots and rootlets. (TOPSOIL). 102.00 0.25 101.95 0.30 Brown and white gravelly fine to coarse SAND. Gravel is fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded of chalk and flint. (HEAD). Structureless CHALK composed of sandy fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded GRAVEL of chalk and flint with low cobble and boulder content of chalk. Chalk is white with black specks. (SEAFORD CHALK FORMATION - Dc Chalk). . . . vein of flint at 0.80 to 0.85m bgl.
1.00-1.20 B1
2.30-2.50 B2
99.25 3.00
End of Trial Pit at 3.00 m bgl.
Excavation Information Groundwater Observations / Remarks Struck Rising to Time Remarks 1. Backfilled with arisings. Length : 4.40m (mins) 2. No groundwater encountered. Width : 0.60m Orientation : - Shoring : N/A Stability : Stable WYG ENVIRONMENT Exploratory Hole Number Ground Engineering Services TP8 Longcross Court, 47 Newport Road, Cardiff, CF24 0AD. Tel: 02920 829 200. Email: [email protected] Final Project : Bulford Back Gate Scale 1:25 Sheet 1 of 1 Project Number : A073210-27 Client : DIO Logged By : GC Method : 8 tonne tracked excavator Checked By : PV Co-ordinates : 417796E - 144759N Start Date : 03/09/14 Level : 98.19 mAOD Finish Date : 03/09/14 Reduced Depth Water Installation/ Sample Test Legend Level (m) Strike Depth Type Notes / Remarks Strata Description (mOD) (m) Backfill Grass over brown organic silty SAND with roots and rootlets. (TOPSOIL). 97.99 0.20 Brown mottled white clayey gravelly fine to coarse SAND. Gravel is fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded of 97.79 0.40 chalk and flint. (HEAD). Structureless CHALK composed of sandy fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded GRAVEL of chalk and flint with medium to high cobble content of chalk. Chalk is white with black specks. (SEAFORD CHALK FORMATION - Dc Chalk).
0.90-1.00 B1
2.50-2.70 B2
95.19 3.00
End of Trial Pit at 3.00 m bgl.
Excavation Information Groundwater Observations / Remarks Struck Rising to Time Remarks 1. Backfilled with arisings. Length : 4.00m (mins) 2. No groundwater encountered. Width : 0.60m 3. CBR test undertaken at 0.37m bgl. Orientation : - Shoring : N/A Stability : Stable WYG ENVIRONMENT Exploratory Hole Number Ground Engineering Services TP9 Longcross Court, 47 Newport Road, Cardiff, CF24 0AD. Tel: 02920 829 200. Email: [email protected] Final Project : Bulford Back Gate Scale 1:25 Sheet 1 of 1 Project Number : A073210-27 Client : DIO Logged By : GC Method : 8 tonne tracked excavator Checked By : PV Co-ordinates : 417808E - 144659N Start Date : 03/09/14 Level : 93.02 mAOD Finish Date : 03/09/14 Reduced Depth Water Installation/ Sample Test Legend Level (m) Strike Depth Type Notes / Remarks Strata Description (mOD) (m) Backfill Grass over brown grey organic silty SAND with roots and rootlets. (TOPSOIL).
92.72 0.30 0.30-0.50 B1 Brown mottled white gravelly fine to coarse SAND. Gravel is fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded of chalk and 92.52 0.50 flint. (HEAD). Structureless CHALK composed of sandy fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded GRAVEL of chalk and flint with medium to high cobble content of chalk. Chalk is white with black specks. (SEAFORD CHALK FORMATION - Dc Chalk).
2.80-3.00 B2
90.02 3.00
End of Trial Pit at 3.00 m bgl.
Excavation Information Groundwater Observations / Remarks Struck Rising to Time Remarks 1. Backfilled with arisings. Length : 4.30m (mins) 2. No groundwater encountered. Width : 0.60m Orientation : - Shoring : N/A Stability : Stable WYG ENVIRONMENT Exploratory Hole Number Ground Engineering Services TP10 Longcross Court, 47 Newport Road, Cardiff, CF24 0AD. Tel: 02920 829 200. Email: [email protected] Final Project : Bulford Back Gate Scale 1:25 Sheet 1 of 1 Project Number : A073210-27 Client : DIO Logged By : GC Method : 8 tonne tracked excavator Checked By : PV Co-ordinates : 417853E - 144572N Start Date : 03/09/14 Level : 89.25 mAOD Finish Date : 03/09/14 Reduced Depth Water Installation/ Sample Test Legend Level (m) Strike Depth Type Notes / Remarks Strata Description (mOD) (m) Backfill Grass over brown organic silty SAND with roots and rootlets. (TOPSOIL).
88.95 0.30 Brown gravelly fine to coarse SAND. Gravel is fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded of chalk and flint. 88.75 0.50 (HEAD). Structureless CHALK composed of sandy fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded GRAVEL of chalk and flint with high cobble content of chalk. Chalk is white with black specks. (SEAFORD CHALK FORMATION - Dc Chalk).
1.20-1.40 B1
2.90-3.00 B2 86.25 3.00
End of Trial Pit at 3.00 m bgl.
Excavation Information Groundwater Observations / Remarks Struck Rising to Time Remarks 1. Backfilled with arisings. Length : 4.10m (mins) 2. No groundwater encountered. Width : 0.60m 3. CBR test undertaken at 0.55m bgl. Orientation : - Shoring : N/A Stability : Stable WYG ENVIRONMENT Exploratory Hole Number Ground Engineering Services TP11 Longcross Court, 47 Newport Road, Cardiff, CF24 0AD. Tel: 02920 829 200. Email: [email protected] Final Project : Bulford Back Gate Scale 1:25 Sheet 1 of 1 Project Number : A073210-27 Client : DIO Logged By : GC Method : 8 tonne tracked excavator Checked By : PV Co-ordinates : 417887E - 144479N Start Date : 03/09/14 Level : 84.22 mAOD Finish Date : 03/09/14 Reduced Depth Water Installation/ Sample Test Legend Level (m) Strike Depth Type Notes / Remarks Strata Description (mOD) (m) Backfill Grass over brown organic silty SAND with roots and rootlets. (TOPSOIL).
83.92 0.30 Brown mottled white and grey gravelly fine to coarse SAND. Gravel is fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded 83.72 0.50 of chalk and flint. (HEAD). 0.50-0.70 B1 . . . wooden railway sleeper (0.6m x 0.25m x 0.12m) with metal bar attached at 0.4m bgl. Structureless CHALK composed of silty sandy fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded GRAVEL of chalk and flint with low cobble content of chalk. Chalk is white with black specks. (SEAFORD CHALK FORMATION - Dc Chalk).
1.80-2.00 B2
81.22 3.00
End of Trial Pit at 3.00 m bgl.
Excavation Information Groundwater Observations / Remarks Struck Rising to Time Remarks 1. Backfilled with arisings. Length : 4.60m (mins) 2. No groundwater encountered. Width : 0.60m Orientation : - Shoring : N/A Stability : Stable WYG ENVIRONMENT Exploratory Hole Number Ground Engineering Services TP12 Longcross Court, 47 Newport Road, Cardiff, CF24 0AD. Tel: 02920 829 200. Email: [email protected] Final Project : Bulford Back Gate Scale 1:25 Sheet 1 of 1 Project Number : A073210-27 Client : DIO Logged By : GC Method : 8 tonne tracked excavator Checked By : PV Co-ordinates : 417942E - 144355N Start Date : 03/09/14 Level : 78.03 mAOD Finish Date : 03/09/14 Reduced Depth Water Installation/ Sample Test Legend Level (m) Strike Depth Type Notes / Remarks Strata Description (mOD) (m) Backfill Grass over brown organic clayey SAND with roots and rootlets. (TOPSOIL). 77.83 0.20 Brown slightly silty gravelly fine to coarse SAND. Gravel is fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded of chalk and flint. (HEAD). 0.40-0.60 B1
77.43 0.60 Structureless CHALK composed of silty sandy fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded GRAVEL of chalk and flint with low cobble and boulder content of chalk. Chalk is white with black specks. (SEAFORD CHALK FORMATION - Dc Chalk).
76.03 2.00 Structureless CHALK composed of sandy gravelly CLAY. Sand and gravel is fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded of chalk and flint. Chalk is white with black specks. (SEAFORD CHALK FORMATION - Dm Chalk).
2.30 2.40-2.60 B2
2.50 75.33 2.70
End of Trial Pit at 2.70 m bgl.
Excavation Information Groundwater Observations / Remarks Struck Rising to Time Remarks 1. Backfilled with arisings. Length : 3.80m (mins) 2. Groundwater struck at 2.5 m bgl, rising to 2.3m bgl after 15 Width : 0.60m 2.50 2.30 15mins Fast mins. Orientation : - 3. CBR test undertaken at 0.78m bgl. Shoring : N/A Stability : Collapsing from 2.7m bgl to 2.5m bgl. WYG ENVIRONMENT Exploratory Hole Number Ground Engineering Services TP13 Longcross Court, 47 Newport Road, Cardiff, CF24 0AD. Tel: 02920 829 200. Email: [email protected] Final Project : Bulford Back Gate Scale 1:25 Sheet 1 of 1 Project Number : A073210-27 Client : DIO Logged By : GC Method : 8 tonne tracked excavator Checked By : PV Co-ordinates : 417920E - 144123N Start Date : 03/09/14 Level : 81.95 mAOD Finish Date : 03/09/14 Reduced Depth Water Installation/ Sample Test Legend Level (m) Strike Depth Type Notes / Remarks Strata Description (mOD) (m) Backfill Stubble crop over brown organic silty SAND with roots and rootlets. (TOPSOIL).
81.65 0.30 Brown slightly silty gravelly fine to coarse SAND. Gravel is fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded of 0.40 ES1 chalk and flint. (HEAD). 81.35 0.60 Structureless CHALK composed of sandy fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded GRAVEL of chalk and flint with 0.70 ES2 low cobble and boulder content of chalk. Chalk is white with black specks. (SEAFORD CHALK FORMATION - Dc Chalk).
1.50-1.60 B1
78.95 3.00 3.00 B2 End of Trial Pit at 3.00 m bgl.
Excavation Information Groundwater Observations / Remarks Struck Rising to Time Remarks 1. Backfilled with arisings. Length : 3.90m (mins) 2. No groundwater encountered. Width : 0.60m 3. CBR test undertaken at 0.42m bgl. Orientation : - Shoring : N/A Stability : Stable WYG ENVIRONMENT Exploratory Hole Number Ground Engineering Services TP14 Longcross Court, 47 Newport Road, Cardiff, CF24 0AD. Tel: 02920 829 200. Email: [email protected] Final Project : Bulford Back Gate Scale 1:25 Sheet 1 of 1 Project Number : A073210-27 Client : DIO Logged By : GC Method : 8 tonne tracked excavator Checked By : PV Co-ordinates : 417863E - 144055N Start Date : 03/09/14 Level : 85.22 mAOD Finish Date : 03/09/14 Reduced Depth Water Installation/ Sample Test Legend Level (m) Strike Depth Type Notes / Remarks Strata Description (mOD) (m) Backfill Stubble field over brown organic silty SAND with roots and rootlets. (TOPSOIL).
84.92 0.30 0.30 ES1 Brown slightly silty gravelly fine to coarse SAND. Gravel is fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded of chalk and flint. (HEAD). 0.50-0.70 B1 84.62 0.60 0.60 ES2 Structureless CHALK composed of sandy fine to coarse, angular to sub-rounded GRAVEL of chalk and flint with medium cobble content of chalk. Chalk is white with black specks. (SEAFORD CHALK FORMATION - Dc Chalk).
2.40-2.60 B2
82.22 3.00
End of Trial Pit at 3.00 m bgl.
Excavation Information Groundwater Observations / Remarks Struck Rising to Time Remarks 1. Backfilled with arisings. Length : 4.00m (mins) 2. No groundwater encountered. Width : 0.60m Orientation : - Shoring : N/A Stability : Stable