Documenta Praehistorica 28

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Documenta Praehistorica 28 UDK 903’12/’15(5-11)"634" Documenta Praehistorica XXVIII The “when”, the “where” and the “why” of the Neolithic revolution in the Levant Avi Gopher, Shahal Abbo and Simcha Lev-Yadun A. Gopher, Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Israel. Email: [email protected] S. Abbo, Dept. of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. Email: [email protected] S. Lev-Yadun, Dept. of Biology, University of Haifa, Israel. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT – An accumulation of data concerning the domestication of plants and the refinement of research questions in the last decade have enabled us a new look at the Neolithic Revolution and Neolithization processes in the Levant. This paper raises some points concerning the “When” and “Where” of plant domestication and suggests that the origins of plant domestication were in a well- defined region in southeast Turkey and north Syria. It presents a view on the process of Neolithiza- tion in the Levant and offers some comments concerning the background and motivations behind the Neolithic Revolution. IZVLE∞EK – Nara∏≠anje koli≠ine podatkov o udoma≠itvi rastlin in vedno bolj natan≠na vpra∏anja raz- iskovalcev so v zadnjem desetletju omogo≠ili, da na novo ovrednotimo neolitsko revolucijo in proces neolitizacije v Levantu. V ≠lanku izpostavljamo nekatere vidike “≠asa” in “kraja” udoma≠itve rastlin ter menimo, da je bil izvor udoma≠itve rastlin na jasno omejenem obmo≠ju jugovzhodne Tur≠ije in severne Sirije. Predstavimo pogled na proces neolitizacije v Levantu in nekoliko pojasnimo dru∫be- no okolje in motive za neolitsko revolucijo. KEY WORDS – agriculture; cultivation; domestication; Levant; Neolithization INTRODUCTION Offering explanations for the “Neolithic Revolution” and, the botanical and faunal components reflecting has gained momentum since the 1960’s and has not the “bear bones” of the revolution. Although some stopped ever since. Listed here are just a few of these of the above were based on very specific studies con- which have become part and parcel of the Neolithic ducted in particular, well-defined regions and sites, Revolution explantations (Braidwood 1967; 1975; these were all aimed at achieving an overall expla- Binford 1968; Boserup 1965; Flannery 1969; nation with a high generalization capability and, if Wright 1968; Smith and Young 1972; Bender possible, a degree of predictive power. An emphasis 1978). In addition, we are challenged by a wealth of on the “social”, the “cognitive” and the “ideological” new explanations based on new ideas and data (e.g. aspects of some of the recent explanations of the Rindos 1980; 1984; Rosenberg 1990; 1998; Redding Neolithic Revolution (e.g. Hayden 1990; Hodder 1988; Diamond 1998). All these explanations model 1993; Cauvin 1994; 2000) brought new flavour into regional geography, climate and specific environ- this already complex agenda. Although the “When” ments, demography, social aspects, cultural aspects and “Where” questions were always of interest as such as technology and technological innovations, basics, the major question on the surgeon’s table 49 Avi Gopher, Shahal Abbo and Simcha Lev-Yadun was naturally the “Why” question – why has such terms of large-scale prehistoric clocks. In the Levant an immense change in human socio-economy taken (northern Levant), it has generally started some place? As time went by through the 1970’s and 13 000 calibrated years ago and reached a full scale 1980’ and especially in the 1990’s, high precision some 8000–7000 calibrated years ago. absolute dating, highly professional problem orien- ted research teams and high resolution field methods In this paper we will concentrate first on the begin- brought back to the stage questions such as the ning of agriculture in the Levant – from the Upper “Where” and “When” of the Neolithic Revolution. Euphrathes and Tigris to the deserts of the Negev These have lost popularity in the 1970’s – 1980’s and Sinai (modern southeast Turkey, Syria, Leba- being considered as solved. non, Israel, The Palestinian Authority, Jordan and Egypt, see Fig. 1). We concentrate on plants while Developments in archaeological thought in the last animals are only briefly mentioned. The first part two decades (mainly the growing impact of post- addresses the basic questions of man-plant relation- proccessual and cognitive archaeology) have paved ship using old and new data from the Levant. It will the way for aspects of Neolithic daily life and every- focus on questions such as: What happened in man- day activities related to the transition to agriculture, plant relationship (cultivation vs. domestication)? to overtake the centre of the stage. With these as How did it happen – has domestication been a one- major research goals, a multiplicity of issues could time/one place event? What was the pace of the pro- be raised in an attempt to reconstruct and remodel cess? How fast did agriculture diffuse in terms of ar- the Neolithic Revolution in local terms, and/or in chaeological resolution? The “When” and “Where” more human-related terms referring to past indivi- questions, which we find fascinating in themselves, duals or specific segments of past communities. and of high potential in facilitating answers to the “Why “question, are dealt with afterwards. The paper The basic old world (Middle East, Europe, Egypt/Ethi- ends with comments on Neolithization and about opia, North Africa) founder domesticated plants pack- the background and possible reasons for the Neoli- age includes, in its primary form, cereals (wheats, thic Revolution in light of accumulating data from barley), pulses (pea, lentil, chickpea, bitter vetch) southeast Turkey and north Syria – the newly sug- and flax as a fibre crop. Domesticated animals in- gested cradle of agriculture (Lev-Yadun et al. 2000). clude mainly sheep-goat, cattle and pig (the dog was domesti- cated much earlier by Natufian communities in the southern Le- vant). We may say that it has become generally accepted that the origins of this founder pa- ckage were in the Near East and that it had spread throughout Europe and parts of Asia and Af- rica (Zohary and Hopf 1993; 2000) (in other parts of the world different agro-packages have emerged). When establi- shing itself, this package caused immense change in all aspects of life which we usually refer to as “Neolithization” – a term em- phasizing the dynamic nature of the Neolithic period. Taking into account the complexity of Neolithization and its demands Map of region and sites mentioned in text: 1. Hallan Çemi Tepesi, 2. on aspects of human percep- Cayönü, 3. Cafer Höyük, 4. Nevalli Çori, 5. Göbekli Tepe, 6. Dja’de, 7. tion, organization, activity/be- Jerf el Ahmar, 8. Mureybet, 9. Tell Abu Hureyra, 10. Nemrik, 11. haviour etc., this may be consi- M’lefaat, 12. Qermez Dere, 13. Tell Aswad, 14. Yiftahel, 15. Jericho, dered a very fast process in Netiv Hagdud and Gilgal I. Large asterisk for Karacadag. 50 The “when”, the “where” and the “why” of the Neolithic revolution in the Levant Man-Plant relationship – What happened? viour in nature and increasing man-nature alien- ation. Plants can be exploited in many different strategies. ● An increase in man’s manipulation of wild plants Foraging accounts for a state of collecting wild up to a full genetic and technological domination plants with no agricultural manipulation reflecting over domesticated plants or a full interdependence the hunters-gatherers slot of the classical model. It between man and certain plant types. does however represent the time in which the choice was made by foragers, of species with high potential Man-Plant Relationship – How did the change for human exploitation, some of which later become happen? the founder-crops “package” of agriculture. Cultiva- tion refers to treating wild plants with a degree of Has domestication of the founder package plants agricultural manipulation (such as displacement or taken place at a certain limited (small) area, in a cer- crop management) but still not causing their depen- tain short (or long) period of time? Was it a single- dence on man for survival by conscious or uncon- event, or else, have several (or many) domestication scious selection of genotypes that lost some natu- events taken place? rally adaptive traits. Domestication, in this context, refers to full manipulation of biologically “new It was suggested that for most of the package spe- types” fully dependent on man for survival. These cies (possibly except for barley) the genetic change types went through genotypic change (brake-down underlying domestication was a single-event (and of the wild-type mode of seed dispersal and dor- therefore occurred at one location for each plant mancy) either unintentionally – namely, uncon- species) that could theoretically have been a fast scious selection resulting from cultivation and har- process [(potentially much faster then archaeologi- vesting practices, or, intentional/conscious selection cal resolution of the relevant period may record) of plants/seeds with particular attributes desirable (e.g. Zohary 1996; 1999; Hillman and Davis 1992; to the farmer. These three strategies reflect a conti- Miller 1991; Garrard 1999)]. However, very re- nuous process of change from foraging of wild plants cently, new thought has been raised. For example, to farming of domesticated species. Cultivation is Kislev (1998), who studied Neolithic archaeobotani- however the significant cultural marker of the cal assemblages in Israel, has argued and presented change to new perceptions and new behavioural calculations that the transition from a wild popula- patterns of man. Cultivation may have included the tion of cereals to a domesticated one would have establishment of fields near the sites as so vividly taken hundreds of years at least. He adds that the shown by Hillman (2000.Fig. 12.27, 395). It must process would not have been free of risks and fail- have been accompanied by technological develop- ures that may have made it even longer.
Recommended publications
  • Download The
    TOKENS Culture, Connections, Communities EDITED BY ANTONINO CRISÀ, MAIRI GKIKAKI and CLARE ROWAN ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 57 LONDON 2019 © The authors Royal Numismatic Society Special Publication No. 57 ISBN 0 901405 35 3 All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopy- ing, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the authors. Typeset by New Leaf Design, Malton, Yorkshire Printed in Malta by Gutenberg Press Ltd, Tarxien, Malta CONTENTS 1 Introduction by ANTONINO CRISÀ, MAIRI GKIKAKI & CLARE ROWAN 1 2 The invention of tokens by DENISE SCHMANDT-BESSERAT 11 3 Some notes on Athenian bronze tokens and bronze coinage in the fifth and fourth centuries BC by KENNETH A. SHEEDY 19 4 Tokens inside and outside excavation contexts: seeking the origin. Examples of clay tokens from the collections of the Athens Numismatic Museum by STAMATOULA MAKRYPODI 27 5 The armour tokens from the Athenian Agora by MARTIN SCHÄFER 41 6 A rare clay token in context: a fortunate and recorded discovery from the necropolis of Tindari (Messina, 1896) by ANTONINO CRISÀ 63 7 Roman tesserae with numerals: some thoughts on iconography and purpose by ALEXA KÜTER 79 8 Lead token moulds from Rome and Ostia by CLARE ROWAN 95 9 Tokens of Antinous from the Roman province of Egypt by DENISE WILDING 111 10 Tokens in the Athenian Agora in the third century AD: Advertising prestige and civic identity in Roman Athens
    [Show full text]
  • Tell Abu Suwwan, a Neolithic Site in Jordan: Preliminary Report on the 2005 and 2006 Field Seasons
    Tell Abu Suwwan, A Neolithic Site in Jordan: Preliminary Report on the 2005 and 2006 Field Seasons Maysoon al-Nahar Department of Archaeology Institute of Archaeology University of Jordan Amman 11942, Jordan [email protected] Tell Abu Suwwan is the only Neolithic site excavated north of the Zarqa River in Jordan. Its architectural characteristics and the diagnostic lithic artifacts discovered at the site during the University of Jordan 2005 and 2006 field seasons, directed by the author, suggest that the site was occupied continually from the Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic Phase B (MPPNB) to the Yarmoukian (Pottery Neolithic) period. The site was divided by the excavator into two areas—A and B. Area A yielded a few walls, plaster floors, and orange clay. Area B yielded a large square or rectangular building with three clear types of plaster floors and an orange clay area. Both Areas A and B include numerous lithics, bones, and some small finds. Based on a recent survey outward from the excavated area, the probable size of Abu Suwwan is 10.5 ha (26 acres), and it contains complex architecture with a long chronological sequence. These attributes suggest that Tell Abu Suwwan is one of the Jordanian Neolithic megasites. introduction though the site contains a distinctive architecture, it shares various similarities with several other Levan- ell Abu Suwwan is a large Neolithic site in tine Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) sites, e.g., Jericho T north Jordan; it is on the east side of the old (Kenyon 1956: 69–77; 1969), Tell Ramad (de Con- Jarash–Amman highway, immediately before tenson 1971: 278–85), Tell Abu Hureyra (Moore, the turn west to Ajlun (fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Ch. 4. NEOLITHIC PERIOD in JORDAN 25 4.1
    Borsa di studio finanziata da: Ministero degli Affari Esteri di Italia Thanks all …………. I will be glad to give my theses with all my love to my father and mother, all my brothers for their helps since I came to Italy until I got this degree. I am glad because I am one of Dr. Ursula Thun Hohenstein students. I would like to thanks her to her help and support during my research. I would like to thanks Dr.. Maysoon AlNahar and the Museum of the University of Jordan stuff for their help during my work in Jordan. I would like to thank all of Prof. Perreto Carlo and Prof. Benedetto Sala, Dr. Arzarello Marta and all my professors in the University of Ferrara for their support and help during my Phd Research. During my study in Italy I met a lot of friends and specially my colleges in the University of Ferrara. I would like to thanks all for their help and support during these years. Finally I would like to thanks the Minister of Fournier of Italy, Embassy of Italy in Jordan and the University of Ferrara institute for higher studies (IUSS) to fund my PhD research. CONTENTS Ch. 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Ch. 2. AIMS OF THE RESEARCH 3 Ch. 3. NEOLITHIC PERIOD IN NEAR EAST 5 3.1. Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) in Near east 5 3.2. Pre-pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) in Near east 10 3.2.A. Early PPNB 10 3.2.B. Middle PPNB 13 3.2.C. Late PPNB 15 3.3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Macrobotanical Evidence for Vegetation in the Near East, C. 18 000/16 000 B.C to 4 000 B.C
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons University of Pennsylvania Museum of University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Papers Archaeology and Anthropology 1997 The Macrobotanical Evidence for Vegetation in the Near East, c. 18 000/16 000 B.C to 4 000 B.C. Naomi F. Miller University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/penn_museum_papers Part of the Near Eastern Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Miller, N. F. (1997). The Macrobotanical Evidence for Vegetation in the Near East, c. 18 000/16 000 B.C to 4 000 B.C.. Paléorient, 23 (2), 197-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/paleo.1997.4661 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/penn_museum_papers/36 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Macrobotanical Evidence for Vegetation in the Near East, c. 18 000/16 000 B.C to 4 000 B.C. Abstract Vegetation during the glacial period, post-glacial warming and the Younger Dryas does not seem to have been affected by human activities to any appreciable extent. Forest expansion at the beginning of the Holocene occurred independently of human agency, though early Neolithic farmers were able to take advantage of improved climatic conditions. Absence of macrobotanical remains precludes discussion of possible drought from 6,000 to 5,500 ВС. By farming, herding, and fuel-cutting, human populations began to have an impact on the landscape at different times and places. Deleterious effects of these activities became evident in the Tigris-Euphrates drainage during the third millennium ВС based on macrobotanical evidence from archaeological sites.
    [Show full text]
  • CAARI's New Director Takes Charge Trustees Approve Mission Statement
    Summer 1999 Volume 49, Number 2 Trustees Approve CAARI’S New Director Mission Statement Takes Charge SOR’s Board of Trustees, in a Spring meeting in obert S. New York City on May 1, formally approved a new Merrillees, A Mission Statement for the organization. The R scholar approved statement, which follows here, is but slightly and former Austral- revised from that which was circulated in draft form at ian diplomat, has meetings of the Membership and Board in Orlando, Florida been appointed the last November. Providing a concise iteration of ASOR’s goals new director of and objectives, the statement is intended to assist in CAARI. At a regular development efforts and to serve as a reminder of the meeting held last organization’s purposes to the membership. November, the Board of Trustees of The ASOR Mission CAARI voted to ASOR’s mission is to initiate, encourage and support appoint Merrillees director effective July 1, 1999. CAARI’s research into and public understanding of the peoples and former director, Nancy Serwint, leaves Nicosia after four cultures of the Near East from the earliest times: years of devoted and productive service to the Institute to return to Arizona State University in Tempe from which she • By fostering original research, archaeological has had a sabbatical combined with a three-year leave of excavations and explorations. absence. Merrillees, born in Sydney, Australia in 1938, comes • By encouraging scholarship in the basic languages, to CAARI with combined experience in scholarly and cultural histories and traditions of the Near Eastern diplomatic fields. He has a BA with Honours in Archaeology world.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID Proceedings of the 5Th
    Burying the Dead in Late Neolithic Syria Akkermans, P.M.M.G.; Cordoba, J.M.; Molist, M.; Perez, C.; Rubio, I.; Martinez, S. Citation Akkermans, P. M. M. G. (2006). Burying the Dead in Late Neolithic Syria. Proceedings Of The 5Th International Congress On The Archaeology Of The Ancient Near East, 621-645. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15850 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15850 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East Madrid, April 3-8 2006 Edited by Joaquín Mª Córdoba, Miquel Molist, Mª Carmen Pérez, Isabel Rubio, Sergio Martínez (Editores) Madrid, 3 a 8 de abril de 2006 Actas del V Congreso Internacional de Arqueología del Oriente Próximo Antiguo VOL. III Centro Superior de Estudios sobre el Oriente Próximo y Egipto Madrid 2008 Colección Actas © ISBN (OBRA COMPLETA): 978-84-8344-140-4 ISBN (VOL. III): 978-84-8344-147-3 Depósito legal: GU-129/2009 Realiza: Palop Producciones Gráficas. Impreso en España. Diseño de cubierta: M.A. Tejedor. 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East V Congreso Internacional de Arqueología del Oriente Próximo Antiguo Scientific Committee Scientific Steering Committee Comité Científico Organizador Comité Científico Permanente Joaquín Mª Córdoba Manfred Bietak Sergio Martínez Barthel Hrouda (honorary member) Miquel Molist Hartmut Kühne Mª Carmen Pérez Jean-Claude Margueron Isabel Rubio Wendy Matthews Paolo Matthiae Diederik Meijer Ingolf Thuesen Irene J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Distribution of Obsidian in the Eastern Mediterranean As Indication of Early Seafaring Practices in the Area a Thesis B
    The Distribution Of Obsidian In The Eastern Mediterranean As Indication Of Early Seafaring Practices In The Area A Thesis By Niki Chartzoulaki Maritime Archaeology Programme University of Southern Denmark MASTER OF ARTS November 2013 1 Στον Γιώργο 2 Acknowledgments This paper represents the official completion of a circle, I hope successfully, definitely constructively. The writing of a Master Thesis turned out that there is not an easy task at all. Right from the beginning with the effort to find the appropriate topic for your thesis until the completion stage and the time of delivery, you got to manage with multiple issues regarding the integrated presentation of your topic while all the time and until the last minute you are constantly wondering if you handled correctly and whether you should have done this or not to do it the other. So, I hope this Master this to fulfill the requirements of the topic as best as possible. I am grateful to my Supervisor Professor, Thijs Maarleveld who directed me and advised me during the writing of this Master Thesis. His help, his support and his invaluable insight throughout the entire process were valuable parameters for the completion of this paper. I would like to thank my Professor from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Nikolaos Efstratiou who help me to find this topic and for his general help. Also the Professor of University of Crete, Katerina Kopaka, who she willingly provide me with all of her publications –and those that were not yet have been published- regarding her research in the island of Gavdos.
    [Show full text]
  • The Neolithic of the Balikh Valley, Northern Syria : a First Assessment
    PAt.ÉORIENT, vol. 15/1 19X9 THE NEOLITHIC OF THE BALIKH VALLEY, NORTHERN SYRIA : A FIRST ASSESSMENT P.M.M.G. AKKERMANS ABSTRACT. - This article discusses in short the evidence for Neolithic occupation in the Balikh valley of northern Syria. Recent excavations and surveys in the region have yielded a wealth of new data, allowing a more detailed insight into cultural developments m this little known part of Syria. RESUME - Cet article présente un aperçu des recherches rra-ntrs sur le Néolithique dans la vallée du Balikh (Syrie du Nord) Fouilles et prospections ont livré de nouvelles données qui permettent d'améliorer notre vision île Involution lullurellc de cette région encore mal connue de la Syrie. INTRODUCTION been uncovered (7), but it is expected that future work at the site will yield a continuous sequence of occupation from the 7th into the 6th millennium B.C. In Syrian archaeology, the Balikh valley has A survey undertaken in 1983 gave evidence of a gone unexplored for a long time. In 1938, Mallowan large number of prehistoric sites and suggested a visited the valley and, within a six-week campaign, continuous occupation of the Balikh valley at least laid out trenches at five sites (1). At two of these from the late 8th or early 7th millennium on- mounds, viz. tells Aswad and Ibn es-Shehab, Neoli- wards (8). thic remains were found although at the latter site unfortunately in a disturbed context. Over 30 years This paper intends to give a tentative outline of later, in 1970, Mallowan's Tell Aswad was reexca- Neolithic developments in the Balikh valley vated by J.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Resource Exploitation at Tell Qarassa North, an Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Village in Southern Syria
    Animal resource exploitation at Tell Qarassa North, an Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic B village in southern Syria Lionel Gourichon∗1, Daniel Helmer2, Carlos Tornero3, and Juan Jos´eIb´a~nez4 1Culture et Environnements, Pr´ehistoire,Antiquit´e,Moyen-Age { Universit´eNice Sophia Antipolis (UNS), CNRS : UMR7264, INEE, INSHS { France 2ARCHEORIENT - Environnements et soci´et´esde lOrient´ ancien { Universit´eLumi`ere- Lyon 2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique : UMR5133 { France 3Institut Catal`ade Paleoecologia Humana i Evoluci´oSocial (IPHES), Universitat Rovira i Virgili { C. Marcel·l´ıDomingo s/n, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), 43007 Tarragona, Spain, Spain 4Instituci´oMil`ai Fontanals, CSIC, Barcelona { Spain Abstract Located near the Jabal al-Arab (southern Syria), Tell Qarassa North has yielded Neolithic occupation phases dated to the middle and the second half of the ninth millennium BC and corresponding to the Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic B and the Early/ Middle PPNB transition. This period is of great importance for understanding the economic and social changes that occurred during the emergence of farming since morphologically domesticated plants and animals are first attested at that time in the Levant and northern Mesopotamia. In this paper we present the main results of the study of the faunal assemblages from the area XYZ. More than 15 taxa have been identified where goats (Capra format aegagrus) composed the main part, followed by gazelles, boar, aurochs, carnivores, hares, various bird species and spur- thighed tortoises. Hunting activities around the nearby lake and in the surrounding steppe and rocky landscapes seem to have play a significant role in the subsistence of the village community.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiple Maternal Origins and Weak Phylogeographic Structure in Domestic Goats
    Multiple maternal origins and weak phylogeographic structure in domestic goats Gordon Luikart*†, Ludovic Gielly*, Laurent Excoffier‡§, Jean-Denis Vigne¶, Jean Bouvet*, and Pierre Taberlet* *Laboratoire de Biologie des Populations d’Altitude, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite´Mixte de Recherche 5553, Universite´Joseph Fourier, B.P. 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France; ‡Genetics and Biometry Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Geneva, CP511 1211 Geneva 24, Switzerland; and ¶Arche´ozoologie et Histoire des Socie´te´ s, Muse´um National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS ESA 8045, 55 Rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France Edited by Henry C. Harpending, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, and approved March 8, 2001 (received for review December 13, 2000) Domestic animals have played a key role in human history. Despite addressed in light of recent publications in both archeozoology their importance, however, the origins of most domestic species and molecular genetics of the four main livestock species [cattle remain poorly understood. We assessed the phylogenetic history (9, 10), sheep (11), pigs (12), and goats]. and population structure of domestic goats by sequencing a hypervariable segment (481 bp) of the mtDNA control region from Methods 406 goats representing 88 breeds distributed across the Old World. Sampling and DNA Extraction. Our extensive sampling spanned most Phylogeographic analysis revealed three highly divergent goat of the Old World distribution of goats from Nigeria to Iceland and lineages (estimated divergence >200,000 years ago), with one Mongolia to Malaysia, including potential centers of domestication lineage occurring only in eastern and southern Asia. A remarkably [e.g., Turkey, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, and Pakistan (see Table 3, which similar pattern exists in cattle, sheep, and pigs.
    [Show full text]
  • 11 Dja'de El-Mughara (Aleppo)
    A History of Syria in One Hundred Sites edited by Access Youssef Kanjou and Akira Tsuneki Open Archaeopress Archaeopress Archaeology Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 381 6 ISBN 978 1 78491 382 3 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Access Cover Illustration: View of the excavation at Hummal site © The Syro-Swiss mission on the Palaeolithic of the El Kowm Area Open All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, Archaeopresswithout the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Contents Preface ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� vii Introduction: The Significance of Syria in Human History ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Youssef Kanjou and Akira Tsuneki Chapter 1: Prehistory 1� El Kowm Oasis (Homs) ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 Reto Jagher, Dorota Wojtczak and Jean-Marie Le Tensorer 2� Dederiyeh Cave (Aleppo) ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17
    [Show full text]
  • Tracking the Neolithic House in Europe Sedentism, Architecture, and Practice One World Archaeology
    One World Archaeology Daniela Hofmann Jessica Smyth Editors Tracking the Neolithic House in Europe Sedentism, Architecture, and Practice One World Archaeology Series Editors: Heather Burke, Flinders University of South Australia, Australia Gustavo Politis, Universidad Nacionaldel Centro, Buenos Aires, Argentina Gabriel Cooney, University College, Dublin, Ireland For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8606 Daniela Hofmann · Jessica Smyth Editors Tracking the Neolithic House in Europe Sedentism, Architecture and Practice 1 3 Editors Daniela Hofmann Jessica Smyth School of History, Archaeology and Religion School of Chemistry Cardiff University University of Bristol Cardiff Bristol United Kingdom United Kingdom ISBN 978-1-4614-5288-1 ISBN 978-1-4614-5289-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-5289-8 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012954540 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recita- tion, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or infor- mation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar meth- odology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplica- tion of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.
    [Show full text]