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L 'Évolution Politique De Galia Placidia
L ‘évolution politique de Galia Placidia EMILLENNE DEMOUGEOT GalIa Placidia, impératrice d’Occident de 425 á sa mort en 450, eut-elle une politique soumise aux événemcnts ou déterminée par quelque dessein délibéré, pendant ce quart de siécle oú régna son flís Valentinien III? Ses biographes, Vito Antonio Sirago en 1961 et Stewart Irwin Oost en 1968, ainsi que Giuseppe Zecchini qui a récemment étudié la défense de l’Occident au temps d’Aetius1 constatent que la vie personnelle dc GalIa Placidia nous échappe et que seule son activité politique nous permet d’appréhender sa personnalité. Or, á l’époque de Justinien, Cassiodore, Procope et l’historien des Goths Jordanes, suivis par l’historicn ecclésiastique Evagre le Scholasti- que (mort vers 600) et Jean d’Antioche au Vílos., imputent á la politique de GalIa Placidia, plus ou moins explicitement, le rapide déclin de l’Empire d’Occident aussitót aprés la mort de son flís Valentinien III. Cette imputation apparait-elle déjá au V0 siécle? Vers la fin du y0 siécle, elle n’apparatt pas dans l’Histoire Nouvelle de Zosime qui traite du déclin de l’Empire chrétien sous les empereurs du IVos., mais s’arr&te á la veille de la prise de Rome par les Wisigoths en 410. Dc méme, elle n’apparait pas, dans la premiére moitié du y0 siécle, chez les historiens contcmporains de GalIa Placidia, tels Orose, Olympiodore et l’historien ecclésiastique Socr~te, ni chez les chroniqueurs occidentaux comme l’Espagnol Hydace, Prosper d’Aquitai- nc et l’Anonyme d’unc Chronica Gallica allant jusqu’en 452, ni encore, au début du V0 siécle, chez le poéte Claudien. -
Sidonius' World
Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42921-4 — Reading Sidonius' Epistles M. P. Hanaghan Excerpt More Information 1 CHAPTER 1 Sidonius’ World As a young man in the 440s and 450s Sidonius enjoyed all the traditional markers of the Roman elite: a noble birth, a classical education, a good marriage, privilege, and wealth. 1 By his death in the mid to late 480s the great secular Gallo- Roman aristocrat of his age was a bishop. 2 Barbarians likely lodged in his villa. 3 h ey certainly occupied his see, Clermont. His wife’s father had been murdered shortly after becoming emperor. 4 h e last Roman emperor in the West was dead, and the next generation inspired Sidonius with little coni dence that his belletrism would continue in the family, or even the Gallo- Roman aristocracy. Documenting accurately this fascinating period was not Sidonius’ aim – he checked himself from writing history. 5 If he was, as McLynn claims “Fifth Century Gaul’s … great historian manqué ,” this miss is of his own making. 6 Events during the 1 h e exact date of Sidonius’ marriage to Papianilla, the daughter of Fl. Eparchius Avitus is unclear. Loyen ( 1970a : x) suggested that Sidonius was twenty, Stevens ( 1933 : 19) proposes a slightly later date. For two later assessments of Sidonius’ life see Gregory of Tours 2.22 and Gennadius of Marseilles 92, neither of which may be relied upon with any certainity; Gregory manipulates Sidonius as a source when it suits him and on occasion misreads his meaning, for an example of which see Moorhead ( 2007 : 331), and for detailed analysis Furbetta ( 2015c ). -
The Developmentof Early Imperial Dress from the Tetrachs to The
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Birmingham Research Archive, E-theses Repository University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. The Development of Early Imperial Dress from the Tetrarchs to the Herakleian Dynasty General Introduction The emperor, as head of state, was the most important and powerful individual in the land; his official portraits and to a lesser extent those of the empress were depicted throughout the realm. His image occurred most frequently on small items issued by government officials such as coins, market weights, seals, imperial standards, medallions displayed beside new consuls, and even on the inkwells of public officials. As a sign of their loyalty, his portrait sometimes appeared on the patches sown on his supporters’ garments, embossed on their shields and armour or even embellishing their jewelry. Among more expensive forms of art, the emperor’s portrait appeared in illuminated manuscripts, mosaics, and wall paintings such as murals and donor portraits. Several types of statues bore his likeness, including those worshiped as part of the imperial cult, examples erected by public 1 officials, and individual or family groupings placed in buildings, gardens and even harbours at the emperor’s personal expense. -
Byzantine Art and Architecture
Byzantine Art and Architecture Thesis The development of early Christian religion had a significant impact on western art after the fall of the Roman Empire in the 4th century (AD). Through examining various works of art and architecture, it becomes evident that the period of Byzantium marked a significant transition in aesthetic conventions which had a previous focus on Roman elements. As this research entails, the period of Byzantium acted as a link between the periods of Antiquity and the Middle Ages and thus provides insight on the impact of Christianity and its prevalence in art and architecture during this vast historical period. Sources/Limitations of Study Primary Sources: Adams, Laurie Schneider. Art Across Time. McGrawHill: New York, 2007. Figures: 8.4 Early Christian sarcophagus, Santa Maria Antiqua, Rome, 4th century. Marble. 8.5 Plan of Old Saint Peter’s basilica, Rome, 333390. 8.6 Reconstruction diagram of the nave of Old Saint Peter’s Basilica. 8.12 Exterior of the mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, c. 425426. 8.13 Interior of the mausoleum of Galla Placidia showing niche with two apostles (above) and the Saint Lawrence mosaic (below), Ravenna, c. 425426. 8.14 Christ as the Good Shepherd, the mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, c. 425 426. Mosaic. 8.28 Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (now Instanbul), illuminated at night, completed 537. 8.29 Plan, section, and axonometric projection of Hagia Sophia. 8.30 View of the interior of Hagia Sophia after its conversion to a mosque. Colour lithograph by Louis Haghe, from an original drawing by Chevalier Caspar Fussati. -
Vespasia Polla Vespasiani Family*
Vespasia Polla Vespasiani Family* Titus Flavius Petronius Sabinus c45 BCE Centurion Reserve Army Vespasius Pollo of Pompeii, Tax Collector Reate Sabinia Italy-15 Rome [+] Tertulia Military Tribune ?-45 Tertuilius di Roma 32 BCE Lazio Italy -9AD Rome Nursia + ? = Titus Flavius I Sabinus Tax Collector + = Vespasia & Banker c20 BCE Rieti Lazio Italy-? Polla 19 BCE-? = Flavius = Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus 9 Falacrinae-79 Rieti, Italy Proconsul = Titus Flavius II Sabinus Consul of Rome c8-69 Vespasia c10 of Africa 53-69, Emperor of Rome 69-79 + 1. 38 AD Domitilla the Elder 2 Sabratha + 1. 63 AD Arrechina Clementina Arrechinus 1 BCE-c10BCE North Africa (present Libya)-66 Rome; +[2.] Antonia Caenis ?-74 = 3 children Tertulla c12-65; +2. Marcia Furnilla Petillius Rufus, Prefect of Rome c 18 AD + ? Caesia = 1. Titus Flavius Caesar = 1. Titus Flavius Caesar Domitianus Augustus = 1. Flavia = Quintus Petillius Cerialis Vespasianus Augustus 39 51-96 Rome Emperor of Rome 81-96 + 1. 70 Domitilla the Caesius Rufus Caesii Senator Rome-81 Rieti Emperor of Domitia Longina; [+] 2. Julia Flavia 64-91 Rome Younger 45- of Rome, Governor of Britain Rome 79-81 +1. Marcia 66 Rome +60 30 Ombrie Italy-83 Furnilla+ 2. Arrecina Tertulla Cassius Labienus Posthumus = 1. Titus Flavius [PII265-270] + ? = + =Flavia Saint + = Titus Flavius III Caesar 73-82 Rome = 1. Julia Flavia 64-91 Domitilla ?-95< Clemens Sabinus 50-95 Rome = Marcus Postumia Festus de Afranius Hannibalianus Rome, Consul Suffect de Rome ?- Afranii Prince of Syria c200- = Titus Flavius IV -
Notes on the Decorations of Central Vault Mosaic of Galla Placidia Chapel in Ravenna, Italy Prof
مجلة العمارة والفنون والعلوم اﻻنسانية المجلد الخامس - العدد الثاني والعشرون Notes on the decorations of central vault mosaic of Galla Placidia chapel in Ravenna, Italy Prof. Khaled Gharib Ali Ahmed Shaheen Professor and Head of Greco-Roman Archaeology Department - faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University. Assist. Prof. Dr. Mona Gabr Abd El-Naby Hussein Assistant Professor of art history - Greco-Roman Archaeology Department - faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University. Lect. Asmaa Mamdouh Abdel-Sattar Hanafi Mohammed El-Nadi Demonstrator– Greco-Roman department– faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University. [email protected] Abstract: The Galla Placidia Chapel in Ravenna, or globally known as the "Mausoleum" of Galla Placidia, has been renowned for its exceptional mosaic decorations covering the surfaces of its interior walls. The entrance of the chapel represents a dramatic transition from the humble exterior to the grandeur and majesty of the interior; the chapel has retained its entire interior decoration program, which is uncommon for buildings from that late antiquity. This cross- planned chapel still raises many issues and questions that are difficult to answer decisively, as a result of the lack of any contemporary documentation, so it remains purely hypothetical. The interpretation of central vault mosaics of the chapel is one of the most important issues that have occupied the scholars for a long time over the years, due to the ambiguity and distinctiveness of its elements with regard to the iconographic traditions of the time, as it is the predecessor of a decorative subject that will continue over time in the early Christian structures. The central vault mosaic consists of 567 golden stars arranged in concentric circles against a dark blue background, all orbiting a Latin gold cross represented at the vault apex, while floating, over the heap of the clouds, in the pendentives area, winged bust-figures represent the four living creatures around the celestial throne. -
The Cambridge Companion to Age of Constantine.Pdf
The Cambridge Companion to THE AGE OF CONSTANTINE S The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine offers students a com- prehensive one-volume introduction to this pivotal emperor and his times. Richly illustrated and designed as a readable survey accessible to all audiences, it also achieves a level of scholarly sophistication and a freshness of interpretation that will be welcomed by the experts. The volume is divided into five sections that examine political history, reli- gion, social and economic history, art, and foreign relations during the reign of Constantine, a ruler who gains in importance because he steered the Roman Empire on a course parallel with his own personal develop- ment. Each chapter examines the intimate interplay between emperor and empire and between a powerful personality and his world. Collec- tively, the chapters show how both were mutually affected in ways that shaped the world of late antiquity and even affect our own world today. Noel Lenski is Associate Professor of Classics at the University of Colorado, Boulder. A specialist in the history of late antiquity, he is the author of numerous articles on military, political, cultural, and social history and the monograph Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century ad. Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 The Cambridge Companion to THE AGE OF CONSTANTINE S Edited by Noel Lenski University of Colorado Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo Cambridge University Press 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, usa www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521818384 c Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright. -
Calendar of Roman Events
Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th. -
Read Book Patricians and Emperors
PATRICIANS AND EMPERORS PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Ian Hughes | 240 pages | 19 Dec 2015 | Pen & Sword Books Ltd | 9781848844124 | English | South Yorkshire, United Kingdom Patricians and Emperors PDF Book The second details the lives of Ricimer and his great rival Marcellinus by focusing on the stories of the numerous emperors that Ricimer raised and deposed. Home 1 Books 2. By 29 B. Another important office in Roman politics was that of Tribune of the plebs. The Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore. The civil wars breaking out between various claimants to the empire also took a heavy toll on the finest and purest Roman families. Lupercalia Lupercalia was an ancient pagan festival held each year in Rome on February Caesar was stabbed twenty three times and Otho was dragged into the Tiber with a flesh-hook. He had to appease Goths, Gauls, the Eastern Emperor, and others. In this new interpretation, David L. The Visigoths Sack Rome. Barnwell examines the development of imperial and royal government in the western part of the Roman Empire and in the early "barbarian" kingdoms that were established within its frontiers - the Visigothic, Burgundian, Frankish, and Vandal nations. Longest reigning Roman gentes Here are the emperors by gens with their total length of reign. The final part outlines and analyses the Fall of the West and the rise of barbarian kingdoms in France, Spain and Italy. It was divided into two distinct classes or orders - patricians and plebeians. The Somme sector of the Western Front was held by French forces until early , The first sets the background to the period, including brief histories of Stilicho and Aetius , explaining the nature of the empire and the reasons for its decline. -
The Suevic Kingdom Why Gallaecia?
chapter 4 The Suevic Kingdom Why Gallaecia? Fernando López Sánchez The Sueves…(came to) hold the supremacy which the Vandals abandoned.1 Introduction: Towards a Re-evaluation of the Suevic Kingdom of Hispania During the reign of Rechiar (448–456) in the middle of the fifth century, the Sueves’ hegemony in Hispania seemed unassailable. Rechiar had inherited from his father, Rechila (438–448), a Suevic kingdom strong in Gallaecia and assertive across the Iberian Peninsula.2 By marrying a daughter of Theoderic I in 449, the new Suevic king won the support of the Visigothic rulers in Toulouse.3 As a Catholic, Rechiar managed to draw closer to the population of Hispania and also to Valentinian III, making himself, in a sense, a ‘modern’ monarch.4 In 453, he secured imperial backing through a pact with the imperial house of Ravenna.5 Confident in his power and prospects, Rechiar plundered Carthaginiensis and, finally, Tarraconensis, the last Spanish province under imperial control, following the deaths of Aëtius (454) and Valentinian III (455).6 1 Ubric (2004), 64. 2 For an analysis of Rechila’s ambitions and achievements: Pampliega (1998), 303–312. 3 Hyd. 132, pp. 98–99; Valverde (1999), 304. 4 Rechiar’s father, Rechila, died a pagan (gentilis), but Hydatius 129, pp. 98–99, describes Rechiar as catholicus at the time of his succession; see also Isidore of Seville, Historia Sueuorum 86–87, p. 301. Presumably, Rechila, his predecessor, Hermeric, and most of the Suevic aristocracy fol- lowed traditional German religious practices: Schäferdiek (1967), 108; García Moreno (1997), 200–201. -
Joyce E. Salisbury, Rome's Christian Empress: Galla Placidia Rules At
Joyce E. Salisbury, Rome’s Christian Empress: Galla Placidia Rules at the Twilight of the Empire. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015. Pp. ix, 236. 12 illustrations, 7 maps. ISBN 9781421417004. $34.95. Writing the biography of any late antique individual is a challenging task given the either fragmentary, normative or highly rhetoricised nature of an overwhelming number of late antique sources. Writing the biography of a late antique woman – not frequently the object of late antique texts – may seem like an unsurmountable task. Galla Placidia, sister of Honorius, wife of Constantius III and mother of Valentinian III, is often considered an exception: her life is reasonably well documented in narrative sources of the fifth and sixth centuries, there are extant churches and church decorations that bear her name as a patron, and – remarkably – we possess documents she ostensibly wrote herself. As a result, there are already a number of biographies of Galla Placidia, from Stewart Oost’s masterly Galla Placidia Augusta: A Biographical Essay (1968) to Hagith Sivan’s Galla Placidia: The Last Roman Empress (2011), making the opening claim of Salisbury’s book that Galla Placidia is a ‘forgotten empress’ at least questionable (p. 1). Yet, while Galla Placidia may not be forgotten by academic scholarship, there is a good chance that she is less well known to general readers who will certainly enjoy Salisbury’s account of her life. After an introduction, in which Salisbury highlights her debt to Oost, but also her objective of portraying Galla Placidia as a ‘powerful empress in her own right’, and not just a ‘worthy child’ of Theodosius I, as Oost did, Salisbury (p. -
The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus
The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus ‘A thesis submitted to the University of Wales Trinity Saint David in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy’ 2016 Jillian Mitchell For Michael – and in memory of my father Kenneth who started it all Abstract for PhD Thesis in Classics The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus This thesis explores the last decades of legal paganism in the Roman Empire of the second half of the fourth century CE through the eyes of Symmachus, orator, senator and one of the most prominent of the pagans of this period living in Rome. It is a religious biography of Symmachus himself, but it also considers him as a representative of the group of aristocratic pagans who still adhered to the traditional cults of Rome at a time when the influence of Christianity was becoming ever stronger, the court was firmly Christian and the aristocracy was converting in increasingly greater numbers. Symmachus, though long known as a representative of this group, has only very recently been investigated thoroughly. Traditionally he was regarded as a follower of the ancient cults only for show rather than because of genuine religious beliefs. I challenge this view and attempt in the thesis to establish what were his religious feelings. Symmachus has left us a tremendous primary resource of over nine hundred of his personal and official letters, most of which have never been translated into English. These letters are the core material for my work. I have translated into English some of his letters for the first time.