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Ctd, Low- Resolution Expendable Xctd, and Plankton NOAA Atlas NESDIS 87 WORLD OCEAN DATABASE 2018 Pre-release Tim P. Boyer, Olga K. Baranova, Carla Coleman, Hernán E. García, Alexandra Grodsky, Ricardo A. Locarnini, Alexey V. Mishonov, Christopher R. Paver, James R. Reagan, Dan Seidov, Igor V. Smolyar, Katharine W. Weathers, Melissa M. Zweng Technical Editor: Alexey V. Mishonov National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Climate Laboratory Silver Spring, MD September 2018 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Wilbur Ross, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration RDMT Timothy Gallaudet, Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service Stephen Volz, Assistant Administrator 1 Additional copies of this publication, as well as information about NCEI data holdings and services, are available upon request directly from NCEI. National Centers for Environmental Information User Services Team NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information SSMC3, 4th floor 1315 East-West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910-3282 Telephone: (301) 713-3277 E-mail: [email protected] WEB: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ For updates on the data, documentation and additional information about WOD18 please refer to: http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/indprod.html This publication should be cited as: Boyer, T.P., O.K. Baranova, C. Coleman, H.E. García, A. Grodsky, R.A. Locarnini, A.V. Mishonov, C.R. Paver, J.R. Reagan, D. Seidov, I.V. Smolyar, K.W. Weathers, M.M. Zweng (2018). World Ocean Database 2018. A. V. Mishonov, Technical Editor, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 87. 2 CONTENTS CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................3 LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................7 LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................8 PREFACE .................................................................................................................................11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................12 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................14 ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................................14 1.1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................14 1.1.4 Data Organization ....................................................................................................16 1.1.5. WOD Datasets .........................................................................................................17 1.1.6. Economic and scientific justification for maintaining archives of historical oceanographic data: the value of stewardship ...................................................................22 1.1.7. Data fusion ..............................................................................................................23 1.1.8. Distribution media ...................................................................................................24 1.1.9. Application software interfaces...............................................................................24 1.2. COMPARISON OF WOD18 WITH PREVIOUS GLOBAL OCEAN PROFILE DATABASES .......................................................................................................................25 1.3. DATA SOURCES ..........................................................................................................25 1.3.1. IOC Global Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue Project .......................27 1.3.2. Near-real time data sources .....................................................................................27 1.3.3. International Research Projects Data ......................................................................27 1.3.4. ICES Contribution ...................................................................................................28 1.3.5. Declassified Naval Data Sets ..................................................................................28 1.3.6. Integrated Global Ocean Service - Volunteer Observing Ship programs ...............28 1.4. QUALITY CONTROL FLAGS ....................................................................................28 1.4.1. Levels of Quality Control .......................................................................................29 1.5. OUTLOOK FOR FUTURE ACQUISITIONS OF HISTORICAL OCEAN PROFILE AND PLANKTON DATA AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE “WORLD OCEAN DATABASE PROJECT” .......................................................................................30 1.6. LAYOUT OF THE REST OF THIS DOCUMENT ......................................................31 1.7. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................31 CHAPTER 2: OCEAN STATION DATA (OSD), LOW-RESOLUTION CTD, LOW- RESOLUTION EXPENDABLE XCTD, AND PLANKTON .................................................34 2.1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................34 2.2. COMMONLY USED LOW AND LARGE VOLUME WATER COLUMN SAMPLERS ..........................................................................................................................35 2.3. VARIABLES AND METADATA INCLUDED IN THE OSD DATASET ................36 2.4. OSD DATA COVERAGE .............................................................................................41 2.5. PARAMETERS AND METADATA NOT INCLUDED IN THE OSD DATASET ...42 3 2.6. PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE ............................................................................... 43 2.7. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 3: CONDUCTIVITY-TEMPERATURE-DEPTH DATA (CTD) ........................ 65 3.1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 65 3.2. CTD ACCURACY ........................................................................................................ 66 3.3. CTD CAST DISTRIBUTIONS ..................................................................................... 66 3.4. TRANSMISSOMETER OBSERVATIONS ................................................................. 70 3.4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 70 3.4.2. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Transmissometer Profiles ........................... 71 3.4.3. Instruments used for data collection ....................................................................... 75 3.4.4. Relevant Web Sites ................................................................................................. 76 3.5. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................... 76 CHAPTER 4: EXPENDABLE BATHYTHERMOGRAPH DATA (XBT) ............................ 79 4.1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 79 4.2. XBT ACCURACY ........................................................................................................ 80 4.3. XBT DEPTH-TIME EQUATION ERROR................................................................... 80 4.4. CORRECTIONS TO XBT DEPTH-TIME EQUATION ERRORS ............................. 82 4.5. SURFACE DATA ACQUIRED CONCURRENTLY WITH XBT CASTS ................ 83 4.6. XBT PROFILE DISTRIBUTIONS ............................................................................... 83 4.7. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................... 89 CHAPTER 5: EXPENDABLE CONDUCTIVITY-TEMPERATURE-DEPTH DATA (XCTD) ..................................................................................................................................... 93 5.1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 93 5.2. XCTD PRECISION AND ACCURACY ...................................................................... 93 5.3. XCTD FALL-RATE ERROR........................................................................................ 94 5.4. XCTD CAST DISTRIBUTIONS .................................................................................. 95 5.5. RELEVANT WEB SITES ............................................................................................. 99 5.6. REFENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................... 99 CHAPTER 6: PROFILING FLOATS DATA (PFL).............................................................. 101 6.1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 101 6.2. PREDECESSORS OF PROFILING FLOATS ........................................................... 102 6.3. FIRST PROFILING FLOATS ..................................................................................... 102 6.4. PRESENT FLOAT TECHNOLOGY .......................................................................... 103 6.4.1. The Argo Project ..................................................................................................
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