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Appendix 1: Venus Missions
Appendix 1: Venus Missions Sputnik 7 (USSR) Launch 02/04/1961 First attempted Venus atmosphere craft; upper stage failed to leave Earth orbit Venera 1 (USSR) Launch 02/12/1961 First attempted flyby; contact lost en route Mariner 1 (US) Launch 07/22/1961 Attempted flyby; launch failure Sputnik 19 (USSR) Launch 08/25/1962 Attempted flyby, stranded in Earth orbit Mariner 2 (US) Launch 08/27/1962 First successful Venus flyby Sputnik 20 (USSR) Launch 09/01/1962 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Sputnik 21 (USSR) Launch 09/12/1962 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Cosmos 21 (USSR) Launch 11/11/1963 Possible Venera engineering test flight or attempted flyby Venera 1964A (USSR) Launch 02/19/1964 Attempted flyby, launch failure Venera 1964B (USSR) Launch 03/01/1964 Attempted flyby, launch failure Cosmos 27 (USSR) Launch 03/27/1964 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Zond 1 (USSR) Launch 04/02/1964 Venus flyby, contact lost May 14; flyby July 14 Venera 2 (USSR) Launch 11/12/1965 Venus flyby, contact lost en route Venera 3 (USSR) Launch 11/16/1965 Venus lander, contact lost en route, first Venus impact March 1, 1966 Cosmos 96 (USSR) Launch 11/23/1965 Possible attempted landing, craft fragmented in Earth orbit Venera 1965A (USSR) Launch 11/23/1965 Flyby attempt (launch failure) Venera 4 (USSR) Launch 06/12/1967 Successful atmospheric probe, arrived at Venus 10/18/1967 Mariner 5 (US) Launch 06/14/1967 Successful flyby 10/19/1967 Cosmos 167 (USSR) Launch 06/17/1967 Attempted atmospheric probe, stranded in Earth orbit Venera 5 (USSR) Launch 01/05/1969 Returned atmospheric data for 53 min on 05/16/1969 M. -
Infrared Experiments for Spaceborne Planetary Atmospheres Research Full Report
NASA Technical Memorandum 84414 Infrared Experiments for Spaceborne Planetary Atmospheres Research Full Report Infrared Experiments Working Group NOVEMBER 1981 NASA NASA Technical Memorandum 84414 Infrared Experiments for Spaceborne Planetary Atmospheres Research Full Report Infrared Experiments Working Group Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena, California NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch 1981 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Summary of Principal Conclusions and Recommendations Chapter I The Role of Infrared Sensing in Atmospheric Science Chapter II Review of Existing Infrared Measurement Techniques Chapter III Critical Comparison of Proposed Measurement Techniques Chapter IV Conclusions and Recommended Instrument Developments Appendices: A Critical Technologies B Applicability of Atmospheric Infrared Instrumentation to Surface Science C Supporting Studies in Data Analysis and Numerical Modeling D Description of Planned Earth Orbital Platforms ii PREFACE Experiments conducted in the infrared spectral region provide a powerful tool for the study of the composition, structure and dynamics of planetary atmospheres. However, the field has become highly complex, especially that part associated with spacecraft sensing, and the range of technologies used so diverse that it is difficult to determine which of the available methods for making a particular measurement is to be preferred, even for those deeply involved in the field. Unfortunately, the realities of the age demand that some selectivity be employed; not all approaches can be supported. Furthermore, the chosen methods are generally sufficiently untried that long pre-flight developments are neces- sary if viable proposals are to be written for future flight opportunities. These considerations clearly lead to a program of developments which must be coordinated on a national scale. -
Mariner to Mercury, Venus and Mars
NASA Facts National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91109 Mariner to Mercury, Venus and Mars Between 1962 and late 1973, NASA’s Jet carry a host of scientific instruments. Some of the Propulsion Laboratory designed and built 10 space- instruments, such as cameras, would need to be point- craft named Mariner to explore the inner solar system ed at the target body it was studying. Other instru- -- visiting the planets Venus, Mars and Mercury for ments were non-directional and studied phenomena the first time, and returning to Venus and Mars for such as magnetic fields and charged particles. JPL additional close observations. The final mission in the engineers proposed to make the Mariners “three-axis- series, Mariner 10, flew past Venus before going on to stabilized,” meaning that unlike other space probes encounter Mercury, after which it returned to Mercury they would not spin. for a total of three flybys. The next-to-last, Mariner Each of the Mariner projects was designed to have 9, became the first ever to orbit another planet when two spacecraft launched on separate rockets, in case it rached Mars for about a year of mapping and mea- of difficulties with the nearly untried launch vehicles. surement. Mariner 1, Mariner 3, and Mariner 8 were in fact lost The Mariners were all relatively small robotic during launch, but their backups were successful. No explorers, each launched on an Atlas rocket with Mariners were lost in later flight to their destination either an Agena or Centaur upper-stage booster, and planets or before completing their scientific missions. -
Complete List of Contents
Complete List of Contents Volume 1 Cape Canaveral and the Kennedy Space Center ......213 Publisher’s Note ......................................................... vii Chandra X-Ray Observatory ....................................223 Introduction ................................................................. ix Clementine Mission to the Moon .............................229 Preface to the Third Edition ..................................... xiii Commercial Crewed vehicles ..................................235 Contributors ............................................................. xvii Compton Gamma Ray Observatory .........................240 List of Abbreviations ................................................. xxi Cooperation in Space: U.S. and Russian .................247 Complete List of Contents .................................... xxxiii Dawn Mission ..........................................................254 Deep Impact .............................................................259 Air Traffic Control Satellites ........................................1 Deep Space Network ................................................264 Amateur Radio Satellites .............................................6 Delta Launch Vehicles .............................................271 Ames Research Center ...............................................12 Dynamics Explorers .................................................279 Ansari X Prize ............................................................19 Early-Warning Satellites ..........................................284 -
Galileo in 1610
Module 3 – Nautical Science Unit 4 – Astronomy Chapter 15 - The Planets Section 2 – Mars & Jupiter What You Will Learn to Do Demonstrate understanding of astronomy and how it pertains to our solar system and its related bodies: Moon, Sun, stars and planets Objectives 1. Describe the major features of Mars 2. Identify the principal characteristics of Jupiter Key Terms CPS Key Term Questions 1 - 5 Key Terms Nix Olympica - Snow of Olympus Galilean satellites - The four largest and brightest moons of Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto; discovered by Galileo in 1610 Prograde The counter-clockwise direction of motion - celestial bodies around the Sun as seen from above the north pole of the Sun; in the sky it is from west to east Key Terms Retrograde The clockwise direction of celestial motion - bodies around the Sun; in the sky it is from east to west Rotational axis - The straight line through all fixed points of a rotating rigid body around which all other points of the body move in circles Opening Question Discuss what types of exploration missions have occurred on Mars. (Use CPS “Pick a Student” for this question.) Mars Fourth from Mars the Sun and the next planet beyond Earth, Mars has aroused the greatest interest. Mars Mars Ares (Roman Mars) Mars Named for the Roman god of war, it is often called the “red planet.” Mars Mars’ red color and its rapid movement from west to east among the stars make it stand out in the sky. Mars Earth The best time to see Mars is when it is nearest to Earth in August and September, when the Earth is Sun between the Sun and Mars. -
Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: a Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 | Asifa
dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 1 Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology ofDeep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 |Asif A.Siddiqi National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA SP-2002-4524 A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 Asif A. Siddiqi NASA SP-2002-4524 Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 2 Cover photo: A montage of planetary images taken by Mariner 10, the Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2, all managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Included (from top to bottom) are images of Mercury, Venus, Earth (and Moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and its Moon, and Mars) and the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are roughly to scale to each other. NASA SP-2002-4524 Deep Space Chronicle A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 ASIF A. SIDDIQI Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 June 2002 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of External Relations NASA History Office Washington, DC 20546-0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966 Deep space chronicle: a chronology of deep space and planetary probes, 1958-2000 / by Asif A. Siddiqi. p.cm. – (Monographs in aerospace history; no. 24) (NASA SP; 2002-4524) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Space flight—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Series. III. NASA SP; 4524 TL 790.S53 2002 629.4’1’0904—dc21 2001044012 Table of Contents Foreword by Roger D. -
NASA and Planetary Exploration
**EU5 Chap 2(263-300) 2/20/03 1:16 PM Page 263 Chapter Two NASA and Planetary Exploration by Amy Paige Snyder Prelude to NASA’s Planetary Exploration Program Four and a half billion years ago, a rotating cloud of gaseous and dusty material on the fringes of the Milky Way galaxy flattened into a disk, forming a star from the inner- most matter. Collisions among dust particles orbiting the newly-formed star, which humans call the Sun, formed kilometer-sized bodies called planetesimals which in turn aggregated to form the present-day planets.1 On the third planet from the Sun, several billions of years of evolution gave rise to a species of living beings equipped with the intel- lectual capacity to speculate about the nature of the heavens above them. Long before the era of interplanetary travel using robotic spacecraft, Greeks observing the night skies with their eyes alone noticed that five objects above failed to move with the other pinpoints of light, and thus named them planets, for “wan- derers.”2 For the next six thousand years, humans living in regions of the Mediterranean and Europe strove to make sense of the physical characteristics of the enigmatic planets.3 Building on the work of the Babylonians, Chaldeans, and Hellenistic Greeks who had developed mathematical methods to predict planetary motion, Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria put forth a theory in the second century A.D. that the planets moved in small circles, or epicycles, around a larger circle centered on Earth.4 Only partially explaining the planets’ motions, this theory dominated until Nicolaus Copernicus of present-day Poland became dissatisfied with the inadequacies of epicycle theory in the mid-sixteenth century; a more logical explanation of the observed motions, he found, was to consider the Sun the pivot of planetary orbits.5 1. -
The Science Return from Venus Express the Science Return From
The Science Return from Venus Express Venus Express Science Håkan Svedhem & Olivier Witasse Research and Scientific Support Department, ESA Directorate of Scientific Programmes, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands Dmitri V. Titov Max Planck Institute for Solar System Studies, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany (on leave from IKI, Moscow) ince the beginning of the space era, Venus has been an attractive target for Splanetary scientists. Our nearest planetary neighbour and, in size at least, the Earth’s twin sister, Venus was expected to be very similar to our planet. However, the first phase of Venus spacecraft exploration (1962-1985) discovered an entirely different, exotic world hidden behind a curtain of dense cloud. The earlier exploration of Venus included a set of Soviet orbiters and descent probes, the Veneras 4 to14, the US Pioneer Venus mission, the Soviet Vega balloons and the Venera 15, 16 and Magellan radar-mapping orbiters, the Galileo and Cassini flybys, and a variety of ground-based observations. But despite all of this exploration by more than 20 spacecraft, the so-called ‘morning star’ remains a mysterious world! Introduction All of these earlier studies of Venus have given us a basic knowledge of the conditions prevailing on the planet, but have generated many more questions than they have answered concerning its atmospheric composition, chemistry, structure, dynamics, surface-atmosphere interactions, atmospheric and geological evolution, and plasma environment. It is now high time that we proceed from the discovery phase to a thorough -
Lunar and Planetary Information Bulletin, Issue
Jet Propulsion Laboratory: Where Planetary Exploration Began Note from the Editors: This issue’s lead article is the seventh in a series of reports describing the history and current activities of the planetary research facilities funded by NASA and located nationwide. This issue features the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), which since before World War II has been a leading engineering research and development center, creating America’s first satellite and most of its lunar and planetary spacecraft. It is now a major NASA center, focusing on robotic space exploration. While JPL is also very active in Earth observation and space technology programs, this article focuses on JPL’s planetary efforts. — Paul Schenk and Renee Dotson LFrom the roar of pioneering Space Age rockets to the soft whir of servos on twenty-first-century robot explorers on Mars, spacecraft designed and built at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) have blazed the trail to the planets and into the universe beyond for nearly 60 years. The United States (U.S.) first entered space with the 1958 launch of the satellite Explorer 1, built and controlled by JPL. From orbit, Explorer 1’s voyage yielded immediate scientific results — the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belts — and led to the creation of NASA. Innovative technology from JPL has taken humanity far beyond regions of space where we can actually travel ourselves. The most distant human-made objects, Voyagers 1 and 2, were built at and are operated by JPL. From JPL’s labs and clean rooms come telescopes and cameras that have extended our vision to unprecedented depths and distances, Ppeering into the hearts of galactic clouds where new stars and planets are born, and even toward the beginning of time at the edge of the universe. -
Digital Processing of the Mariner 6 and 7 Pictures
VOL. 76, NO. 2 JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH JANUARY 10, 1971 Digital Processing of the Mariner 6 and 7 Pictures T. C. RINDFLEISC H, J. A. DUNNE, H. ,J. FRIEDEN, W. D. STHOMBEHa, AND R. M. RUIZ Space Sciences D-ivision, J et Propttls'ion Laboratory Pasaaena, California 91103 The Mariner Mars 1969 t.elevision camera system was a vidicon-based digital system and in cluded a complex on-board video encoding and recording scheme. The spacecraft video processing was designed to maximize the volume of data returned and the encoded discriminability of the low-contrast surface detail of Mars. The ground-based photometric reconstruction of the Mariner photographs, as well as the correction of inherent vidicon camera distortion effects necessary to achieve television experiment objectives, required use of a digit.al computer to process the pictllres. The digital techniques developed to reconstl"Uct the spacecraft encoder effects and to correct for camera distortions are described and examples shown of the processed results. Specific distortion corrections that are considered include the removal of structured system noises, the removal of sensor residual image, the correction of photometric sensitivity nonunifonnit,ies and nonlinearities, the correction of geometric distortions, and the correctrn of modulat,ion transfer limitations. As all physically realizable instruments in_/ and interpretations of the imagery can be based fluence the data they collect, the Mariner Mars on information as representative of the Martian 1969 television cameras left their signatures on surface as possible. the imagery they returned to earth. Analyses The succeeding sections will describe, from of the Mariner photographs must be performed the point of view of image processing, the per with the knowledge that Mars was observed formance characteristics of the vidicon cameras through the spacecraft cameras, and any distor- and data-encoding electronics on board the tions introduced by the camera system processes spacecraft, the over-all flow of the various potentially affect the results. -
Voyage to Jupiter. INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 312 131 SE 050 900 AUTHOR Morrison, David; Samz, Jane TITLE Voyage to Jupiter. INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC. Scientific and Technical Information Branch. REPORT NO NASA-SP-439 PUB DATE 80 NOTE 208p.; Colored photographs and drawings may not reproduce well. AVAILABLE FROMSuperintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 ($9.00). PUB TYPE Reports - Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Aerospace Technology; *Astronomy; Satellites (Aerospace); Science Materials; *Science Programs; *Scientific Research; Scientists; *Space Exploration; *Space Sciences IDENTIFIERS *Jupiter; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; *Voyager Mission ABSTRACT This publication illustrates the features of Jupiter and its family of satellites pictured by the Pioneer and the Voyager missions. Chapters included are:(1) "The Jovian System" (describing the history of astronomy);(2) "Pioneers to Jupiter" (outlining the Pioneer Mission); (3) "The Voyager Mission"; (4) "Science and Scientsts" (listing 11 science investigations and the scientists in the Voyager Mission);.(5) "The Voyage to Jupiter--Cetting There" (describing the launch and encounter phase);(6) 'The First Encounter" (showing pictures of Io and Callisto); (7) "The Second Encounter: More Surprises from the 'Land' of the Giant" (including pictures of Ganymede and Europa); (8) "Jupiter--King of the Planets" (describing the weather, magnetosphere, and rings of Jupiter); (9) "Four New Worlds" (discussing the nature of the four satellites); and (10) "Return to Jupiter" (providing future plans for Jupiter exploration). Pictorial maps of the Galilean satellites, a list of Voyager science teams, and a list of the Voyager management team are appended. Eight technical and 12 non-technical references are provided as additional readings. -
Comparative Study of Aerial Platforms for Mars Exploration
Comparative Study of Aerial Platforms for Mars Exploration Thesis by Nasreen Dhanji Department of Mechanical Engineering McGill University Montreal, Canada October 2007 A Thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering © Nasreen Dhanji, 2007 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-51455-9 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-51455-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation.