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WIEBKE FÖRCH Copyright © Wiebke Förch 2012 Community Resilience in Drylands and Implications for Local Development in Tigray, Ethiopia Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Förch, Wiebke Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 05:00:00 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/265354 COMMUNITY RESILIENCE IN DRYLANDS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR LOCAL DEVELOPMENT IN TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA by WIEBKE FÖRCH _____________________ Copyright © Wiebke Förch 2012 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the GRADUATE INTERDISCIPLINARY PROGRAM IN ARID LANDS RESOURCE SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2012 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Wiebke Förch entitled Community Resilience in Drylands and Implications for Local Development in Tigray, Ethiopia and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/08/2012 Charles Hutchinson _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/08/2012 Timothy Finan _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/08/2012 Stuart Marsh _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/08/2012 Mamadou Baro Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 11/08/2012 Dissertation Director: Charles Hutchinson 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Wiebke Förch 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply indebted to the communities of Mendae, Anakule, Adisaeno, Dershem and Debretsion that allowed this fereinji to intrude into their lives. Thank you for sharing your stories, your houses and your meals with me. Your patience, hard work and humor have been an inspiration. You have been great teachers and I hope this dissertation does you justice! The years I spent in the Arid Lands Program were extremely stimulating and rewarding. I will remember my time in Arizona very fondly. I am indebted to Charles Hutchinson, Stuart Marsh and Timothy Finan for their continuous support while in Arizona and in Ethiopia. With a big smile, I remember the trip through Tigray with Mike Bonine and Joanne Gallaher. Mike was an inspiration and irreplaceable source of support. His enthusiasm was inspiring and his passion for hunting down anything to do with ostriches was contagious. We had a wonderful time. It is sad that Mike has not seen this dissertation. I think he would have approved. Thank you to all the students in the Arid Lands program that accompanied me on this long journey, you were a source of inspiration. Coming from very different backgrounds, our discussions have broadened my view of the world and we had a lot to laugh about. Special thanks go to Joanne Gallaher and Ela Czyyowska-Wisnieswski for their friendship and constant motivation to keep pursuing my dreams. In Addis Abeba, special thanks go to my dear friends Addisitu Tejiwe, Myriam Fernando and Corinna Prengel. Thank you for taking care of me on my stop-overs, for visiting me in Tigray and for keeping me grounded. In Tigray, I was lucky to work with two committed assistants Azeb Tesfaye and Hagos Gebreamlak who accompanied me into the unknown, who were willing to put up with long days, strange food, dusty road trips and sometimes challenging living conditions. Azeb, I will never forget our evenings watching movies, eating popcorn! Thank you for your commitment, friendship and humor. Special thanks to the SUN team in Mekelle. Chris Annen encouraged me to go beyond the theoretical, our discussions were vital. I hope the research outcomes are of value. Edries Mohammed, Aster Yoseph, Hailay Tsige, Yoseph Berhane and Tewodros Gebreegziabher kept me thinking about the practical and shared their experiences. I would like to acknowledge the support that was provided by the University of Arizona ALRS and Graduate College; U.S. National Science Foundation; Tigray BoARD; GTZ; IWMI; IWMNet Eastern Africa and University of Siegen. Finally, my parents Gerd and Inge-Lore provided support and never stopped believing – completing this dissertation has been a long journey. Thank you for encouraging me to find my own way, for supporting my decisions. My sister Nele helped my through the hard times and always believed in me. When I was ready to give up she showed me the light at the end of the tunnel. Stefano, all I can say is thank you. Your love and your support have kept me going. Tebe has given me the courage to finalize this dissertation, surely not (yet) understanding why her mom was so absent sometimes. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ 8 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. 9 LIST OF FIGURES - Continued ....................................................................................... 10 ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................. 11 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... 12 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 14 1.1. Problem Statement – Global Environmental Change and Its Social Dimensions ............................................................................................................ 14 1.2. Research Question and Objectives................................................................ 16 1.3. Significance and Scope of the Study ............................................................. 18 1.4. Structure of the Dissertation ........................................................................... 20 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................... 22 2.1. The Relevance of Resilience in Addressing Global Environmental Change 22 2.2. Intellectual Foundations of Resilience Thinking ............................................. 24 2.2.1.Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems Theory .............................. 25 2.2.2.Resilience in Vulnerability Theory ..................................................... 26 2.3. Evolution of Drylands Development ............................................................... 29 2.3.1.Paradigm Shifts in Development ....................................................... 29 2.3.2.Narratives of Drylands Development ................................................ 33 2.4. Integrating Concepts of Resilience in Drylands Development ...................... 36 2.4.1.The Relevance of Human Agency and Capacity .............................. 38 2.4.2.The Importance of Transformation .................................................... 39 2.4.3.Adaptive Management Approaches .................................................. 41 2.4.4.General Resilience as Integral Component of Development ............ 43 2.5. Application of Community Resilience ............................................................. 45 2.5.1.Resilience at Different Scales – Why Community Resilience is Relevant ...................................................................................................... 45 2.5.2.Potential Factors of Community Resilience and their Measurement 49 2.6. Rationale for this Research ............................................................................ 53 3. RESEARCH LOCATION: TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA ................................................. 57 3.1. Geographical Context ..................................................................................... 60 3.2. Historical-Political Context .............................................................................. 66 3.3. Current System of Governance ...................................................................... 68 3.4. Policies on Food Security and Environmental Sustainability ......................... 70 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – A PARTICIPATORY APPROACH ............... 75 6 LIST OF CONTENTS - Continued 4.1. Overall Approach ...........................................................................................
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