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Bangor University DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY Social Change And Bangor University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Social change and alienation in Kuwait. Al-Najadah, Abdullah Fozan Al-Fozan Award date: 1989 Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 09. Oct. 2021 SOCIAL CHANGE AND ALIENATION IN KUWAIT BY ABDULLAII FOZAN AL-F OZAN AL NAJADAH SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR AT THE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NORTH WALES UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NORTH WALES, BANGOR, GWYNEDD, NORTH WALES. NAY 1989. ABSTRACT SOCIAL CHANGE AND ALIENATION IN KUWAIT This thesis considers the nature and impact of social change on Kuwaiti Society. It begins by giving a detailed account of the origins of Kuwait Society and its economic, political and social structure before the exploitation of the country's enormous oil resources. This is followed by an equally detailed discussion of the changes in the economic, political and social structure that followed the development of the oil resources. Finally, in the first section, the major changes are outlined and the question is posed as to what effect these changes are likely to have on the values and attitudes of the population of the country. The second section begins with a consideration of some of the problems of measuring potential alienation in a society such as Kuwait and reviews some of the major problems of isolating and defining the relevant concepts. The general conclusion is that the micro-social psychological approach to the problem adopted by American social psychologists in the 1960's is the more fruitful way forward. Using the scales of Struening and Richardson levels of alienation in Kuwait are then measured and the results given. Finally, by the application of new scales specifically developed for this study the major dimensions of alienation are related to the particularities of the social structure of modern Kuwait. The conclusion considers the problems of mounting such an investigation in Kuwait, the substantive findings of the study and it indicates future research possibilities. SOCIAL CHANGE AND ALIENATION IN KUWAIT CONTENTS PAGE ACOWLEDCEMENTS I GENERAL INTRODUCTION Il-VI CHAPTER ONE KUWAIT SOCIETY BEFORE THE DISCOVERY OF OIL 1-50 1.1 Origins of Kuwait Society 1-8 1.1.1 The Origin of the Country 1 1.1.2 The Old City of Kuwait 3 1.1.3 Old Kuwait City Sectors 5 1.1.4 Kuwait's recent Topography 7 1.2 The Economy of Traditional Kuwait Society 9-i 7 1.2.1 Pearl Diving 9 1.2.2 Trade and Travel 12 1.2.3 Fishing 14 1.2.4 Agriculture and Grazing 15 1.2.5 The Crafts 16 1.3 The Political Structure in Traditional Kuwait Society 17-3 1 1.3.1 The Joint Administration 1716-1752 18 1.3.2. The First Sheikhdom 17 52-189 6 21 1.3.3 The Second Sheikhdom 1896-1915 22 1.3.4 The Third Sheikhdom 1915-1950 24 1.3.5 The Local Authorities in Traditional Kuwait Society 28 1.3.6 The Characteristics of Government in Traditional Kuwait 29 1.4 Social Structure in Traditional Kuwait Society 3 1-49 1.4.1 Customs and Values 33 1.4.2 The Influence of the Islamic Religion 35 1.4.3 Social Stratification 38 CHAPTER TWO KUWAIT SOCIETY AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF' OIL 50-13 3 2.1 Economic change during the period of transition 1950-1961. 51-60 2.2 Changes in the economic system during the statehood period 60-80 2.3 The Political System 80-94 2.4 Change in the Social System 94-117 2.5 Demographic Structure 117-132 Summary 13 2-133 CHAPTER THREE CONCLUSIONS: SOCIAL CHANGE IN KUWAIT 133-14 6 3.1 Introduction 134 -1 37 3.2 Political Emergence 13 7-139 3.3 The Coming of Oil 139- 140 3.4 The Impact of Oil 140-143 3.5 The Effect of these Developments 14 3-14 6 CHAPTER FOUR ALIENATION AND ANOMIE 14 7-180 4.1 The Social Contract and the development of Alienation 14 7-151 4.1.2 Hegel's understanding of Alienation 15 1-15 6 4.1.3 Marx-Theory of Alienation 156-161 4.1.4 Existentialist View of Alienation 161-162 4.1.5 The development of the Concept of Alienation 162-167 4.2 The Meaning of Anomie 16 7-169 4.2.2 The Development of the Concept of Anomie 169- 173 4.2.3 The Measurement of Alienation and Anomie 17 3-180 CHAPTER FIVE THE MEASUREMENT OF ALIENATION AND ANOMIE IN KUWAIT SOCIETY 181-20 6 5.1 Introduction 181-185 5.2 The Sample 185-18 7 5.3 Data Collection 187- 18 7 5.4 Data Analysis 187 -20 6 CHAPTER SIX THE MEASUREMENT OF ALIENATION: THE CITIZEN AND THE NON-CITIZEN SCALES 207-2 36 6.1 Introduction 207 -2 12 6.2 The Citizen Scale 212-22 3 6.3 The Non-Citizen Scale 22 3-23 5 6.4 Conclusion 23 5-236 CHAPTER SEVEN CONCLUSION 2 37-252 BIBIJOGRAPHY APPENDIX ONE. Questionnaire One. Alienation and Anomie. The International Scale. APPENDIX TWO. Questionnaire Two. Alienation among foreign residents in Kuwait. The 'Local' Scale. APPENDIX THREE. Questionnaire Three. Alienation among Kuwaiti Citizens. The 'Local' Scale. APPENDIX FOUR. Alienation and Anomie. The 'International' Scale. Data. APPENDIX FIVE. Alienation among Kuwaiti Citizens. The 'Local' Scale. Data. APPENDIX SIX. Alienation among Foreign Residents in Kuwait. The 'Local' Scale. Data. APPENDIX SEVEN. Alienation among Kuwaiti Citizens. The Factor Analysis. APPENDIX EIGHT. Alienation among Foreign Residents in Kuwait. The Factor Analysis. APPENDIX NINE. Alienation amongst Kuwait Citizens by age, marital status, education, and gender. APPENDIX TEN. Alientation amongst Foreign Residents by age, marital status, education and gender. ACKNOWLEDCENE NT S I should like to express my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Mr. John Borland. His continuous interest, advice, technical help and provision of resources greatly facilitated the progress of this work, and words cannot truly convey the depth of gratitude I feel. I would like also to thank Dr. Cwyneth oberts, Head of the Department of Social Theory and Institutions at the University College of North Wales, Bangor, for giving me the opportunity to carry out my work in that department and for her keen interest in the progress of the case study. I am extremely grateful to my field adviser, Dr. Salim Y. Al—Mohanna of the Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, at the University of Kuwait, from whom I have received support and assistance throughout the course of the study. Special thanks are due to the Central Statistical Office of the Ministry of Planning in Kuwait for their technical assistance during the sampling stages. I wish also to thank all those persons in the task team who assisted me in the distribution and collection of the questionnaires. Finally, I would like to thank all those other people, connected directly or indirectly, with the writing of this study. I GENERAL INTRODUCTION The nature of social change in any society is reflected in the changes that occur in such a society, effects which influence a wide range of social facets of that society. These effects can be related to the make-up of the population, the political economic and social structure, social relationships among individuals, their beliefs and their moral values. In addition, the social changes can have a direct and/or indirect influence on the individual's behaviour and roles he or she plays in that society. In Kuwait, the discovery of oil and the subsequent increase in wealth and material resources are the main factors that have contributed to social change. Before oil was discovered, the society of Kuwait was considered to be unattractive. Since the discovery of oil Kuwait has become much more attractive due to the presence of great work opportunities. The availability of work has attracted a massive immigration of people from various regions of the world. These people, who have come from arabic and non-arabic speaking countries, have emigrated to Kuwait witli the intention of searching for work and a better means of living and incomes, together with the improvement of their living standards which are, presumably, not available in their own countries. The number of immigrants has increased markedly within Kuwait society to the point that by 1980 these foreign inhabitants constitute 58.3 percent of the whole population of Kuwait. II The change in the social structure of the Kuwait population, which is reflected in the predominance of the immigrants have, in one way or another, affected the economic, nolitical and social spheres and facets of Kuwait society. These effects are much more apparent in the social spheres of society, such as the family's role, its beliefs and inoralvalues. Forexample, theparticipation of women in work and consequently the abandonment of their basic role in the famUy may have led to the antipathy in family relationships, the development of feelings of non — belonging, the appearance of behavioural disorders and alienation.
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