Restoring Western Ranges and Wildlands
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Basics of Management - Intensive Grazing Stephen K
Proceedings of the Integrated Crop Management Proceedings of the 10th Annual Integrated Crop Conference Management Conference Nov 18th, 12:00 AM Basics of Management - Intensive Grazing Stephen K. Barnhart Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/icm Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons Barnhart, Stephen K., "Basics of Management - Intensive Grazing" (1998). Proceedings of the Integrated Crop Management Conference. 28. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/icm/1998/proceedings/28 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences and Symposia at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Integrated Crop Management Conference by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BASICS OF MANAGEMENT -INTENSIVE GRAZING Stephen K. Barnhart Agronomist-Extension Forage Programs Department of Agronomy Iowa State University. What Is Management-Intensive Grazing ? Management-intensive grazing is a method for regulating how often and how much to graze in order to control the quality, yield, consumption, and persistence of forage from pasture. Managed grazing attempts to optimize animal performance or limit intake to a desired level and reduce wasted forage. Depending on the grazing methods used, the amount of fresh pasture provided, the amount of forage eaten, and its quality is regulated by the size of pasture area being grazed, the duration of that grazing, and the amount of the available forage allowed for grazing. Also critical is the period that each pasture is rested between grazings. -
Predation by Gray Catbird on Brown Thrasher Eggs
March 2004 Notes 101 PREDATION BY GRAY CATBIRD ON BROWN THRASHER EGGS JAMES W. RIVERS* AND BRETT K. SANDERCOCK Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 (JWR) Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 (BKS) Present address of JWR: Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 *Correspondent: [email protected] ABSTRACT The gray catbird (Dumetella carolinensis) has been documented visiting and breaking the eggs of arti®cial nests, but the implications of such observations are unclear because there is little cost in depredating an undefended nest. During the summer of 2001 at Konza Prairie Bio- logical Station, Kansas, we videotaped a gray catbird that broke and consumed at least 1 egg in a brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum) nest. Our observation was consistent with egg predation because the catbird consumed the contents of the damaged egg after breaking it. The large difference in body mass suggests that a catbird (37 g) destroying eggs in a thrasher (69 g) nest might risk injury if caught in the act of predation and might explain why egg predation by catbirds has been poorly documented. Our observation indicated that the catbird should be considered as an egg predator of natural nests and that single-egg predation of songbird nests should not be attributed to egg removal by female brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) without additional evidence. RESUMEN El paÂjaro gato gris (Dumetella carolinensis) ha sido documentado visitando y rompien- do los huevos de nidos arti®ciales, pero las implicaciones de dichas observaciones no son claras porque hay poco costo por depredar un nido sin defensa. -
Livestock and Landscapes
SUSTAINABILITY PATHWAYS LIVESTOCK AND LANDSCAPES SHARE OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN GLOBAL LAND SURFACE DID YOU KNOW? Agricultural land used for ENVIRONMENT Twenty-six percent of the Planet’s ice-free land is used for livestock grazing LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION and 33 percent of croplands are used for livestock feed production. Livestock contribute to seven percent of the total greenhouse gas emissions through enteric fermentation and manure. In developed countries, 90 percent of cattle Agricutural land used for belong to six breed and 20 percent of livestock breeds are at risk of extinction. OTHER AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SOCIAL One billion poor people, mostly pastoralists in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, depend on livestock for food and livelihoods. Globally, livestock provides 25 percent of protein intake and 15 percent of dietary energy. ECONOMY Livestock contributes up to 40 percent of agricultural gross domestic product across a significant portion of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa but receives just three percent of global agricultural development funding. GOVERNANCE With rising incomes in the developing world, demand for animal products will continue to surge; 74 percent for meat, 58 percent for dairy products and 500 percent for eggs. Meeting increasing demand is a major sustainability challenge. LIVESTOCK AND LANDSCAPES SUSTAINABILITY PATHWAYS WHY DOES LIVESTOCK MATTER FOR SUSTAINABILITY? £ The livestock sector is one of the key drivers of land-use change. Each year, 13 £ As livestock density increases and is in closer confines with wildlife and humans, billion hectares of forest area are lost due to land conversion for agricultural uses there is a growing risk of disease that threatens every single one of us: 66 percent of as pastures or cropland, for both food and livestock feed crop production. -
Debris the Science and Changing Perceptions of Dead Trees by Alexander Evans and Robert Perschel
An Appreciation of Debris The Science and Changing Perceptions of Dead Trees By Alexander Evans and Robert Perschel oarse woody debris. To most people, two Coarse woody debris (CWD) is wood in the forest that’s no of the three words in that phrase have longer part of a living tree. Rather than being dead, this wood negative connotations. Debris is the worst is an important source of life in the forest. Foresters who value offender, suggesting random junk strewn it for its ecological functions have been searching for new terms about. When the debris is coarse, it’s even for CWD, and you’ll hear it referred to as biomass, dead wood, worse – it’s unrefined, it’s big. coarse woody material, and even retained organic matter. VIRGINIA BARLOW 44 Northern Woodlands / Winter 2008 Harry Dwyer, a forester in Fayette, Maine, likens the lan- as a seed bed for trees and plants, a mulch layer, and a slow- guage predicament to that of another formerly maligned mate- release fertilizer. Decomposing fungi depend on dead wood for rial: garden waste. He said, “You could look at a pile of rotting nutrients and moisture, and in turn many trees rely on mutu- vegetables as garbage, or you could note its value and call it alistic relationships with mycorrhizal fungi. Nitrogen fixation compost.” Digging into a rotten log in his woodlot, Dwyer in CWM by microbes (both anaerobic and microaerophyllic displays some of the dark, wet material in his hand. “It doesn’t bacteria) provides this important element in both terrestrial matter what you call this – coarse woody debris, coarse woody and aquatic ecosystems. -
Hog Pastures and Conservation Compliance
Illinois Grazing Manual Fact Sheet GRAZING MANAGEMENT Hog Pastures and Conservation Compliance General Information Significant problems exist in meeting conservation compliance requirements for livestock producers. These include high intensity grazing of hogs on forages in rotation with row crops, grazing crop residues, and manure injection of HEL fields. Swine pasture trials have been conducted to learn more about the interrelationships of pasture species selection, seeding rate, stocking density, grass stand (plants per sq. ft.), and per cent ground cover. These trials have networked the experience, knowledge, and skills of pro-active swine producers, the Natural Resources Conservation Service and University of Illinois Extension. Initial trials were seeded in the spring of 1992 utilizing alfalfa and grass mixtures. The grass species included were: 1) Tetraploid perennial ryegrass, 2) Matua Rescuegrass, 3) low endophyte Tall Fescue, and 4) Orchardgrass. These trial plots were intensively grazed and evaluated during 1993 with a mean stocking rate of 11.6 sows and litter per acre. Grass stands and % cover was evaluated throughout the year. Results indicated that tetraploid perennial ryegrass exhibited a very vigorous growth habit and was able to withstand high levels of grazing and trampling. It maintained higher levels of ground cover throughout the season. Tall Fescue established well, exhibited high stand counts, and even with very high grazing intensity was able to maintain over until late in the season. Tall Fescue also reduced the seed cost per acre. The use of alfalfa-orchardgrass under high intensity use, held up through mid-season but declined rapidly to only 20% cover in the fall. -
AN ABSTRACT of the THESIS of Douglas William Havlina for The
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Douglas William Havlina for the degree of Master of Science in Rangeland Resources presented on January 27, 1995 Title: Fire Effects on Vegetation Diversity, Structure, and Successional Dynamics in Shrub-Steppe and Mixed Conifer Environments of the Hells Canyon, Idaho. Abstract approved: The effects of fire severity on post-fire succession and shrub demography were quantified in shrub-steppe grasslands and subalpine forests in the Hells Canyon of the Payette National Forest, Idaho. Following the 1988 Eagle Bar Fire, species frequency, community diversity, fire adaptations, and stand ages were quantified at 12 plots in burned and unburned forests. Pre-fire composition was dominated by Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus contorta, Abies grandis, and Abies lasiocarpa in the overstory. Pre- fire basal area ranged from 41 to 80 m 2 ha-1 . Pre-fire stand ages ranged from 71 years in Abies lasiocarpa forests to > 200 years in Pseudotsuga menziesii stands. Fire scenarios which were sampled consisted of: (1) complete stand-replacement fires; (2) partial stand- replacement fires; and (3) unburned forests (control). Partial stand-replacement forests were characterized by significantly higher mean species diversity and richness (H'=3.16, S=36) than complete stand-replacement (H'=2.78, S=27) or unburned forests (H=2.26, S=15). Vegetation preferentially established in burned areas along a gradient of fire severity according to adapted fire guilds. Single-storied forests dominated by Pinus contorta and Abies lasiocarpa typified stand-replacement fire scenarios, with mean ages ranging from 99 to 159 years corresponding to fire return intervals common in this type. -
Abstracts from the 1999 Symposium
UTAH I THE I DESERT TORTOISE COUNCIL ARIZONA NEVADA l I i I / + S v'LEI S % A|. w a CALIFORNIA PROCEEDINGS OF 1999 SYMPOSIUM DESERT TORTOISE COUNCIL PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1999 SYMPOSIUM A compilation of reports and papers presented at the twenty-fourth annual symposium of the Desert Tortoise Council, March 5-8, 1999 St. George, Utah PUBLICATIONS OF THE DESERT TORTOISE COUNCIL, INC. Members Non-members Proceedings of the 1976 Desert Tortoise Council Symposium $10.00 $15.00 Proceedings of the 1977 Desert Tortoise Council Symposium $10.00 $15.00 Proceedings of the 1978 Desert Tortoise Council Symposium $10.00 $15.00 Proceedings of the 1979 Desert Tortoise Council Symposium $10.00 $15.00 Proceedings of the 1980 Desert Tortoise Council Symposium $10.00 $15.00 Proceedings of the 1981 Desert Tortoise Council Symposium $10.00 $15.00 Proceedings of the 1982 Desert Tortoise Council Symposium $10.00 $15.00 Proceedings of the 1983 Desert Tortoise Council Symposium $10.00 $15.00 Proceedings of the 1984 Desert Tortoise Council Symposium $10.00 $15.00 Proceedings of the 1985 Desert Tortoise Council Symposium $10.00 $15.00 Proceedings of the 1986 Desert Tortoise Council Symposium $10.00 $15.00 Proceedings of the 1987-91 Desert Tortoise Council Symposia $20,00 $20.00 Proceedings of the 1992 Desert Tortoise Council Symposium $10.00 $15.00 Proceedings of the 1993 Desert Tortoise Council Symposium $10.00 $15.00 Proceedings of the 1994 Desert Tortoise Council Symposium $10.00 $15.00 Proceedings of the 1995 Desert Tortoise Council Symposium $10.00 $15.00 Proceedings of the 1996 Desert Tortoise Council Symposium $10.00 $15.00 Proceedings of the 1997-98 Desert Tortoise Council Symposia $10.00 $15.00 Annotated Bibliog raphy of the Desert Tortoise, Gopherus agassizii $10.00 $15.00 Note: Please add $1.00 per copy to cover postage and handling. -
Influence of Coarse Woody Debris on Seedlings and Saplings in A
INFLUENCE OF COARSE WOODY DEBRIS ON SEEDLINGS AND SAPLINGS IN A PINUS PALUSTRIS WOODLAND by ALEXANDRA LOGAN JUSTIN L. HART, COMMITTEE CHAIR MATTHEW C. LAFEVOR ARVIND A.R. BHUTA A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Geography in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2020 Copyright Alexandra Logan 2020 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2 ABSTRACT Coarse woody debris (CWD) has beneficial effects on plant growth and establishment. Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) stands support relatively low amounts of CWD — 2 to 30 m3 ha-1. In April 2011, an EF3 tornado passed through the Oakmulgee Ranger District of the Talladega National Forest in the Fall Line Hills of Alabama. This disturbance resulted in the large addition of CWD to a longleaf pine woodland, and a rare opportunity to analyze how CWD can influence a managed, pine woodland. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of CWD on woody plant richness, density, and growth rate (quantified by height) in a longleaf pine woodland that experienced a catastrophic wind disturbance. A total of three 1 m2 quadrats were established against either side of a piece of CWD (> 3 m in length and ≥ 10 cm in diameter). Another quadrat was established at least 3 m away from the focal CWD piece. For each plot, the presence and height of every woody plant (< 5 cm dbh) were recorded. Sapling density, oak and hickory density, and organic matter were all found to be significantly higher in quadrats adjacent to CWD than away (all p < 0.05). -
Forest Fragment Size and Microhabitat Effects on Palm Seed Predation
BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 131 (2006) 1– 13 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Forest fragment size and microhabitat effects on palm seed predation Marina Fleurya,b,c,*, Mauro Galettib,c aLaborato´rio de Ecologia e Restaurac¸a˜ o Florestal (LERF), Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘‘Luiz de Queiroz’’, Universidade de Sa˜ o Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Brazil bLaborato´rio de Biologia da Conservac¸a˜ o, Grupo de Fenologia e Dispersa˜ o de Sementes, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), C.P. 199, 13506-900, Rio Claro, Sa˜ o Paulo, Brazil cInstituto de Biologia da Conservac¸a˜ o (IBC), Av.P-13, 293, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: The establishment of plant species depends crucially on where the seeds are deposited. How- Received 11 January 2005 ever, since most studies have been conducted in continuous forests, not much is known about Received in revised form the effects of forest fragmentation on the maintenance of abiotic and biotic characteristics in 19 October 2005 microhabitats and their effects on seed survival. In this study, we evaluated the effects of for- Accepted 24 October 2005 est fragmentation on the predation upon the seeds of the palm Syagrus romanzoffiana in three Available online 3 April 2006 microhabitats (interior forest, forest edge and gaps) in eight fragments of semi-deciduous Atlantic forest ranging in size from 9.5 ha to 33,845 ha in southeastern Brazil. Specifically, Keywords: we examined the influence of the microhabitat structure, fauna and fragment size on the pat- Arecaceae tern of seed predation. -
Metabolites from Nematophagous Fungi and Nematicidal Natural Products from Fungi As an Alternative for Biological Control
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2016) 100:3799–3812 DOI 10.1007/s00253-015-7233-6 MINI-REVIEW Metabolites from nematophagous fungi and nematicidal natural products from fungi as an alternative for biological control. Part I: metabolites from nematophagous ascomycetes Thomas Degenkolb1 & Andreas Vilcinskas1,2 Received: 4 October 2015 /Revised: 29 November 2015 /Accepted: 2 December 2015 /Published online: 29 December 2015 # The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Plant-parasitic nematodes are estimated to cause Keywords Phytoparasitic nematodes . Nematicides . global annual losses of more than US$ 100 billion. The num- Oligosporon-type antibiotics . Nematophagous fungi . ber of registered nematicides has declined substantially over Secondary metabolites . Biocontrol the last 25 years due to concerns about their non-specific mechanisms of action and hence their potential toxicity and likelihood to cause environmental damage. Environmentally Introduction beneficial and inexpensive alternatives to chemicals, which do not affect vertebrates, crops, and other non-target organisms, Nematodes as economically important crop pests are therefore urgently required. Nematophagous fungi are nat- ural antagonists of nematode parasites, and these offer an eco- Among more than 26,000 known species of nematodes, 8000 physiological source of novel biocontrol strategies. In this first are parasites of vertebrates (Hugot et al. 2001), whereas 4100 section of a two-part review article, we discuss 83 nematicidal are parasites of plants, mostly soil-borne root pathogens and non-nematicidal primary and secondary metabolites (Nicol et al. 2011). Approximately 100 species in this latter found in nematophagous ascomycetes. Some of these sub- group are considered economically important phytoparasites stances exhibit nematicidal activities, namely oligosporon, of crops. -
Effects of Trail Traffic on Egg-Predation by Mammal Populations in the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve
Effects of trail traffic on egg-predation by mammal populations in the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve. Karmen Scott Department of Environmental Science, University of Oregon ABSTRACT The effects of human traffic within trails on egg predation and predatory mammal compositions between heavily trafficked trails and secluded trails were studied at the Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve. This study was able to find differences in egg-predatory mammal compositions between these two trail types by looking at teeth impressions in eggs made of plasticine. The main predator was found to be Nasura narica (common coati) who was involved in the majority of the egg predation events and the vast majority of the nests preyed upon were on the highly trafficked trail. There were only a few predation events from other mammals such as rodents and Cebus capucinus (white-faced monkey). In this case, the abundance of tourists have altered populations of a mesopredator, Nasua narica by providing a new food source for them (garbage and tourist‟s lunches) and by affecting the rarity of their predators (boas, cats and Tayras) whom steer-clear of human populated areas and therefore steer-clear of N. narica. This dualistic relationship acting on the population of N. narica makes for an increase in the carrying capacity and, hence, further predation. This imbalanced egg- predation by N. narica on tourist trails allocates the disruption of their prey populations. Studies of the impacts of tourism have important conservation implications because tourism can have a tremendous disturbance on structure and community function. RESUMEN Los efectos del tráfico humano en la depredación de huevos en los senderos y en las composiciones de las comunidades de mamíferos depredadores entre los senderos con mucho tránsito y los senderos recluidos fueron estudiados en La Reserva del Bosque Nuboso de Monteverde. -
Grazing and Browsing Behavior, Grazing Management, Forage Evaluation and Goat Performance: Strategies to Enhance Meat Goat Production in North Carolina
1 Grazing and Browsing Behavior, Grazing Management, Forage Evaluation and Goat Performance: Strategies to Enhance Meat Goat Production in North Carolina Jean-Marie Luginbuhl, Professor, J. Paul Mueller, Professor and Interim Dean of International Programs, James. T. Green, Jr., Professor Emeritus, Douglas S. Chamblee, Professor Emeritus, and Heather M. Glennon, Meat Goat Program Research Technician and PhD candidate College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University Campus Box 7620, Raleigh NC 27695 ABSTRACT the use of high quality forage and browse and the Goats (Capra hircus hircus) offer an opportunity strategic use of expensive concentrate feeds. This can to more effectively convert pasture nutrients to be achieved by developing a year-round forage animal products as milk, meat and fiber which are program allowing for as much grazing as possible currently marketable and in demand by a growing throughout the year. segment of the US population. With the introduction of the Boer breed and the upgrading of meat-type Some people still believe that goats eat and do goats with Boer genetics, research focusing on well on low quality feed. Attempting to manage and forage evaluation, feeding strategies and the feed goats with such a belief will not lead to development of economical grazing systems was successful meat goat production. On pasture or urgently needed to meet the needs of this emerging rangeland, maximum goat gains or reproduction can industry. The first part of this paper focuses on the be attained by combining access to large quantities of quality forage that allow for selective feeding. description of grazing/browsing behavior of goats and grazing management, and grazing strategies such Goat Brazing/Browsing Behavior as control and strip grazing, differences between Goats are very active foragers, able to cover a control and continuous grazing, forward creep wide area in search of scarce plant materials.