Read Book Animalium

ANIMALIUM PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Jenny Broom,Katie Scott | 95 pages | 18 Nov 2016 | Templar Publishing | 9781783700608 | English | Surrey, United Kingdom Animalium by Jenny Broom: | : Books Sep 09, ISBN Add to Cart. Also available from:. Hardcover —. Also in Welcome to the Museum. Also by Jenny Broom. Product Details. Inspired by Your Browsing History. Praise Designed to mimic the experience of visiting a natural history museum, this elegant, eye-catching volume explores the animal kingdom through gorgeously detailed pen-and-ink illustrations that resemble vintage taxonomical plates. Related Articles. Looking for More Great Reads? Download Hi Res. LitFlash The eBooks you want at the lowest prices. Read it Forward Read it first. He did however make somewhat uncritical use of evidence from other people, such as travellers and beekeepers. The History of Animals had a powerful influence on zoology for some two thousand years. It continued to be a primary source of knowledge until in the sixteenth century zoologists including Conrad Gessner , all influenced by Aristotle, wrote their own studies of the subject. Like Plato , he sought universals in his philosophy, but unlike Plato he backed up his views with detailed observation, notably of the natural history of the island of Lesbos and the marine life in the island's lagoon at Pyrrha. This study made him the earliest natural historian whose written work survives. No similarly detailed work on zoology was attempted until the sixteenth century; accordingly Aristotle remained highly influential for some two thousand years. His writings on zoology form about a quarter of his surviving work. In the History of Animals , Aristotle sets out to investigate the existing facts Greek "hoti", what , prior to establishing their causes Greek "dioti", why. To illustrate the philosophical method, consider one grouping of many kinds of animal, ' birds ': all members of this group possess the same distinguishing features—feathers, wings, beaks, and two bony legs. This is an instance of a universal : if something is a bird, it has feathers and wings ; if something has feathers and wings, that also implies it is a bird, so the reasoning here is bidirectional. On the other hand, some animals that have red blood have lungs ; other red-blooded animals such as fish have gills. This implies, in Aristotle's reasoning, that if something has lungs, it has red blood; but Aristotle is careful not to imply that all red-blooded animals have lungs, so the reasoning here is not bidirectional. Book I The grouping of animals and the parts of the human body. Aristotle describes the parts that the human body is made of, such as the skull, brain , face, eyes, ears, nose, tongue, thorax, belly, heart , viscera , genitalia , and limbs. Book II The different parts of red-blooded animals. Aristotle writes about limbs, the teeth of dogs, horses, man, and elephant; the elephant's tongue; and of animals such as the apes , crocodile , chameleon , birds especially the wryneck , fishes and snakes. Book III The internal organs, including generative system, veins, sinews, bone etc. He moves on to the blood , bone marrow , milk including rennet and cheese , and semen. Book IV Animals without blood invertebrates — cephalopods , crustaceans , etc. In chapter 8, he describes the sense organs of animals. Chapter 10 considers sleep and whether it occurs in fish. Books V and VI Reproduction, spontaneous and sexual of marine invertebrates, birds, quadrupeds, snakes, fish, and terrestrial arthropods including ichneumon wasps, bees, ants, scorpions, spiders, and grasshoppers. Book VII Reproduction of man, including puberty, conception, pregnancy, lactation, the embryo, labour, milk, and diseases of infants. Book VIII The character and habits of animals, food, migration, health, animal diseases including bee parasites, and the influence of climate. Book IX Social behaviour in animals; signs of intelligence in animals such as sheep and birds. A Book X is included in some versions, dealing with the causes of barrenness in women, but is generally regarded as not being by Aristotle. In the preface to his translation, D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson calls it "spurious beyond question". The History of Animals contains a large number of eye-witness observations, in particular of marine biology , in sharp contrast to Plato's "symbolic zoology". Aristotle's style and precision can be seen in the passage where he discusses the behaviour and anatomy of the cephalopods, mentioning the use of ink against predators , camouflage , and signalling. This is D'Arcy Thompson's translation: [5]. Of molluscs the sepia is the most cunning, and is the only species that employs its dark liquid for the sake of concealment as well as from fear : the octopus and calamary make the discharge solely from fear. These creatures never discharge the pigment in its entirety; and after a discharge the pigment accumulates again. The sepia, as has been said, often uses its colouring pigment for concealment; it shows itself in front of the pigment and then retreats back into it; it also hunts with its long tentacles not only little fishes, but oftentimes even mullets. The octopus is a stupid creature, for it will approach a man's hand if it be lowered in the water; but it is neat and thrifty in its habits: that is, it lays up stores in its nest, and, after eating up all that is eatable, it ejects the shells and sheaths of crabs and shell-fish, and the skeletons of little fishes. It seeks its prey by so changing its colour as to render it like the colour of the stones adjacent to it ; it does so also when alarmed. His observations were almost all accurate, according to the philosopher Anthony Preus, though Mario Vegetti argues that Aristotle sometimes let theory cloud observation. Some of Aristotle's observations were not taken seriously by science until they were independently rediscovered in the 19th century. For example, he recorded that male octopuses have a hectocotylus , a tentacle which stores sperm and which can transfer it into the female's body; sometimes it snaps off during mating. The Swiss American zoologist Louis Agassiz found the account to be correct in Aristotle's methods of observation included dissection Aristotle's lost companion work, The Dissections , contained illustrations of these [10] , so he observed animal anatomy directly, though his interpretations of the functions of the structures he observed were subject to error. Like other classical authors such as Pliny the Elder , Aristotle also gathered evidence from travellers and people with specialised knowledge, such as fishermen and beekeepers , without much attempt to corroborate what they said. The text contains some claims that appear to be errors. Aristotle asserted that the females of any species have a smaller number of teeth than the males. This apparently readily falsifiable claim could have been a genuine observation, if as Robert Mayhew suggests [12] women at that time had a poorer diet than men; but the claim is not true of other species either. Thus, Philippa Lang argues, Aristotle may have been empirical , but he was quite laissez-faire about observation, "because [he] was not expecting nature to be misleading". In other cases, errors may have been wrongly attributed to Aristotle. Wilkins notes that Aristotle did not say "all flies have four legs"; he wrote that one particular animal, the ephemeron or mayfly , "moves with four feet and four wings: and, I may observe in passing, this creature is exceptional not only in regard to the duration of its existence, whence it receives its name, but also because though a quadruped it has wings also. More generally, Aristotle's biology , described across the five books sometimes called On Animals and some of his minor works, the Parva Naturalia , defines what in modern terms is a set of models of metabolism, temperature regulation, information processing, inheritance, and embryogenesis. All of these are wrong in the sense that modern science has replaced them with different models, but they were scientific in that they attempted to explain observed phenomena, proposed mechanisms, and made testable predictions. It was in turn translated into Latin, along with Ibn Rushd Averroes 's commentary on it, by Michael Scot in the early 13th century. English translations were made by Richard Cresswell in [17] and by the zoologist D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson in Tricot in , following D'Arcy Thompson's interpretation. The comparative anatomist Richard Owen said in that "Zoological Science sprang from [Aristotle's] labours, we may almost say, like Minerva from the Head of Jove , in a state of noble and splendid maturity". Though Aristotle's work in zoology was not without errors, it was the grandest biological synthesis of the time, and remained the ultimate authority for many centuries after his death. His observations on the anatomy of octopus, cuttlefish, crustaceans, and many other marine invertebrates are remarkably accurate, and could only have been made from first-hand experience with dissection. Aristotle described the embryological development of a chick; he distinguished whales and dolphins from fish; he described the chambered stomachs of ruminants and the social organization of bees; he noticed that some sharks give birth to live young — his books on animals are filled with such observations, some of which were not confirmed until many centuries later. Walter Pagel comments that Aristotle "perceptibly influenced" the founders of modern zoology, the Swiss Conrad Gessner with his — Historiae animalium , the Italian Ulisse Aldrovandi — , the French Guillaume Rondelet — , and the Dutch Volcher Coiter — , while his methods of looking at time series and making use of comparative anatomy assisted the Englishman William Harvey in his work on embryology. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the book by Conrad Gessner, see Historia animalium Gessner. Further information: Aristotle's biology. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

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