The Socialist Party in Dixie, 1892-1920
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University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1999 Rebels of the New South : the Socialist Party in Dixie, 1892-1920. Brad A. Paul University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Paul, Brad A., "Rebels of the New South : the Socialist Party in Dixie, 1892-1920." (1999). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 1269. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/1269 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REBELS OF THE NEW SOUTH: THE SOCIALIST PARTY IN DIXIE, 1892-1920 A Dissertation Presented by BRAD A. PAUL Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfilhnent of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September 1999 The University of Massachusetts/Five College Graduate Program in History 1999 (£) Copyright by Bradley Alan Paul All Rights Reserved REBELS OF THE NEW SOUTH: THE SOCIALIST PARTY IN DIXIE, 1892-1920 A Dissertation Presented by BRAD A. PAUL Approved as to style and content by: Bruce Laurie, Chair Department of History To the Memory of Eva Florence Potts (1912-1998) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Over the past several years my personal and professional debts have far exceeded any reasonable line credit. of On so many occasions 1 have enjoyed the good fortune of being in the just the right place to benefit from the guidance and inspiration of a wonderful collection of friends, mentors, and colleagues. Faculty, staff, and students at three universities contributed to my work. This study began a few short city blocks from where the opening scene of the dissertation takes place, Atlanta, Georgia. At Georgia State University 1 was humbled by the mighty editorial pen of Merl Reed and taught how to "plow new ground" by John Matthews. In their respective seminais on American labor and the New South they inspired me with an all too rare combination of encouragement, challenge, imagination, and good humor. The Department is equally lucky to include Mohammed Hassen Ali, Ian Fletcher, and Chuck Steffen, first rate scholars who 1 am lucky to claim as close friends. Gaiy Fink, Jacqueline Rouse, Bob Dinwiddie, Les Hough, Tim Crimmins, Edwin Gorsuch, Cliff Kuhn, Ronald and Mary Zboray, Diane Willen, Hugh Hudson, Brad Bond, Todd Lee, Chris Lutz, David Bany, Deanne Michael, Steve Sabol, Rob Paige, Michael Rogers, Ted Kallman, and Ken Work together formed a momentous team. At the University of Massachusetts I hit paydirt. Bruce Laurie, like the artisans of his own writings, skillfully guided me through the dissertation, asked all the right questions, and showed great patience with my sometimes slow, southern ways. An equally impressive achievement, however, was that he managed to drag me mto the nineteenth century and produce a convert. John Higgmson was one of the first to welcome me mto the graduate program at UMass and he's been a great fiiend since. For two years I served as his teaching assistant which afforded the opportunity to spend any "down" time discussing our mutual interests in boxing, travel, and business culture. I'm just now starting to appreciate all I learned and continue to learn fi:om John. It is a wonder Kevin Boyle has any tune to spare considering his popularity. But Kevin, one of the nicest persons in this "busmess," always found time and offered nothing but encouragmg words. Like Bruce, his work on American labor politics played a huge role in my understanding of how socialism and radical movements fit into the larger narrative. Most importantly, as a fellow long-suffering Detroit Tiger fan I know his credentials to be solid. Many other good folks at UMass contributed in a myriad of ways: Kathy Peiss helped steer me toward the Bauer-Gordon Research Fellowship and along with Mary Wilson graciously interpreted the "book of rules." Tom Juravich, Joye Bowman, David Glassberg, Larry Owens, Carl Nightingale, Roland vi Sarti, ManislK, Sinha, B.cll Incline,, Gcnna.ne LiUiene, Ji.n Ross, Marian Mollin, l^itrick Way.nan, Mark Voss-1 lubba.d, Martha Yodcr, Mark Power, a>ul Patly Ryan, Al.cc l/cr, and Joyce (habon always look lime from Ibeir busy schedules lo share ideas and offer supporl. An unpo. lanl mgred.enl of any graduate experience, of course, takes place outside the confines of a sennnar room. R.ck and C^arla Goulel, Kevin Reilly, Ana Santos, Graham Wardnei, Kathleen Nutter, Bob Surbrug, and Malt C^rocker made my stay in tiie Valley a truly enjoyable experience. It is perhaps fitting that the Tampa Bay area sei-ves as the setting for the dissertation's conclusion. I'or the past year I have been at the University of South f lorida, and once again have stumbled across a wonderful mix of people. John Belohlavek, Gail Smith, Sylvia Woods, Ray Arsenaull, Giovanna Benadusi, Cecil Cuny, Christina Greene, Bob Ingalls, William Murray, Su/anne Murray, f raser Ottanelli, Ailene Laiiig, Lorraine May field-Brown, Paula Lee, \i\h\ Schmidt, and Ward Slavig have taken a keen interesl in my progress and made me feel veiy welcome at yet another new address. Marianne Bell and Carole Rennick have on more than one occasion rescued me IVom my Luddite ways, and Ciaiy Moiinino, whose work on Ybor City I enjoy so much, has generously passed many helpful citations and local references my way. But perhaps the person who saw the most Vll of me this past year is my office neighbor, Alejandro De La Fuente, who can testify to my whereabouts on most Saturdays, Sundays, late nights and early mornings. As I approached the stretch run, he offered tremendous moral and intellectual support and his extra strong Cuban coffee may have provided the critical edge needed to complete this study. A big cheer goes out to my Tampa friends, Golfo Alexopoulos, Carolyn Eichner, Ross and Tami Bannister, Joe Costa, and all the crew at El Circulo Cubano. Deserving of special praise are Paul Dosal and Ann "MOB" Shuh who possess unequaled generosity and kindness. Together we have established something of a UMass beachhead here in the Bay area, and they have made stay my in Tampa not only possible, but one filled with many great moments ("or something"). They have my deepest gratitude. The material that found its way into the dissertation arrived via the effort of archivists and staff members at the Southern Labor Archives, National Archives- Southeast Region, Linn-Henley Research Library in Birmingham, Baker Library at Harvard Business School, St. Augustine Historical Society, Atlanta History Center, State Archives of Florida, Georgia, and Alabama, Tamiment Library of New York, and the libraries of the University of Florida, Florida State University, University of South Florida, and the University of Massachusetts. Worthy of special mention are Robert Carter, retired archivist of the Eugene V. Debs Papers viii at Indiana State University and Gene DeGmson of Pittsburgh State University. They stand out for their tremendous help, suggestions, and enthusiasm. Their command of archival material, knowledge of American socialism, and expressed interest in my research played a giant part m the completion of this dissertation. Ultimately, any successful undertaking depends on a solid foundation mdependent of the workplace and I'm lucky to have a widely-scattered group of friends who collectively provide just that. Brett Martin, Angela Faye, Rob Wilbanks, Marc Brazeau, Brad and Beth Clarke, John Krebs, Cathy Cragg, Bob Gouveia, Jeff Roche, Shahar Kazara, Sean Van Tuyl, Evelyn Hammond, Sandra Mortal, Fred Kamas, Marcos Ansehno, Mica Walker, Indanel Anjiadia, Caidin Carvalo Bosco, Joe Lowndes, Ben Schick, Priscilla Yamin, Robert "Jr." Lloyd, David Yunis, Sylvia Cedeno, Lindsay Ayers, Claire Pereirra, Scott, Steve, and Jill Schaffer, Rehana Kapadia, Solomon "Lelo" Keith, Colleen Thompson, Anthony "Bankie" Johnson, Howard and Liz Jackowitz and David Roland form a terrific group of friends who contributed mightily to anything I've accomplished. My brother, Chris Paul, "the Clarence Darrow of Cartersville, Georgia," and sister-in- law, Marcia, are especially appreciated. Besides always asking about the "Untold Story" they have repeatedly offered shelter to this nomad and sacrificed their own space in order to store die tools of my trade—an enormous book collection. Two ix of my favonte people, Robert Frank, a great wnter and an even better person, and Helena Viegas, one of the most genuine souls I know, provided extra motivation by demonstrating a real interest and confidence in my research and progress. Finally, my parems, Gordon ("Mr. Marketing") and Gloria ("Buck") Paul, have given me much more than 1 deserve. Undoubtedly bemused by my unusual ways, they have nevertheless always managed to show great tolerance and understanding. My Mother has no equal in the human decency category. Her heart of gold has always served as a wonderful example and reminder of the importam things in life. Similarly, my Father's influence can be found throughout the dissertation, and much of this work bears the stamp of his character. His work ethic, generosity, and loyalty approximate much in the stories and spirit of the Southerners who I write about. The dissertation is dedicated to tlie memory of Eva Potts, my friend and "rebel of the New South," who is dearly missed. Most every evening and for many years, 1 would join Eva on the front steps of our apartment building on North Highland Avenue in Atlanta, share a beer and talk. There, we would "waste a lot of time" discussing the changing face of the neighborhood, local gossip, the Braves, the Georgia Bulldogs, and "fancy food." Although quite modest, 1 could occasionally get her to walk me through parts of her own histoiy.