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420 Barons Drogue Centre Français de Recherche sur le Renseignement NOTE D’ACTUALITÉ N°420 LES BARONS DE LA DROGUE LES PLUS RECHERCHÉS Alain Rodier Le crime organisé est comme une hydre à plusieurs têtes : quand on en coupe une, d’autres repoussent. Joaquín « El Chapo » Guzmán, le parrain du cartel de Sinaloa, a été de nouveau arrêté le 8 janvier 2015. Maintenant que l'homme est derrière les barreaux, six mois après sa deuxième évasion rocambolesque d’une prison de haute sécurité, la Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) américaine a inscrit la mention « capturé » sur sa photo figurant sur la page web Most wanted. Il devrait être extradé vers les Etats-Unis mais la durée de la procédure engagée peut lui laisser le temps de tenter une troisième escapade. Sa fortune lui permet d’acheter gardiens et directeurs de prison ! Mais en attendant, quels sont les autres principaux barons de la drogue en liberté ? Ismael Zambada García, alias « El Mayo », cartel de Sinaloa (Mexique) Si « El Chapo » était le chef du cartel de Sinaloa, il n’en n’était pas le seul. Ismael Zambada-Garcia - alias « El Mayo » - est désormais le leader « par intérim » du cartel avec Juan José « El Azul » Esparragoza Moreno qui, lui, est à la tête de la « Fédération », une alliance regroupant les cartels de Sinaloa, de Juarez et de Sonora. El Mayo a fait le choix de la discrétion faisant notamment appel à la chirurgie esthétique. Il a gagné en influence dans les années 1990 alors qu’El Chapo était (déjà) incarcéré. Les deux barons s'allient en 2001 après l’évasion de Chapo d'une prison de haute sécurité. Ils deviennent les chefs d'une alliance de plusieurs groupes du Sinaloa, appelée la Fédération Sinaloa. Ils restent alliés lorsque cette organisation implose en 2008. Plusieurs membres de la famille d'El Mayo sont arrêtés, dont son frère, un neveu et trois de ses fils. L'un d’eux, Vicente Zambada Niebla, a été extradé vers les États-Unis en 2001 où, après avoir plaidé coupable pour trafic de drogue, il a été condamné à dix ans de prison. L’épouse et les quatre filles d’El Mayo, toujours en liberté, remplaceraient les membres de la famille arrêtés dans leurs tâches « commerciales ». Pour sa capture, Ismael Zambada-Garcia s’est vu crédité d’une récompense de cinq millions de dollars qui pèse sur sa tête. ___________________________________________________________________________ 21 boulevard Haussmann, 75009 Paris - France Tél. : 33 1 53 43 92 44 - Fax : 33 1 53 43 92 92 - www.cf2r.org Association régie par la loi du 1er juillet 1901 - SIRET n° 453 441 602 000 19 2 Ismael Zambada García et Rafael Caro Quintero Rafael Caro Quintero, cartel de Sinaloa (Mexique) Rafael Caro Quintero, un des fondateurs du cartel de Guadalajara aujourd’hui disparu, a été capturé au Costa Rica en 1985 lors d’une opération policière faisant suite aux enlèvements de quatre personnes au Mexique, dont quatre citoyens américains. Il y avait parmi eux un agent de la DEA, Enrique Camarena Salazar. Toutes ces personnes ont été assassinées après avoir été torturées. Caro Quintero a été condamné à 40 ans de prison, mais il a été libéré en août 2013 par un tribunal mexicain pour un problème de procédure. Avant de comparaître de nouveau, Quintero a disparu dans la nature. Il aurait alors rejoint le cartel de Sinaloa dans la Sierra Madre. La libération de Caro Quintero a déclenché un véritable tollé aux États-Unis où l’affaire Camarena est devenue symbolique pour les forces de l'ordre. Quintero aurait repris d’importantes responsabilités aux côtés d'El Mayo. Il y a effectivement du travail puisque le cartel de Sinaloa est le plus puissant d’Amérique latine. Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes, alias « El Mencho », cartel de Jalisco Nueva Generación (Mexique) Nemesio oseguera Cervantes - alias « El Mencho » - est le chef du cartel de Jalisco Nueva Generación (CJNG), considéré comme étant l'organisation criminelle en pleine ascension au Mexique. Le cartel s'appuie sur des restes d'autres organisations aujourd’hui disparues. Ce serait la deuxième organisation en importance après le cartel de Sinaloa avec lequel il entretiendrait une certaine collaboration. Le CJNG était peu connu avant 2015, jusqu’à ce qu’il se livre à une série d'attaques dirigées contre les forces de sécurité dans l'État de Jalisco. Un hélicoptère militaire a même été abattu. Depuis, El Mencho est activement recherché. Son frère, son fils, ainsi que d’autres responsables de l’organisation ont été appréhendés. En représailles, ces arrestations ont provoqué une augmentation des meurtres dans l'État du Jalisco. 3 Comme le cartel de Sinaloa, le CJNG est en guerre ouverte contre les Zetas et les Chevaliers templiers pour le contrôle des Etats de Michoacan, Veracruz et Jalisco. Il fait preuve d’une cruauté impitoyable, n’hésitant pas à exhiber en public les restes humains des victimes qu’il a démembrées. Dans le domaine de l’horreur, il est encore pire que Daesh. La grande différence réside dans le fait que les abominations commises au Mexique ne sont médiatisées que localement ! José Adán Salazar Umaña, alias « Chepe Diablo » (Salvador) José Adán Salazar Umaña « Chepe Diablo » est l'un des fondateurs du cartel de Texis. Ce groupe contrôlerait plusieurs routes du trafic de drogue passant par le Salvador. Il travaillerait pour le compte de différents cartels mexicains et colombiens. Néanmoins, il se distingue de ces organisations par une utilisation limitée de la violence, préférant employer des méthodes plus subtiles comme la corruption. En 2001, la DEA a mentionné Chepe Diablo comme étant un trafiquant de drogue et blanchisseur d'argent. En mai 2014, le département du Trésor américain l’a ajouté à sa « liste des barons de la drogue ». Chepe Diablo incite ses hommes à ne pas porter d'armes, mais plutôt à s'en remettre à la police corrompue pour assurer leur protection. Les liens qu’il entretient avec le monde de la politique et des affaires au Salvador permettent au cartel de 4 travailler librement. Chepe Diablo possède légalement une chaîne d'hôtels, des ranchs, et il a même été le président de la ligue 1 de football du pays. Le ministère du Trésor du Salvador a mené une enquête sur Chepe Diablo en 2014 et en 2015, mais elle a été arrêtée par le bureau du procureur général. Dario Antonio Úsuga, alias Otoniel (Colombie) Dario Antonio « Otoniel » Úsuga est le chef du plus important des cartels colombiens, Los Urabeños, formé à partir de deux milices d’autodéfense d’extrême- droite mais aussi d’anciens activistes marxistes des FARC. Le gouvernement américain offre une récompense de 5 millions de dollars pour des informations permettant sa capture. L'organisation d'Otoniel est surtout présente dans la région côtière d'Urabá, à l'est de la frontière avec le Panama. En plus de produire et de transporter de la cocaïne, Los Urabneños se livrent au racket, au trafic des êtres humains et à celui des armes. Ils entretiennent des liens d’affaires avec le cartel de Sinaloa qui vient leur acheter de la cocaïne. Los Urabeños seraient forts de quelques 2 000 membres. De nombreux associés d'Otoniel ont été capturés ou tués au cours de l’année 2015. Dario Antonio Úsuga et Gerson Gálvez Calle Gerson Gálvez Calle, alias Caracol (Pérou) Gerson Gálvez Calle alias « Caracol » est le criminel péruvien le plus recherché par Interpol. Il est à la tête d'une organisation appelée Barrio King. Il aurait dirigé son groupe depuis sa cellule de prison, avant d'être relâché l'année dernière et de disparaître dans la nature. Il a passé 12 ans derrière les barreaux pour tentative d'assassinat, vol et trafic de drogue. Des sources policières disent que Caracol souhaite faire de son organisation le premier cartel du pays en contrôlant la distribution de la cocaïne de sa production jusqu’à sa distribution. Le Barrio King aurait déjà fait passer pour des centaines de millions de dollars de cocaïne dans des conteneurs à bord de bateaux en partance de Callao, le plus grand port du Pérou qu’il contrôle de fait 5 Wei Hsueh-Kang, United Wa State Army (USWA) (Birmanie) Wei Hseuh-kang est un des deux chefs de la United wa State Army (UwSA), un groupe rebelle dont les forces contrôlent une partie de l'est de la Birmanie dit « Etat Wa », fondé en 1988 après la disparition du Parti communiste birman. L’autre est Bao Youxiang, le « président“ de l’Etat Wa. Cette région fait partie du Triangle d'Or située à cheval sur la Birmanie, la Thaïlande et le Laos. La structure militaire de l’Etat wa dirigée par Hseuh-kang est soutenue par les Triades chinoises et les Yakuzas japonais, qui sont les premiers acheteurs d’opium cultivé dans le Triangle d’or. Elle serait forte de 30 000 activistes. L’USAW est décrit par la DEA comme étant « le groupe le plus important dans le trafic d'héroïne en Asie du Sud-Est, peut-être du monde ». Après le vote du Foreign Narcotics Designation Kingpin Act en 1999, Hseuh-kang, ancien compagnon de Khun Sa - un seigneur de guerre birman surnommé le « roi de l’opium » décédé en 2007 - a été l'une des premières personnes à être qualifiée de « baron de la drogue » par Washington. Les États-Unis le recherchent depuis les années 1990,- et le département d'État offre une récompense de 2 millions de dollars pour toute information qui permettrait sa capture. Pourtant, cet individu a réinvesti une partie de ses gains dans l’économie légale avec des bureaux ayant pignon sur rue. Il contrôlerait des sociétés de construction, agricoles, d’extraction de pierres précieuses et de pétrole, d’électronique, de télécommunications et commerciales.
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