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Prevalence and Economic Losses Resulting from Parasitic Zoonosis on Swine and Ruminants in Ouagadougou Abattoir (Burkina Faso)

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Prevalence and Economic Losses Resulting from Parasitic Zoonosis on Swine and Ruminants in Ouagadougou Abattoir (Burkina Faso) Available online at http://www.ifgdg.org Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 12(5): 2226-2235, October 2018 ISSN 1997-342X (Online), ISSN 1991-8631 (Print) Original Paper http://ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs http://indexmedicus.afro.who.int Prevalence and economic losses resulting from parasitic zoonosis on swine and ruminants in Ouagadougou abattoir (Burkina Faso) Laibané Dieudonné DAHOUROU1*, Canésius NDAYIKEZA2, Madi SAVADOGO3 and Oubri Bassa GBATI3 1 Université de Dédougou (Burkina Faso), Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement et du Développement Durable (ISEDR), BP 176 Dédougou, Burkina Faso. 2 Institut des sciences agronomiques du Burundi (ISABU), Bujumbura, Burundi. 3 Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaire (EISMV) de Dakar, BP 5077 Dakar, Sénégal. * Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected] / Tel: +226 70 65 37 44 / +226 74 17 61 20. ABSTRACT Cysticercosis and fasciolosis are zoonosis with public health and economic importance. A retrospective study was conducted with the objective to determine the prevalence and economic losses associated with meat condemnation in Ouagadougou abattoir due to two parasitic zoonosis: fasciolosis and cysticercosis. The meat inspection register was sifted through to collect data on animals slaughtered in the abattoir between 2007 and 2013. Prices of carcasses and organs have been requested from stakeholders in the meat industry. The prevalence and economic losses associated with animal fasciolosis and cysticercosis were calculated. The overall prevalence of fasciolosis and cysticercosis were 0.41% and 0.17%, respectively. The highest prevalence of fasciolosis was observed in cattle (0.82%), while the highest rate of cysticercosis was observed in pigs (0.22%). For both fasciolosis and cysticercosis, the highest number of condemnation was observed during the dry season. Total economic losses due to fasciolosis stemming from seizure of liver and carcass weight loss were estimated at XOF 142 068 284 ($258,423) while losses related to cysticercosis-infected organs and carcasses was estimated at XOF 6 286 000 ($11,434 USD). This study highlights the impact of these diseases in Burkina Faso and proves that the country’s population is facing riks of contamination. © 2018 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Public heath, cysticercosis, meat, swine, cattle, Burkina Faso INTRODUCTION health services is inadequate (Schelling et al., Zoonosis diseases represent around 2007). Transmission of pathogens from 61% of all known human infectious diseases livestock to humans can occur through the (Desta, 2016). They have a significant impact consumption of contaminated meat or milk on public health, animal health and high (Vikou et al., 2018; Millogo et al., 2018) or economic significance in African countries. through direct or indirect contact as These diseases affect poor and marginalized mentioned by Taylor et al., (2001). Many people in developing countries who live in kinds of pathogens such as virus, bacteria, close contact with animals, often in unsanitary fungi or parasite can cause zoonosis. Abattoirs conditions and in areas where coverage of play an important role in the surveillance of © 2018 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. 6075-IJBCS DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v12i5.23 L. D. DAHOUROU et al. / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 12(5): 2226-2235, 2018 zoonotic diseases in African countries by is fully-fledged meat production industry for interdicting infected meat from human. In the local market and for neighbouring fact, parasitic zoonosis can be diagnosed in countries such as Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana animals at the Abattoirs. Zoonosis like (Burkina Faso / MRAH, 2007). fasciolosis and cysticercosis are the main zoonotic parasitic diseases found in Abattoirs Post-mortem detection of parasitic diseases and responsible for carcass and organ seizure Systematic meat inspection is carried (Elmonir et al., 2015). Consequently, these out by a veterinarian. The diagnosis of carcass diseases cause significant losses in animal and offal lesions was made by visual production (Addis, 2017). Abattoir meat inspection, palpation or, as appropriate, inspection can therefore be used to monitor incision of suspected cases according to Food the status of these diseases in animals (Mellau and Agriculture Organization (FAO) meat et al., 2010). In addition, it plays an important inspection standards (Burkina Faso / MRAH, role in helping to prevent various diseases 2012). Depending on the severity of the risk to transmittable to humans through meats unfit consumers or because of repugnance, for human consumption (Alton et al., 2010). carcasses or offal with parasitic lesions are Several studies have revealed the existence of condemned and recorded according to the parasitic zoonosis in humans in Africa reason for condemnation. (Nossair and Abdella, 2014). In developing countries like Burkina Study design Faso, where animal production is an important Data was gathered through a segment of the agro-pastoral economy, it is retrospective study. We tapped into necessary to continue monitoring the status of information from the electronic database of parasitic zoonosis to determine their official meat inspection records in the prevalence and economic impacts. This Ouagadougou abattoir. Such information was monitoring can help to devise and prioritize related to the total number of animals diseases control strategies that a country can slaughtered by species, the number of organs implement to protect public and animal health. or carcasses seized and the reasons for these However, data on the prevalence of parasitic seizures during the period between January zoonosis transmitted through meat and 2007 and December 2013. From this database, economic losses associated with them is very we selected data based on the total monthly poor in Burkina Faso, mainly from abattoir. and annual number of pigs and cattle This research seeks to address this data slaughtered, the number of organs and shortage. Its objective was to evaluate the carcasses seized and the reasons for the prevalence and economic losses due to the seizure. These data were used to calculate the main parasitic zoonosis found in prevalence and economic losses. Ouagadougou abattoir in Burkina Faso. Calculation of the overall prevalence of MATERIALS AND METHODS parasitic diseases studied Study area The prevalence was calculated Our study was conducted in according to Thrusfield (2007). So, the overall Ouagadougou, the capital-city of Burkina prevalence of different parasites studied was Faso. Ouagadougou is home to some 2.2 estimated by dividing the total number of million inhabitants and is located at 12 ° 21'56 animals infected for each parasite (animals "N and 1 ° 32'01" W and is the administrative, with organs or carcasses condemned) during cultural and economic hub of the country. the study period by the total number of More specifically, the study was conducted at animals slaughtered during the same period the refrigerated abattoir of Ouagadougou and then multiplied by 100. located at the North of the town. This abattoir 2227 L. D. DAHOUROU et al. / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 12(5): 2226-2235, 2018 Estimated economic losses associated with synthesized and shown in tables and graphics the diseases studied using Excel. Direct losses due to carcass / organ condemnation RESULTS Direct losses were calculated using a Prevalence modified version of the formula of Elmonir et A total of 446,500 cattle and 62,311 al. (2015). They used the formula EL = NA * pigs were slaughtered and examined during PM * CM with (EL: economic losses, NA: this study period as shown in Table 1. The number of animals slaughtered; PM: prevalence of fasciolosis among cattle, goats prevalence of the pathology; CM: average and sheep at Ouagadougou slaughterhouse cost). By modifying this basic formula, the during the 7-years of the study period was following equation was used for the losses 0.41%. Cattle turn to be more infested with calculation. flukes with an overall prevalence of 0.82% (Table 1). EL = Estimated economic loss during A total of 508 811 animals (cattle and study period; NC = Number of carcasses or pigs) were slaughtered and examined during organs condemned during the study period; this study period as shown in Table 2. The AC = Average cost of organ or carcass at prevalence of bovine and porcine cysticercosis Ouagadougou slaughterhouse market in at Ouagadougou slaughterhouse during the August 2017. To obtain carcass prices, we study period was 0.17%. Porcine cysticercosis interviewed five different butchers at the was most prevalent (0.22%) than bovine Ouagadougou slaughterhouse. On the other cysticercosis (Table 2). hand, the retail price of the various organs was obtained by interviewing five retail butchers Seasonal and annual variation of the in the market of Bendogo. We obtained the number of condemned carcass or organs average cost by calculating the average of the During the study period, the number of five prices obtained. carcass or organs condemned because of Economic losses due to weight loss of parasitic zoonosis was higher during the dry carcasses associated with fasciolosis season. For bovine cysticercosis, the most These losses were calculated according important organ condemnation was noticed to Swai and Ulicky’s (2009) method with 10% during dry season of 2012 (Figure 1). For carcass weight loss due to fasciolosis in porcine cysticercosis, the peak carcass infected animals. As a result, the final condemnation was
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