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THE LANGUAGE STYLE OF Dr. ’S SPEECH (A PRAGMASTYLISTIC STUDY OF SPEECH ACTS)

Lailatul Fitriyah Universitas Negeri Surabaya [email protected]

Abstract: People are created to be a social human being, and communication becomes a very crucial thing for humans’ lives to continously share their ideas and speaks up their mind to each other. The act of communication that becomes one of the aspects of communication in pragmastylistic field is defined for speech act. This study explores the style performed by Dr Zakir Naik in his stage of speech and his intended communicative effect to his audience. By doing this research, the writer intends to find out 1) what style of speech act is used in Dr. Zakir Naik’s speeches and and 2) how the context influences the choice of speech acts in Dr. Zakir Naik’s speeches. The method used in this study is qualitative research method. The theory used in this study is Searle’s speech acts theory (1979). The researcher observes a video of Zakir Naik’s speech from . This research reveals that the style of speech which Dr Zakir Naik dominantly used while he explains, informs and emphasizes the content of his speech to the audiences is illucotionary acts. There are several kinds of illucotionary acts such as: Assertive, Directive, Commissive, Expressive, and Declarative. However, assertive and directive are chosen as his favorite rethoric in his speeches. Further research is expected to invistigate the critical discourse analysis on Dr. Zakir Naik’s speeches in order to determine the social politic value and to analyse the specific structure of his speech more deeply. Keywords: Style of Speech, Speech acts, Illucotionary Acts, Pragmastylistic, Linguistic.

Abstrak: Manusia diciptakan untuk menjadi manusia sosial, dan komunikasi menjadi hal yang sangat penting bagi kehidupan manusia untuk senantiasa berbagi ide dan mengutarakan pendapatnya satu sama lain. Tindak komunikasi yang menjadi salah satu aspek komunikasi dalam bidang pragmastilistik diartikan sebagai tindak tutur. Studi ini mengeksplorasi gaya yang dibawakan oleh Dr Zakir Naik dalam tahap pidatonya dan efek komunikatif yang diinginkannya kepada para pendengarnya. Dengan melakukan penelitian ini, penulis bermaksud untuk mengetahui 1) gaya tindak tutur yang digunakan dalam ceramah Dr. Zakir Naik dan 2) bagaimana konteks mempengaruhi pilihan tindak tutur dalam ceramah Dr. Zakir Naik. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori tindak tutur Searle (1979). Peneliti mengamati video pidato Zakir Naik dari youtube. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa gaya bicara dominan yang digunakan oleh Dr. Zakir Naik saat menjelaskan, menginformasikan dan menekankan isi pidatonya kepada khalayak adalah tindak ilokusi. Ada beberapa macam tindak ilokusi seperti: Assertive, Directive, Commissive, Expressive, dan Declarative. Namun, assertive dan directive dipilih sebagai rethoric favorit dalam pidatonya. Penelitian lebih lanjut diharapkan dapat menginvestigasi analisis wacana kritis pidato Dr.Zakir Naik untuk mengetahui nilai sosial politik dan menganalisis struktur spesifik pidatonya lebih dalam. Kata Kunci : Gaya Pidato, Tindak Tutur, Tindak Ilokusi, Pragmastilistik, Linguistik

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Introduction between the surface form of an utterance In daily life language has a (the semantic meaning) and its strenght as a communication media for underlying purpose is not always human beings. The components of straightforward, for example: “can you informant in communication are the pass the salt?”, this sentence is slightly speaker and the audience. Their known as an introgrative sentence and communication will literally reach the express a question. The speaker goal, if both of them can understand purpose in asking question is usually about what they are talking each other. for getting the answer, but in this case The need of human beings as social the speaker does not need the answer creatures is an interaction to their social instead giving a request to pass the salt. life with a person, people or even in The exploration of speech acts community. Sometime we may meet use in a speech is “an investigation into the opportunity when we suddenly get the communicative force or power that involved in the conversation in our is used to accomplish varying ends or daily lives, we get to transmit ideas or goals in different circumstances” material, while the others are receiving (Searle, 1969). “Such investigation is and reacting into it. This situation important to the understanding of the happens because of people as social intentions of the communicator with human being need to liaise and unite reference to his or her linguistic choices the gist of the willing and intention in and the context within which the order they are be able to comprehend communication is taking place” each other and practically (Medhurst, 2010). Communicative communication is needed by human functions can be use in determining the being as social action . Nowadays, the goals of a given speech, it also can terms like “how to avoid be used in exhibiting the kinds of speech misunderstanding of communication‟ acts performed since the verbal actions by constructing good communication accomplished with utterances are through communication of „feelings‟, constitued by speech acts itself. „moods‟, and „attitudes are needed by Navyantika (2014) investigated people as well as factual information Illocutionary Acts Used by Mr. Henry which cannot be separated with it”. Higgins on George Bernard Shaw‟s Regarding „good communication‟, Pygmalion. In her qualitative type of people have to investigate the social reearch, she intends to find out the norms rules or regulation. Again, illocutionary acts used by Mr. Henry Akhirbash (2016) in the International Higgins in the Pygmalion drama. Her Journal of English and Education also study used the illucotionary acts theory stated that “gives priority of the by Searle (1976). As she concluded in „speaker‟s intention‟ or. „Illocution‟ her study that “llocutionary acts could is significantly work rather than only not be done without considering the focusing on the meaning”. That‟s why aspect of the speech situation”, she in conversation or speech, the speakers demanded to analyze speech context as need to determine the style of their the one aspect of it. She also said that talking to persuade the audience. “the context describes the situation The successful communication where the illocutionary act of utterance requires the motives understanding happens”. She found that Mr. Henry behind utterances, as it is very crucial Higgins mostly use directive for it. However, the relationship illucotionary acts rather than other type

Discovery Vol. 6 No. 1 Maret 2021 | Halaman 46 of it, she also found that Mr. Henry believes that there are relationships Higgins use declarative illucotionary between rhetoric and pragmatics. As acts a few times and Mr. Henry Higgins speaker meaning is studied in pragmatic once use indirect illucotionary acts in for achieving a goal, contextual his utterance when he has conversation meaning, and invisible meaning, an with other characters. There is a orator in using words and symbols is similarity and a difference as well used in rhetoric to achieve a goal. between the previous study of Alkhirbash (2016) stated that “ancient Navyantika and the present study, discipline of rhetoric and the new both of the study use the same theory of discipline of pragmatics distribute a Searle‟s illocutionary acts while the certain representative of difference is the research object, “intentionality” of the speaker”. setting, and event. The above explanation made the In this research, the researcher researcher specifically crafted the uses Dr. Zakir Naik‟s speech as the following research questions: object. Dr. Zakir Naik is an Indian 1) What style of speech act used in Dr. Islamic preacher and he was born in Zakir Naik‟s speeches? (18 October 1965). Zakir 2) How does the context influence the Abdul Karim Naik was known as choice of speech acts in Dr. Zakir Bachelor of Medicine, exactly in Naik‟s speeches ? Surgery. In 1991, he started his The researcher hopes that this „‟ (proselytizing or preaching of research will be able to give some ), and in that year, he founded IRF contributions to the readers for better (Islamic Research Foundation). IRF understanding about the illocutionary is a non-profit organization for making acts in rhetoric or in speech. charitable trust and promoting Islam. Naik admitted on July 2006 in Arab Speech Acts News about “Spreading God‟s Word Is There are 2 great philosophers His Mission” because he was inspired who gave many contributions to the by (Ahmed Hoosen speech act theory, they are John Deedat) who was a „South African Langshaw Austin and John R. Searle writer‟ and „public speaker‟ of Indian are. The concept of speech acts was descent, Ahmed Deedat is also a firstly proposed by J. L. Austin (1962) Muslim whom Naik met in in his book „How to Do Things with 1987. The reason why the researcher Words‟ that has further development, chooses Naik‟s speech is because he has he devides three acts in single speech stolen the world‟s attention in his act or an event; they are Locutionary debates event and lectures. He has been act, Illocutionary act, and labeled as a “controversial Indian Perlocutionary act. John R. Searle then Islamic preacher Even in his country, further developed and classified , and he has been accused by the Austin‟s theory. “Speech acts are government for triggering disaffection “group of utterances” in a single among other and inciting youth communicational function” according through his speeches (BBC News, to Searle‟s statement on his book 2016). However, the researcher „Expression and Meaning „(1979), she assumes that the power of media gives argues that “the taxonomy used by J. L. accusation to Zakir Naik. Austin is imperfect, especially that Despite of that, the researcher theory of Austin is lack of clear criteria

Discovery Vol. 6 No. 1 Maret 2021 | Halaman 47 for distinguishing one kind of as affirming, stating, and illocutionary force from another”. concluding. Examples: Then, there are five types of speech  When affirming: “We have no act exactly on the illocutionary act doubt to do this because we are proposed by Searle (1979); they are experienced since 20 years Assertive (or Representative), ago”; “Yes means yes, no Directive, Commissive, Expressive, and means no”. Declarative (Declarations).  When stating: “The earth is flat” or “the sun is rising from a) Speech Act Theory by Searl east”. Searle provided Speech Acts, as a  When reporting: “The further developing from Austin‟s incident happened on 2nd theories, exactly on Illocutionary Act December, while …”; “You into five categories; they are just ask the question when you Assertive (or Representative), need to know about…” Directive, Commissive, Expressive,  When concluding: “In a brief, I and Declarative (Declarations). (See would say that …”; “In short Searle, 1979, Yule, 1996, Alkirbash, …”; “So, the fast food is not 2016. See also Milal, 2014). Here, good for your health”. five categories of illocutionary acts 2) Directives advanced by Searle: As Searle stated about directives, 1) Assertives there are type of speech acts Searle states that assertives (or which the speaker tries to order Representatives) are those kinds of the hearer/ listener doing speech acts which the speaker something; like ordering, asserts a proposition to be true; commanding, requesting, like stating, asserting, reporting, instructing, suggesting and denying, and concluding (See also challenging. Directives use verbs Alkhirbash 2016) In assertive such as command, request, beg, category, the speaker also invite, suggest, ask, and describes a state of affairs challenge. Examples: (general situation and  When instructing: “Speak circumstance connected with aloud, brother!”; “Can you someone or something) or an mention your name, please!” event. Assertives use verbs such  When suggesting: “I suggest as affirm, state, and conclude. you do this”; “Would you Searle a that assertive (or stand up” or “Would you representation) is the type of speak aloud!”, “I think you speech act that is true according to should …”; “Why don‟t you”. the speaker; as stating, reporting, 3) Commissives asserting, denying, and According to Searle, commissives concluding (See also Alkhirbash are type illocutionary acts carried 2016, p. 91). In a strict category, out by the speaker to take action the speaker also describes a in the future; such as promising, situation (general situation and swearing, guaranteeing, circumstances related to someone threatening, and offering. or something) or it also can be an Commissives use verbs such as events. Assertive uses verbs such guarantees, promises, swear,

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warrant, promises, vows, and yacht, Triangle” undertake. Examples:  Appointing: “I appoint you as  When promising: “I promise my advisor” (superior talk to you will be in a safe condition if his subordinate). you…”  Announcing: “You are fired!”;  When guaranteeing: “If you “I sentence you 8 months in join that course, you will get prison”; “You are the second some benefit for your insight” greatest lord!”. 4) Expressives b) Rhetoric An Illocutionary points in the According to Merriam Webster's expressive category are “the Dictionary, rhetoric is “the art of speaker expressing his feelings” speaking or writing effectively”. (Yule, 1996) or “expressing a Rhetoric is “the study of the certain attitudes” (Searle, 1979); principles and rules of composition “such as greetings, praise, formulated by critics in ancient congratulations, thanks and leave” times and or the study of writing or (See also Alkirbash, 2016). speaking as a means of Expressive uses verbs such as communication or persuasion”. respect, congratulate, apologize, Furthermore, the definition of thank you, hate, and also rhetoric, that rhetoric is “the art and regretExamples: skill of speaking or writing formally  Greetings: “Hi, how have you and effectively, especially as a way to been!”; “Good evening, persuade or influence people”. everyone!” Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle  Congratulating: “ stated in his book 'Rhetoric' in Congratulation for passing the Roberts' (2008) Art of Rhetoric, that test”; “Happy “rhetoric can be defined as the ability birthday, brother!” to observe in certain situations the ways of persuasion available” (See  Complimenting: “Good job”; also Aristotle, 350 BC, Book I Part “Good idea”; “What a 2). beautiful dress of you, sister”.

 Regretting: “I am so sorry for Illucotionary Acts In Dr. Zakir Naik it” Speech  Leave-taking: “Thank you for Illucotionary acts become the your attention” style of Dr. Zakir Naik Speech, and he 5) Declarative choses assertive and directive as his As Searle stated about favorite rethoric in his speeches, and declarations. Declarations change sometimes he also use expressive. the status or external conditions, Below are the explanations of or change the circumstances and investigatin in illucotionary acts used in take action by uttering speech; Dr. Zakir Naik speech. However the such as naming, designation, and researcher will only discuss 15 announcements. Declaratives use utterances from Dr. Zakir Naik Speech. verbs like names, sentences, and Utterance 1 announce. Example: "Can we hear non-Muslim question?  Naming: “… then, let us call Non- Muslim sister who like to ask the this plan A”; “I name this question?" Directive: Asking the

Discovery Vol. 6 No. 1 Maret 2021 | Halaman 49 audience by invite them to ask the Dr. Zakir Naik as the speaker question. tries to build trust and credibility from Utterance 2 the utterance above in the three "Yes sister, most welcome!" sentences. The speaker states in these Directive: Asking the interlocutor to three sentences and concludes in each ask the question. sentence. First, in the sentence “If you Utterance 3 believe Moses Peace be upon Him and "Masha Allah, sister that is very you believe the God of Jews, only. good question." Then, you don't have to believe Jesus Expressive: Touching interlocutor's and Prophet Peace be upon emotion by giving a compliment and an Him”. Second, in the sentence: “So, you appreciation. will not be fulfilling everyone. If you Utterance 4 believe Jesus Christ Peace be upon Him "She said that she believes in one God. and God of his, and if you are Christian. The God of Prophet Ibrahim, and Then you have to believe only Jesus which Prophet would she chooses; Christ Peace be upon Him you don't because the God of Ibrahim is the God have to believe in Prophet Muhammad of everyone. God of Moses is God of Peace be upon Him”. Third, he Jews. The God of Jesus Christ Peace concludes in the sentence: “But if you be upon Him is the God of Christian, believe Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu and the God of Muhammad is the God Alaihi Wassalam and you become a of Muslim“. Muslim, you will have to a hundred Assertive (Reporting and concluding): percent believe in all the Prophet, He reports the interlocutor's beliefs by Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and saying “She said that...”. Muhammad Peace be upon Them All”. Utterance 5 Utterance 7 "Correct sister, is that you "Sister, will you respect all the believe?" Directive : Asking and Prophet or not?" giving emotion. Directive : Asking and also challenging. Utterance 6 Utterance 8 “If you believe Moses Peace be upon "So, the only where you can respect all Him and you believe the God of Jews, the Prophet is by accepting Islam." only. Then, you don't have to believe Assertive (concluding and claiming). Jesus and Prophet Muhammad Peace He concludes by theword "So, ..." and be upon Him. So, you will not be claiming by the phrase "... by fulfilling everyone. If you believe Jesus accepting Islam". Christ Peace be upon Him and God of Utterance 9 hi s, and if you are Christian. Then you "Islam means submitting will to have to believe only Jesus Christ Peace Almighty God; and the Qur'an says in be upon Him you don't have to believe Surah Imran [3]: 67 "Ibrahim was not a in Prophet Muhammad Peace be upon Jew or Christian, he was a Moslem. Him. But if you believe Prophet Moslem means submitting your your Muhammad Sallallahu Alaihi will to god. It mentions in Surah Imran Wassalam and you become a Muslim, [3]: 52, that " Isa Alaihi Wassalam, you will have to a hundred percent Jesus Christ Peace be upon Him was a believe in all the Prophet, Abraham, Moslem." Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad Peace be Assertive: He clearly asserts firmly by upon Them All.” providing the facts in the Qur'an's

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Chapters and Verses. Uttterance 13 Utterance 10 "Correct?" "Hope the answer your question, sister." Directive: He gives a simple question Expressive : He gives leave-taking to Interlocutor, is she agree with that and involves interlocutor's emotion by statement or not, (although saying "sister". theillocution may tended to make sure Utterance 11 that theInterlocutor had clearly "Very good question." understood). Expressive: He appreciates the quality Utterance 14 of interlocutor's question. "Because Jesus Christ never Utterance 12 teach , sister. The word “Because if you only believe in god, ‘Christianity’ does not exist everywhere there are various explanations of God. in the Bible." Assertive: He claims that Explanation given by Jew will Jesus Christ never teach Christianity different, explanation by Christian will and then asserts that The word different, explanation by Hindu will ‘Christianitydoes not exist everywhere different. The explanation given by in the Bible”. Prophet Muhammad Peace be upon Utterance 15 Him is the last and final revelation and "And you can hear my video cassettes; he has been provided in all the but once you convinced don‟t delay. Scriptures. He has been provided in the We don‟t know how long wee will scripture of the Jews, he has been live." provide in the scripture of the Directive: He suggests the interlocutor Christians, he has been provide in the to hear his video cassettes and suggests scripture of the , and all the if she is being convinced don't delay (to scriptures says that the last Messenger accept Islam). He reminds the to come is Prophet Muhammad Peace interlocutor by saying "If you‟re be upon Him.” “So, by believing in convinced don‟t delay. Prophet Muhammad Peace be upon From the explanation of the Him, you are believing in utterances above, we can assume the other religion also; that the last and influence of illucotionary acts used final Messenger Is Prophet Muhammad by Dr Zakir Naik in his speech. Dr Peace be upon Him. It‟s like a venn Zakir Naik used assertive acts to diagram. The way Prophet Muhammad ultimately inspire sense of deciding the Peace be upon Him explain Allah is believe. With his expressive acts, Dr clear, God. Like go to Bible the clear Zakir Naik intend to show gratitude God is one, but Christians believe in and express optimism on his believe trinity." based on his knowledge. While Dr Assertive : He answers and gives Zakir Naik‟s performance of directive statement that only Prophet Muhammad acts is intended for soliciting public explains the God clearly by giving cooperation and responsibility. some support that "explanation given by Jew will different, explanation by Conclusion Hindu will different,will explanation by Directive are dominantly used Christian will different, then he gives in Dr Zakir Naik‟s performance, there supporting details also. are more directive acts than any other acts. Directives alone represent approximately 38.23% of the total

Discovery Vol. 6 No. 1 Maret 2021 | Halaman 51 number of 13 acts; the rest are 26,47% students, wether it can be approved or Assertive of the total number of 9 acts, not helping teacher, whether it has bad 35,29% other 3 types of illocutionary impact or good impact, whether it has by the total number of 12 acts. positive motivation or negative Therefore, in conclusion, the speech motivation, and whether it has success acts analysis carried out on Dr Zakir or unsuccessful in English language Naik‟s performance has made it more teaching learning activities. apparent the preponderance of From the interview section and Directive illocutionary acts in Dr Zakir the explanation above, we may Naik speeches. That is to say that the conclude that the use of alternative data indicates that Dr Zakir Naik has a assessment has a good impact to the greater tendency to use more directive both teachers and students, it also gets acts mainly to put into his speeches. the good response from the students Thus, the rationale behind the because alternative assessment is also dominant use of directive acts in Dr referred as performance test or Zakir Naik speeches. Primarily,he use innovative assessment that are used to is to simply describe to their audience determine what students can and about the believe prespectives and, cannot do, in contrast to what they secondarily, it is to inspire confidence know or do not know. Authentic or for his audience in the believe they had alternative assessment meaning an considered. alternative to standard test and exam, The use of assertive acts comes provide a true process of a test. In other second. It is employed to inspire the words, an alternative assessment audience to consider their belief by measures applied proficiency more explaining the right rules that is stated than it measures the knowledge. in each holy book. The least frequently used are expressive act. To convey his References emotions that represent his appreciation Alkhirbash, A. (2016). Speech Acts as and gratitude for the audience. Persuasive Devices in To conduct this study, the Selected Speeches of researcher also considered few other Dr. Mahathir thing grammarily. (Israel Peace & Mohammed. International Botchwey, 2017) argues about his Journal of English and research “These illocutionary speech Education, 5(2), 81-103. acts are with felicity conditions that Aristotle. (2008). The Art of Rhetoric are influenced by both the grammatical (W.Rhys Roberts, Trans). elements like the subject, mood and (Original work on 350 BCE). time of the VP and the social context, Retrieved on including the occasion during which 16th March 2020 the speeches were made, the from personality of the speaker and the www.wendelberger.com/downlo social status of as well as power ads/ Aristotle_Rhetoric.pdf relation between the interlocutors”. BBC News (2016). The Influence of The reasons why the writer Controversial Preacher Zakir conducts this research is to know the Naik. Retrieved on 28th March issues of alternative assessment, the 2020 from process of doing it, the problem https://www.bbc.com/news/worl teacher get when they are assessing the d- asia-india-38259592

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Israel Peace. C. & Botchwey .E. (2017) Language and politics:A study of presidential speeches of selected Ghanaian leaders, WORD, 63:1, 1-61, DOI:10.1080/00437956.2016. 127535 8. Medhurst, M. J.2010. Seminar in presidential rhetoric. Retrieved on 1 April 2020 from http://www.baylor.edu/content /…/14 7158.pdf. Merriam Webster Dictionary est. 1828. (2019). Rhetoric. Retrieved on 17th April 2020 from https://www.merriamwebster.c om/di ctionary/frequency?src=search -dict- hed Milal, A. D. (2014). English Pragmatics: Students‟ Handbook. Surabaya: IAIN Sunan Ampel Press. Searle, J. R. (1979). Expression and Meaning. New York: Cambridge University Press. Yotube. Anastasya Ingin Tahu NABI MANA YANG HARUS DIIKUTINYA - DR. ZAKIR NAIK. Retrieved on 15th April 2020 from https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=f somL5VtDgE Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press. Zakir Naik. Retrieved on 2nd April 2020 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z akir_ Naik.