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A Semiotic Approach to Russian Military Map Symbology

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A Semiotic Approach to Russian Military Map Symbology A SEMIOTIC APPROACH TO RUSSIAN MILITARY MAP SYMBOLOGY AND TERMS A DISSERTATION IN Geosciences and Social Sciences Consortium Presented to the Faculty of the University of Missouri-Kansas City in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by CHARLES KELLY BARTLES B.A., University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2000 M.A., University of Kansas, 2004 Kansas City, Missouri 2021 i © 2021 CHARLES KELLY BARTLES ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii A SEMIOTIC APPROACH TO RUSSIAN MILITARY MAP SYMBOLOGY AND TERMS Charles Kelly Bartles, Candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2021 ABSTRACT Modern Russian military maps may comprise any combination of over 1,000 map symbols and 3,000 Russian terms. These symbols and terms identify tangible aspects such as locations, unit/equipment type, numbers, etc., but some symbols, and groupings of symbols, can also denote more subjective aspects such as movement over time, types of maneuvers, relationship to the surrounding environment and other activities or conditions. Due to very different military organizational systems, doctrinal semantic stylization, and broader cultural tendencies, those unfamiliar with Russian maps can misinterpret the intended meaning of these symbols and terms. Attempting to accurately interpret and organize Russian map symbology and terms raise questions about cognition and the basic processes of how humans interpret information. A potential pathway to answering these questions is through the application of semiotics— the study of signs and the process through which they produce meaning. This study has leveraged the works of the pioneering theorists of semiotics, Charles Sanders Peirce and Ferdinand de Saussure, and their successors in the relatively new field of cartosemiotics—the use of semiotic methodologies to create, understand and apply cartographic representations. iii Specifically, cartosemiotics facilitates the understanding of map symbolism; the type of sign systems that are found in maps; the processes through which humans understand cartographic signs; and the context in which cartographic sign systems and sign processes are embedded. This study demonstrates a semiotic-based system for describing Russian military map symbols, associated terms, which are often expressed in the form of an acronym, and how they depict activities in time and space, which can be easily understood and queried by a person unfamiliar with the Russian language and military symbology through the application of appropriate categorization and a relational database. In particular, this system proffers a cartosemiotic approach that captures the meaning of these symbols, as was intended by the Russian map makers who created them. This study finds that a semiotic approach is not only effective for organizing Russian military map symbology and terms but that the process of categorization and organization of these symbols and terms can reveal otherwise hidden knowledge about the phenomena that they represent. iv APPROVAL PAGE The faculty listed below, appointed by the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies, have examined a dissertation titled “A Semiotic Approach to Russian Military Map Symbology and Terms,” presented by Charles Kelly Bartles, candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree and hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. Supervisory Committee Jejung Lee, Ph.D. Committee Chair Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Douglas Bowles, Ph.D. Social Science Consortium Wei Ji, Ph.D. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Fengpeng Sun, Ph.D. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Sookhee Oh, Ph.D. Department of Sociology Lester Grau, Ph.D. Outside Reader Foreign Military Studies Office v CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................................................................... xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................ xiv Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................1 Background .......................................................................................................3 Early History .........................................................................................3 Peter the Great .......................................................................................5 Soviet History ........................................................................................9 Topographic Maps and Russian Military Symbols and Terms ...........12 Purpose and Scope of Research ......................................................................17 Research Question and Objectives ..................................................................18 Overview of Research .....................................................................................20 Communication and Understanding ....................................................20 Categorization .....................................................................................22 Data Storage and Retrieval ..................................................................24 Significance of the Study ................................................................................24 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................277 What is Semiotics? ..........................................................................................28 Ferdinand de Saussure- sign as signifier and signified ...................................29 Charles Sanders Peirce- sign as signifier, signified, and object ....................333 vi Classifications of Peirce’s Triadic System ..........................................36 Peirce and Cartography ...................................................................................39 Semiotics and Cartography .............................................................................42 Cherry-Picking Saussure and Peirce ...............................................................46 Critical Cartography ........................................................................................48 Relevance of Critical Cartography ......................................................48 The Critical Cartographers ..................................................................49 Fellow Travelers ..................................................................................52 3. METHODS ....................................................................................................................56 Communication and Understanding Methodology .........................................57 Charles W. Morris ...............................................................................57 Cartographic Communication .............................................................60 Application of Communication and Understanding Methodology .....64 Categorization Methodology ...........................................................................66 Categorization or Classification? ........................................................66 Taxonomy or Typology? .....................................................................70 Typology as Scholarly Theory ............................................................72 Application of Categorization Methodology ......................................74 Database Methodology ....................................................................................76 Data Acquisition ..............................................................................................79 vii 4. RESULTS ......................................................................................................................87 Structure of the Russian Military ....................................................................87 The Russian Armed Forces .................................................................88 Ground Forces .........................................................................91 Aerospace Forces ....................................................................93 Navy ........................................................................................94 Strategic Rocket Forces ...........................................................96 Airborne Troops ......................................................................97 Application of Russian Structure to Study Categories ........................97 Fundamentals ................................................................................................100 Commander’s Working Map .............................................................100 Positioning .........................................................................................103 Colors ................................................................................................103 Basic Symbol Types ......................................................................................106 Units and Headquarters .................................................................10606 Flag and Staff-Type Symbols ..............................................1066 Staff-Type Symbols Combined with Equipment Symbols ...108 Task Organized Units ............................................................109
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