E M P I R E B I B L I O G R A P H Y

I. Key Texts {annotated} 2 II. The American Empire Debate 5 Leadership, Hegemony, or Imperium? Ascending or Declining? Rivals to American Empire? III. Unilateralism vs. Multilateralism 9 Unilateralism Multilateralism IV. Globalization and Governance 12 The US, The UN, and International Institutions Globalization and Nation-States Economics of Empire V. US Foreign Policy 19 Strategic Visions US Military as Arm of Empire Terrorism and the New Wars VI. Democracy and Empire 25 Goals and Strategy Media, Public Opinion and Culture VII. History of Empire 29 The American Experience Lessons of British Empire Theory and Practice of Empire VIII. Classic Texts 33 IX. Key Speeches 34

Page 1 of 35 I. Key Texts Return to contents page

Bacevich, Andrew J. The Imperial Tense: Prospects and Problems of American Empire (Ivan R. Dee, 2003). Bacevich presents a collection of twenty essays by authors ranging from supporters of American Empire, such as Charles Krauthammer, who praises the “unipolar era,” to John Millbank, who calls on the West "to abandon our global idolatrous worship of sacralized absolute sovereignty, and [of] the formally neutral market". Although the collection includes some extreme views from both the right and left, overall the book markets itself as moderately in favor of America’s increasing global power. Barber, Benjamin. Fear’s Empire: War, Terrorism, and Democracy (Norton, 2003). The naïve “idealists” today are those who think terrorism can be fought through hegemonic wars on rogue states, argues Barber. By contrast, those who argue for a multilateral and cooperative approach, in a continuously interdependent world, are the “realists.” The current administration’s strategy of “preventive democracy” is naively idealistic in this way. Democracy imposed from the outside generally leads to anarchy, and requires a much longer process than that anticipated by the United States. Moreover, the notion of a liberal empire is a contradiction in terms: Empires disregard the international institutions that liberalism formally supports. Empires also adopt a politics of fear and preemptive strikes. The Bush administration engages the rest of the world not tolerantly (as liberalism requires) but as an Empire – on America’s own insensitive terms. Callinicos, Alex. New Mandarins of American Power: The Bush Administration’s Plans for the World (Polity Press, 2004). A Professor of Politics at the University of York, this leading British thinker offers a trenchant analysis of the Anglo-American conquest of Iraq and the politics behind it. The arguments of George Bush’s neoconservative advisors are dissected and interpreted as thinly veiled justifications for protecting American political and economic interests in the Middle East. Moreover, Callinicos argues the Iraq adventure has done little to combat terrorism. We need a better “understanding of the strange and frightening world that is taking shape” and neoconservative agenda must be resolutely resisted. Cavanagh, John, et al, eds. Alternatives to Economic Globalization: A Better World Is Possible, Alternatives Task Force of the International Forum on Globalization drafting committee (San Francisco: Berret-Koehler, 2002). This text has been described as “the defining document of the antiglobalization movement.” The authors analyze everything from agriculture to international financial institutions as they develop practical economic alternatives favorable to human and democratic flourishing. Chomsky, Noam. Hegemony or Survival: America’s Quest for Global Dominance (The American Empire Project) (Henry Holt & Company, 2003). According to America’s most famous left-wing intellectual, U.S. foreign policy in the post World War II era has displayed all the hallmarks of terrorism. Chomsky calls America’s reaction to September 11 a continuation of its imperial foreign policy, which the World Court in 1986 described as “unlawful use of force” against Nicaragua – “international terrorism, in lay terms,” according to the author. He supports his arguments with documentation and examples of an American course of action propelled by a dominant elite, of which President Bush is the most powerful representative. For Chomsky, America is no longer governed by public opinion but by a handful of interest groups. Clarke, Richard. Against All Enemies: Inside America’s War on Terror (The Free Press, 2004). Clarke, a security advisor who served in the Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Clinton, and George W. Bush administrations, heavily criticizes each President’s approach towards terrorism. Having recently left his position as the White House terrorism czar, he attacks the current administration for its weak reaction to the Al-Qaeda threat before and after 9/11. He claims that his calls for security to be prioritized were met with apathy and delay in the early months of the administration. Moreover, in the months after September 11, Donald Rumsfeld, Paul Wolfowitz, and Vice-Cheney swiftly turned their attention to Iraq, a nation not proven to have been involved in the attacks, drawing the focus away from defeating Al-Qaeda. Clarke’s book and testimony before the 9/11 Commission has generated a slew of reactions from senior officials and from the public.

Page 2 of 35 Daalder, Ivo H. and James M. Lindsay. America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy (Brookings Institution Press, 2003). Former Clinton National Security Council staffers, Daalder and Lindsay recognize in President Bush a leader who follows his own vision. They also insist that he is not a puppet in the hands of his advisors. Rather, he has adopted revolutionary tactics in his foreign policy, in which he sincerely believes. Despite this, and despite being avid realists, the authors prefer a more multilateral approach for the administration. The president's "worldview," they note, "simply made no allowance for others doubting the purity of American motives." If, however, America's great power can be used in a way that is perceived as legitimate, then the administration will find it easier to achieve its foreign policy goals. Ferguson, Niall. Colossus: The Price of America’s Empire (New York: Penguin Press, 2004). What is unique about American imperialism is that it has been practiced in the name of anti-imperialism. The United States is an Empire in denial, argues the author, and he encourages policy makers to embrace the role and raison d’etre of empire. Ferguson compares America to the British and Roman Empires, arguing that America’s influence is necessary in unruly parts of the world. If America accepts its imperial character, then it will be able to practice long-term development projects and meet its global responsibilities. Instead, the United States is now an empire with attention deficit disorder that tries to implement change within unrealistic time frames. Frum, David and Richard Perle. An End to Evil: How to Win the War on Terror (Random House, 2003). From a former Bush speechwriter who invented the phrase “axis of evil,” David Frum, and a former chairman of the Defense Policy Board, Richard Perle, comes a neo-conservative manifesto that maps America’s potential reactions to the terrorist threat. “An End to Evil” argues for stronger domestic security, a more daring foreign policy, and “a new boldness in the advocacy of American ideals.” The authors support a more alert and “self-policed” America, a firm pro-Israel position, and a wariness of China as a growing countervailing power. The authors are in favor of the administration’s preemptive stance when there is suspicion of a threat from rogue actors, and urge the administration to consider the French and the Saudis as the enemies they truly are. Hardt, Michael and Toni Negri. Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001). A professor of literature at Duke University and a revolutionary inmate of Rebibbia prison in Rome argue that the imperialist system of nation-states and competition between capitalists has been replaced by a system of Empire. This new system is based on “immaterial” production networks dominated by transnational corporations and “global juridico-economic bodies” such as the World Bank. The possibility of revolution no longer rests with the working class but rather with the “multitude”. Johnson, Chalmers. The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic (Metropolitan Books, 2004). Johnson, former defense analyst and consultant to the C.I.A. during the Cold War, now believes that America bears a striking similarity to the Soviet empire that strove to keep border countries in line. He accuses “boy emperor” George W. Bush of using 9/11 as an excuse to rapidly transform the United States from a republic into a “New Rome,” freed from obligations to international institutions. In prophetic language, the author describes an administration obsessed with maintaining military governance through 725 bases abroad, while power shifts from Congress to Pentagon. Excessive spending on the armed forces dictates that U.S. policy is that of “a military juggernaut intent on world domination.” Kaplan, Lawrence F. and William Kristol. The War over Iraq: Saddam's Tyranny and America's Mission (Encounter Books, 2003). Co-author Kristol, editor of The Weekly Standard, was instrumental in developing the argument, along with Paul Wolfowitz and Richard Perle, for a militarily attack on Iraq. They maintain that intervention in Iraq would be the catalyst for a "New American Century." In this book, Kaplan and Kristol argue that the Bush Doctrine of pre- emption should become the foundation for future U.S. foreign policy. They applaud the president for his determination not to follow a course of apathy, and for refusing continued unsuccessful engagement with the tyrannical Iraqi regime (as did prior administrations). Instead, President Bush not only speaks about the disarmament of Iraq, but also "of liberating Iraq, and creating democracy in the land that for decades has known only dictatorship." The war in Iraq, however, is only a small part of the administration's effort to "[engage] the world in accord with American principles." The authors attempt to show why and how America's efforts in freeing Iraq will prove to be a model for promoting America's values and global influence in the future.

Page 3 of 35 Mann, Michael. Incoherent Empire (Verso, 2003). There are four types of power that cause the rise or fall of a state or empire: military, political, economic, and ideological. Adopting these categories to assess the United States, Mann argues that America is “a military giant, a back-seat economic driver, a political schizophrenic, and an ideological phantom.” He argues that America’s “imperial project” relies upon an inflated measure of its power, and that this hubris provokes the growth of intolerant nationalism and religious fundamentalism in the rest of the world. Nye, Joseph. Soft Power: The Means of Success in World Politics (Perseus Publishing, 2004). “Soft power,” a term Nye introduced in his book Bound to Lead in 1990, is more relevant than ever in today’s world: it is “the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion." Neo-conservatives who guide the president are focusing on the nation’s hard military and economic power and neglecting the influence it could achieve through soft means, such as cultural exchange, economic aid, and refining relationships with allies. Nye claims that a more extensive use of soft power will improve America’s image in the world and enable the country to regain its international credibility. Prestowitz, Clyde. Rogue Nation: American Unilateralism and the Failure of Good Intentions (New York: Basic Books, 2003). Prestowitz delves into the historical origins and practical applications of the unilateralist urge in U.S. foreign policy. He concludes that a multilateral strategy fits better with the liberal ethic and long-term interests of the U.S. The National Security Strategy of the United States (Washington, DC: The White House, September 2002). In order to meet the goals of political and economic freedom, peaceful relations with other states, and respect for human dignity, The United States security strategy specifies a framework that formally aims to: strengthen alliances to defeat terrorism and prevent attacks; defuse regional conflicts; prevent enemies from threatening with weapons of mass destruction; ignite global economic growth through free trade; expand development by opening societies and building democracy; develop agendas for cooperative action with other countries; and transform its national security institutions. Todd, Emmanuel. After the Empire: The Breakdown of the American Order (Columbia University Press, 2003). While the rest of the world “is on the verge of discovering that it can get along without America, America is realizing that it cannot get along without the rest of the world.” Todd criticizes the United States for being a plutocratic society that has destroyed its working class and middle class. He also maintains that its economy is in decline, dependent on imports, and does not produce anything valuable itself. In short, America is frail, not strong. Thus it is a “predatory” empire whose unilateralism and “theatrical micromilitarism” are signs of decline. The author predicted the fall of the Soviet Union, but his insistence that America will meet a similar fate has been met with much skepticism. Wallerstein, Immanuel. “US Weakness and the Struggle for Hegemony,” Monthly Review (July-August 2003). Wallerstein claims that it is U.S. weakness, not strength, which has inspired recent imperial posturing. He writes that hawks have swept into control on the winds of 9/11 and are working to reverse the trend of American decline begun in 1968. War in Iraq is the latest desperate chapter in an attempt to maintain U.S. dominance by discouraging nuclear proliferation, checking the European rival, and protecting economic globalization. Zakaria, Fareed. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003). When democratic ideals bleed from the political sector into culture at large, the result is informal governance by popularity and polling. Zakaria explores this trend and attempts to show how democracy and liberalism are not always compatible. Democracy should sometimes be put on the backburner until prosperity and security are achieved.

Page 4 of 35 II. The American Empire Debate

Leadership, Hegemony, or Imperium? Return to contents page

Suggested Text: Bacevich, Andrew J. American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of US Diplomacy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 2002). Bacevich argues that the post-Cold War ‘strategy of openness’ is actually a purposeful attempt to perpetuate a stable economic and international order in which America is the lone superpower. He maintains that such expansionism amounts to contemporary imperium reminiscent of Rome. Resistance to this strategy has fueled the militarization of U.S. foreign policy. Barkawi, Tarak, and Mark Laffey. “Retrieving the Imperial: Empire and International Relations,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 31 (2002): 109–27. Brilmayer, Lea. American Hegemony: Political Morality in a One-Superpower World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994). Buchanan, Patrick J. A Republic, Not an Empire: Reclaiming America’s Destiny (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishers, 1999). Burton, Antoinette, ed. After the Imperial Turn: Thinking With and Through the Nation (Durham, NC.: Duke University Press, 2003). Chinkin, Christine. “The State that Acts Alone: Bully, Good Samaritan, or Iconoclast?” European Journal of International Law 11, 3 (2000): 31-41. Ferguson, Niall. “Hegemony or Empire?” Foreign Affairs (September / October 2003). Hirsh, Michael. At War with Ourselves: Why America Is Squandering Its Chance to Build a Better World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003). Huntington, Samuel P. “The Lonely Superpower,” Foreign Affairs 78 (April 1996): 35–49. Ignatieff, Michael. “America’s Empire is an Empire Lite,” New York Times (January 10, 2003). Kemp, Jack, “Why America Must Lead,” Los Angeles World Affairs Council, February 23, 1998. Kennedy, Paul. “The Perils of Empire: This Looks Like America’s Moment. History Should Give Us Pause,” Washington Post (April 20, 2003). Keohane, Robert O. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984). Lefever, Ernest W. America’s Imperial Burden: Is the Past Prologue? (Boulder: Westview Press, 1999). Lipset, Seymour Martin. American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996). Lundestad, Geir. The American “Empire” and Other Studies of US Foreign Policy in Comparative Perspective (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press; Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1990). MacDougall, Walter A. Promised Land, Crusader State (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997).

Page 5 of 35 Morgan, Dan. “A Debate over US ‘Empire’ Builds in Unexpected Circles,” Washington Post (August 10, 2003). Petras, James F. Empire or Republic?: American Global Power and Domestic Decay (New York: Routledge, 1995). Prashad, Vijay. “Casual Imperialism,” People’s Weekly World (August 16, 2003). Shafer, Byron, ed. Is America Different? A New Look at American Exceptionalism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991). Tyson, Ann Scott. “US ‘Empire’ and its Limits,” Christian Science Monitor (Oct. 9, 2003). Vernet, Daniel. “Postmodern Imperialism,” Le Monde (April 24, 2003). Walzer, Michael. “Is There an American Empire?” Dissent (New York: Foundation for Study of Independent Ideas, Inc., Fall 2003).

Ascending or Declining? Return to contents page

Suggested Text: Callinicos, Alex. “The Grand Strategy of the American Empire,” abbreviated by Mike Tait, Socialist Review (Autumn 2003). One of Britain’s top political theorists argues that U.S. post-Cold War strategy, even when multilateral, has been about preserving geopolitical dominance. The Bush Doctrine and National Security Strategy are the latest attempt to secure the future of American capitalism and control of oil reserves. Barry, Tom. “Hegemony to Imperium,” Foreign Policy in Focus (September 26, 2002). Boot, Max. “Washington Needs a Colonial Office,” Financial Times (July 2, 2003). Bouza, Anthony V. The Decline and Fall of the American Empire: Corruption, Decadence, and the American Dream (New York: Plenum Press, 1996). DeMuth, Christopher, and William Kristol, eds. The Neoconservative Imagination (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute Press, 1995). Donnelly, Thomas, principal author. Rebuilding America’s Defenses: Strategy, Forces and Resources for a New Century, Donald Kagan and Gary Schmitt, project co-chairmen (Washington, DC: Project for the New American Century, September 2000). D’Souza, Dinesh. “The Power of Virtue . . .” Washington Post (July 4, 2003). Foster, John Bellamy. “The New Age of Imperialism,” Monthly Review (July-August 2003). Golub, Philip S. “Westward the Course of Empire,” Le Monde Diplomatique, trans. Harry Forster (September 2002). Greider, William. “The End of Empire,” The Nation (September 23, 2002). Haass, Richard N. “Imperial America,” paper presented at the Atlanta Conference, Puerto Rico, November 11, 2000.

Page 6 of 35 Helms, Jesse. An Empire for Liberty: A Sovereign America and Her Moral Mission (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2001). Hudson, Michael. Super Imperialism: The Origin and Fundamentals of U.S. World Dominance (London and Sterling, VA: Pluto Press, 2003). Ikenberry, G. John, ed. America Unrivaled: The Future of the Balance of Power (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002). Kupchan, Charles. The End of the American Era: US Foreign Policy and the Geopolitics of the Twenty- first Century (New York: Knopf, 2002). ———. The Vulnerability of Empire (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994). Lieven, Anatol. “The Empire Strikes Back,” Nation (July 7, 2003). Mead, Walter Russell. Mortal Splendor: The American Empire in Transition (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1988). Morris, Roger. “From Republic to Empire,” Globe and Mail (April 14, 2003). Nye, Joseph S. Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 1990). Pitts, Jennifer. A Turn to Empire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004, forthcoming). Ramonet, Ignacio. “Transition to an Empire,” Le Monde Diplomatique (May 1, 2003). Raustiala, Kal. “The US May Not Be Imperial, But It Does Have an Empire,” International Herald Tribune (July 2, 2003). Sisci, Francesco. “US: The Obvious Emperor,” Asia Times (May 27, 2003). ———. “The American Empire,” Asia Times (October 16-18, 2002). Spanos, William V. America’s Shadow: An Anatomy of Empire (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000). Spiro, Peter J. “The New Sovereigntists: American Exceptionalism and Its False Prophets,” Foreign Affairs 79, 6 (November/December 2000): 9–15. Vidal, Gore. The Decline and Fall of the American Empire (Berkeley, CA: Odonian Press, 1992). Wallerstein, Immanuel. The Decline of American Power (New York: New Press, 2003). ———. “Entering Global Anarchy,” New Left Review (May/June 2003). Wolfgang, Marvin E., ed. Whither the American Empire: Expansion or Contraction? (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1988).

Rivals to American Empire? Return to contents page

Suggested Text: Negri, Antonio, and Matteo Mandarini. Time for Revolution (Continuum International, 2003).

Page 7 of 35 Comprised of two essays Negri wrote in prison, this book asks whether resistance is still possible in today’s capitalist society. The first essay investigates the weaknesses of capitalist society, which cry for an emergency solution. The second essay explores in depth the essential notions of empire and “multitude.” Barber, Benjamin R. Jihad vs. McWorld (New York: Ballantine Books, 1995). Bennis, Phyllis. “Going Global: Building a Movement Against Empire,” Foreign Policy in Focus (May 16-17, 2003). Bernstein, Richard, and Ross H. Munro. The Coming Conflict with China (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997). Calder, Kent, Pacific Defense: Arms, Energy, and America’s Future in Asia (New York: William Morrow, 1996). Everts, Steven. “Unilateral America, Lightweight Europe?: Managing Divergence in Transatlantic Foreign Policy,” working paper, Centre for European Reform (February 2001). Feuer, Lewis Samuel. Imperialism and the Anti-Imperialist Mind (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1986). Golding, Peter, and Phil Harris, eds. Beyond Cultural Imperialism: Globalization, Communication, and the New International Order (London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1997). Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996). Kagan, Robert. Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003) ———. “Europeans Courting International Disaster,” Washington Post (June 30, 2003). Laclau, Ernesto. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics (London and New York: Verso, 2001). Lobe, Jim. “Thinkers Launch Anti-Empire Drive,” Inter Press Service (October 17, 2003) McMahon, Robert J. The Limits of Empire: The United States and Southeast Asia Since World War II (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). Mearsheimer, John. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: W. W. Norton 2001). Mészáros, István. Socialism or Barbarism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001). O’Brien, Robert. Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Overholt, William H. The Rise of China: How Economic Reform Is Creating a New Superpower (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993). Powell, Robert. In the Shadow of Power: States and Strategies in International Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999). Rabkin, Jeremy. “International Law vs. the American Constitution—Something’s Got to Give,” The National Interest 55 (Spring 1999): 30–41. Rohwer, Jim. Asia Rising: Why America Will Prosper as Asia’s Economies Boom (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995).

Page 8 of 35 Rosenberg, Justin. The Empire of Civil Society: A Critique of the Realist Theory of International Relations (London and New York: Verso, 1994). Sanger, David E. “Collision with China: The Overview,” New York Times (April 10, 2001): A1. Stein, Eric. Thoughts from a Bridge: A Retrospective on New Europe and American Federalism (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000). Stokes, Mark A. China’s Strategic Modernization: Implications for the United States (Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 1999). Terrill, Ross. The New Chinese Empire: And What it Means for the United States (New York: Basic Books, 2003). Tyler, Patrick E. “U.S. Strategy Plan Calls for Insuring No Rivals Develop,” New York Times (March 8, 1992): A18. Watson, David. Against the Megamachine: Essays on Empire & Its Enemies (Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia; Detroit, MI: Fifth Estate, 1997). Yuan, Jing Dong. Asia-Pacific Security: China’s Conditional Multilateralism and Great Power Entente (Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 2000).

III. Unilateralism vs. Multilateralism

Suggested Texts: Brzezinski, Zbigniew. The Choice: Global Domination or Global Leadership (Basic Books, 2004). Former security advisor to the president of the United States, Brzezinski argues that America’s interests and the world’s are intertwined. Narrow anti-terrorist measures and apathy towards international political objections do not improve national security; neither do they work towards providing the world with much-needed American leadership and security. The author warns that America could be left alone in the world, unless it succeeds in creating a balanced “co-operative” hegemony. Idealistic internationalism, Brzezinski argues, is “the common-sense dictate of hard-nosed realism.” Forman, Shepard, Princeton Lyman, and Stewart Patrick. The United States in a Global Age: The Case for Multilateral Engagement, Paying for Essentials Policy Paper Series, Center on International Cooperation, New York University (May 2002).

The authors propose that U.S. foreign policy be reformed to meet the challenges of global interdependency, above all by engaging in more effective multilateralism. They advocate the streamlining of governmental jurisdiction over multilateral initiatives and funding, partnering with private actors like NGOs, and greater public involvement in redefining America as a good global citizen.

Unilateralism Return to contents page

Coate, Roger A. Unilateralism, Ideology, & U.S. Foreign Policy: The United States In and Out of UNESCO (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1988).

Page 9 of 35 Desch, Michael C. When the Third World Matters: Latin America and the United States Grand Strategy (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993). Harshé, Rajen. Twentieth Century Imperialism: Shifting Contours and Changing Conceptions (New Delhi and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1997). Kapstein, Ethan B., and Michael Mastanduno, eds. Unipolar Politics: Realism and State Strategies After the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). Krauthammer, Charles. “Unilateral? Yes, Indeed,” The Washington Post (December 14, 2001). ———. “The Unipolar Moment,” Foreign Affairs 70, 1 (1990-1991): 23-33. Lobe, Jim. “But We Don’t Want to Be Unilateralists, Mr Bush,” Asia Times (April 30, 2003). Malone, David M., and Yuen Foong Khong, eds. Unilateralism and U.S. Foreign Policy: International Perspectives (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003). Mastanduno, Michael. “Preserving the Unipolar Moment: Realist Theories and U.S. Grand Strategy after the Cold War,” in Ethan B. Kapstein and Michael Mastanduno, eds., Unipolar Politics: Realism and State Strategies After the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999). Patrick, Stewart. “America’s Retreat from Multilateral Engagement,” Current History (December 2000): 430–439. Steel, Ronald. Temptations of a Superpower (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995). Tirman, John. Sovereign Acts: American Unilateralism and Global Security (New York: Harper & Row, Ballinger division, 1989). Towle, Philip. Protest and Perish: A Critique of Unilateralism (London: Alliance Publishers for the Institute for European Defence and Strategic Studies, 1982). Wohlforth, William C. “The Stability of the Unipolar World,” International Security (Summer 1999).

Multilateralism Return to contents page

Ayoob, Mohammed. The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995). Barry, Donald, and Ronald C. Keith, eds. Regionalism, Multilateralism, and the Politics of Global Trade (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1999). Bassiouni, M. Cherif, comp. International Terrorism: Multilateral Conventions, 1937–2001 (Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 2001). Brenner, Michael. Multilateralism and Western Strategy (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995). Commission on Global Governance. Our Global Neighbourhood (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995). Cox, Robert W. The New Realism: Perspectives on Multilateralism and World Order (London: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin’s Press; Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1997).

Page 10 of 35 Fortmann, Michel, S. Neil MacFarlane, and Stéphane Roussel, eds. Multilateralism and Regional Security (Clementsport, Nova Scotia: The Canadian Peacekeeping Press, 1997). Haggard, Stephan. Developing Nations and the Politics of Global Integration (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1995). Ito, Takatoshi, and Anne O. Krueger, eds. Regionalism Versus Multilateral Trade Arrangements (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997). Kagan, Robert. “Multilateralism, American Style, Washington Post (Sept. 13, 2002). Kaul, Inge, Isabelle Grunberg, and Marc A. Stern. Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). Lawrence, Robert Z. Regionalism, Multilateralism, and Deeper Integration (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1996). Limpo, Nuno. The Strategic Use of Trade Policy for Non-Trade Purposes in Multilateral and Regional Agreements (New York: Thesis (Ph. D.), Columbia University, 2001). Malanzcuk, Peter. “The International Criminal Court and Landmines: What Are the Consequences of Leaving the US Behind?” European Journal of International Law 11, 1 (2000): 77–90. Martin, Lisa. Democratic Commitments: Legislatures and International Co-operation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000). Nolan, Janne E., ed. Global Engagement: Cooperation and Security in the 21st Century (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1994). Núñez, Joseph R. A 21st Century Architecture for the Americas: Multilateral Cooperation, Liberal Peace, and Soft Power (Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, Army War College, 2002). Patrick, Stewart, and Shepard Forman, eds. Multilateralism & U.S. Foreign Policy: Ambivalent Engagement (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002). Régnier, Phillipe, and Daniel Warner, eds. Japan and Multilateral Diplomacy (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001). Sewell, James P., ed. Multilateralism in Multinational Perspective: Viewpoints From Different Languages and Literatures (Basingstoke: Macmillan; Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2000). Smouts, Marie-Claude. “Multilateralism from Below: A Prerequisite for Global Governance,” in Michael Schechter, ed., Future Multilateralism (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). Twining, David Thomas. Beyond Multilateralism (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1998). Williams, Abiodun, ed. Many Voices: Multilateral Negotiations in the World Arena (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992). Williams, Phil. “Multilateralism: Critique and Appraisal,” in Michael Brenner, ed., Multilateralism and Western Strategy (London: St. Martin’s, 1995). Zartman, I. William. International Multilateral Negotiation: Approaches to the Management of Complexity (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994).

Page 11 of 35 IV. Globalization and Governance

The US, the UN, and International Institutions Return to contents page

Suggested Text: Nye, Joseph S. The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). Nye contends that “soft power”, the exercise of international influence, will become more important than military and economic dominance in a world increasingly affected by nongovernmental actors. Multilateral cooperation is the tool for maximizing such influence and solving problems of global dimensions. Ahrari, Ehsan. “The Triumphant Return of Multilateralism,” Asia Times (August 6, 2003). Ake, Claude. “Globalization, Multilateralism and the Shrinking Democratic Space,” in Michael Schechter, ed., Future Multilateralism (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). Annual APEC Study Center International Consortium Meeting. APEC as an Institution: Multilateral Governance in the Asia-Pacific, edited by Richard E. Feinberg (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003). Barnett, Michael N. “Bringing in the New World Order: Liberalism, Legitimacy, and the United Nations,” World Politics 49, 4 (July 1997): 526-551. Biel, Robert. The New Imperialism: Crisis and Contradictions in North-South Relations (London and New York: Zed Books, 2000). Bøås, Morten, and Desmond McNeill, eds. Multilateral Institutions: A Critical Introduction (London and Sterling, VA: Pluto Press, 2003). Childers, Erskine, and Brian Urquhart. Renewing the United Nations System (Uppsala: Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, 1994). Claude, Jr., Inis. Swords into Plowshares: The Problems and Progress of International Organization (New York: Random House, 1984). Cox, Robert W., ed. Multilateralism and the United Nations System: Final Report (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1996). Dijkzeul, Dennis. The Management of Multilateral Organizations (The Hague and Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1997). Fawcett, Eric and Hanna Newcomber, eds. United Nations Reform: Looking Ahead after Fifty Years (Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd., 1995). Foot, Rosemary, S. Neil MacFarlane and Michael Mastanduno, eds. US Hegemony and International Organizations: The United States and Multilateral Institutions (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003). Gill, Stephen, ed. “Structural Changes in Multilateralism: The G-7 Nexus and the Global Crisis,” in Michael G. Schecter, ed., Innovation in Multilateralism (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). Goldstein, Gordon M. Leadership, Multilateral Security, and Coercive Cooperation: The Role of the UN Security Council in the Persian Gulf War (New York: Thesis (Ph. D.), Columbia University, 1998).

Page 12 of 35 Gregg, Robert W. About Face? The United States and the United Nations (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1993). Holloway, Steven. “U.S. Unilateralism at the U.N.: Why Great Powers Do Not Make Great Multilateralists,” Global Governance 6, 3 (July-Sept. 2000): 361-381. Karns, Margaret, and Karen Mingst, eds. The United States and Multilateral Institutions: Patterns of Changing Instrumentality and Interest (Winchester: Unwin Hyman, 1990). Knight, W. Andy. A Changing United Nations: Multilateral Evolution and the Quest for Global Governance, foreword by James S. Sutterlin (New York: Palgrave, 2000). ———. “Engineering Space in Global Governance: The Emergence of Civil Society in Evolving ‘New’ Multilateralism,” in Michael Schechter, ed., Future Multilateralism (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). Krause, Keith, and W. Andy Knight, eds. State, Society and the UN System: Changing Perspectives on Multilateralism (Tokyo and New York: United Nations University Press, 1995). Luck, Edward C. Reforming the United Nations: Lessons from a History in Progress, International Relations Studies and the United Nations Occasional Papers No. 1, 2003. ———. Mixed Messages: American Politics and International Organization, 1919–1999 (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1999). ———. “The United Nations, Multilateralism, and U.S. Interests,” in Charles William Maynes and Richard S. Williamson, eds., U.S. Foreign Policy and the United Nations System (New York and London: W. W. Norton, 1996). Luers, William H. “Choosing Engagement: Uniting the U.N. with U.S. Interests,” Foreign Affairs 79, 5 (September/October 2000): 9–14. Lyman, Princeton N. “Saving the UN Security Council—A Challenge for the United States,” Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law 4 (2000): 127–146. Maynes, Charles William, and Richard S. Williamson, eds. U.S. Foreign Policy and the United Nations System (New York and London: W. W. Norton, 1996). Muldoon, Jr., James P., ed. Multilateral Diplomacy and the United Nations Today (Boulder: Westview Press, 1999). Ruggie, John Gerard. Constructing the World Polity: Essays on International Institutionalization (London and New York: Routledge, 1998). ———. Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993). Saensa, K. P. Reforming the United Nations: The Challenge of Relevance (Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1993). Smith, R. Jeffrey, and Julia Preston. “U.S. Plans Wider Role in U.N. Peacekeeping,” Washington Post (June 18, 1993): p. A1. United Nations, Treaty Section of the Office of Legal Affairs. Summary of Practice of the Secretary- General as Depositary of Multilateral Treaties (New York: United Nations, 1994).

Page 13 of 35 World Bank. Globalization, Growth, and Poverty: Building an Inclusive World Economy (Washington, DC: World Bank and Oxford University Press, 2002).

Globalization and Nation-States Return to contents page

Suggested Text: Bhagwati, Jagdish. In Defense of Globalization (Oxford University Press, 2004). Columbia professor and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Bhagwati presents a strong and easily comprehensible argument in favor of globalization. He explains in detail how globalization operates and what can be done to enhance its positive effects. Bhagwati shows why it is no surprise that the strongest contestations against the current system come from wealthy, rather than poor, countries. Camilleri, Joseph A., and Jim Falk. The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Hants: Edward Elgar Publishing, Ltd., 1992). Friedman, Thomas. The Lexus and the Olive Tree, updated and expanded ed. (New York: Anchor Books, 2000). Gill, Stephen, ed. Globalisation, Democratisation, and Multilateralism (London: Macmillan, for the United Nations University Press, 1997). Held, David, and Anthony McGrew, eds. The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press in association with Blackwell Publishers; Malden, Mass.: Distributed in the USA by Blackwell Publishers, 2003). Held, David, ed. Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1999). Hirst, Paul, and Grahame Thompson. Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance, 2d ed. (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1999). Hurrell, Andrew, and Ngaire Woods, eds. Inequality, Globalization, and World Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999). Ohmae, Kenichi. The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy (London: HarperCollins, 1995). Pangle, Thomas L., and Peter J. Ahrensdorf. Justice Among Nations: On the Moral Basis of Power and Peace (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999). Petras, James F., and Henry Veltmeyer. Globalization Unmasked: Imperialism in the 21st Century (New York: Zed Books, 2001). Reinicke, Wolfgang. Global Public Policy: Governing Without Government? (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1997). Rosenau, James N., and Ernst-Otto Czempiel, eds. Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992). Rosenberg, Justin. The Follies of Globalisation Theory: Polemical Essays (London: Verso, 2001). Sakamoto, Yoshkazu, ed. Global Transformation: Challenges to the State System (Tokyo: The United Nations University Press, 1994).

Page 14 of 35 Sassen, Saskia. Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995). Schecter, Michael G., Martin Hewson, and W. Andy Knight, eds. Global Governance for the Twenty- First Century: The Realistic Potential (London: Macmillan, forthcoming). Schecter, Michael G., ed. Future Multilateralism (Tokyo and New York: United Nations University Press; New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). ———, ed. Innovation in Multilateralism (Tokyo and New York: United Nations University Press; New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). Simai, Mihaly. The Future of Global Governance: Managing Risk and Change in the International System (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1994). Soros, George. George Soros on Globalization (New York: Public Affairs, 2002). Stiglitz, Joseph E. Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002). Thomas, Christopher R., and Julianne T. Magloire, eds. Regionalism Versus Multilateralism: The Organization of American States in a Global Changing Environment (Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000). Twaddle, Michael, ed. Imperialism, the State, and the Third World (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992).

Economics of Empire Return to contents page

Suggested Text: Soros, George. The Bubble of American Supremacy: Correcting the Misuse of American Power. (PublicAffairs, 2003). Financier and Open Society founder George Soros characterizes some of George W. Bush's decisions as serious mistakes made under the guise of post-September 11 patriotism. His critique ranges from the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq to what he argues is the equally appalling condition of Bush's domestic policy. Soros proposes practical solutions such as increasing foreign aid and improving international trade rules. Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson. “A Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution,” NBER Working Paper W8460 (September 2001). Addo, Herb. Imperialism: The Permanent Stage of Capitalism (Tokyo: United Nations University, 1986). Baldwin, David A. Economic Statecraft (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985). Barnet, Richard J., and John Cavanagh, eds. Global Dreams: Imperial Corporations and the New World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994). Bayard, Thomas O., and Kimberly Ann Elliot. Reciprocity and Retaliation in U.S. Trade Policy (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1994). Becker, David G., ed. Postimperialism: International Capitalism and Development in the Late Twentieth Century (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1987).

Page 15 of 35 Berberoglu, Berch. The Internationalization of Capital: Imperialism and Capitalist Development on a World Scale (New York: Praeger, 1987). Bhagwati, Jagdish, and Hugh T. Patrick, eds. Aggressive Unilateralism: America’s 301 Trade Policy and the World Trading System (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990). Brown, Andrew G. Reluctant Partners: A History of Multilateral Trade Cooperation, 1850–2000 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003). Chilcote, Ronald H., ed. The Political Economy of Imperialism: Critical Appraisals (Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999). Crone, Donald. “Does Hegemony Matter? The Reorganization of the Pacific Political Economy,” World Politics 45 (July 1993): 501-525. de Soto, Hernando. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else (New York: Basic Books, 2000). Eccles, Stephen, and Catherine Gwin, eds. Supporting Effective Aid: A Framework for Future Concessional Funding of Multilateral Development Banks (Washington, DC: Overseas Development Council; Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University , 1999). Ferguson, Niall. The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World 1700–2000 (New York: Basic Books, 2001). Fioretos, Karl. Anchoring Adjustment: Globalization, Varieties of Capitalism, and the Domestic Sources of Multilateralism (New York: Thesis (Ph.D.) Columbia University, 1998). Fishlow, Albert, and Stephan Haggard. The United States and the Regionalization of the World Economy (Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1992). Friedman, John. The Politics of Alternative Development (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1992). Garten, Jeffrey. The Big Ten: The Big Emerging Markets and How They Will Change Our Lives (New York: Basic Books, 1997). ———. “The Big Emerging Markets: Changing American Interests in the Global Economy,” Foreign Policy Association, New York, January 20, 1994. Gilpin, Robert. Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order (Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001). ———. Global Capitalism: The World Economy in the 21st Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000). ———. U.S. Power and the Multinational Corporation: The Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment (New York: Basic Books, 1975). Greider, William. One World, Ready or Not: The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998). Haass, Richard N, ed. Economic Sanctions and American Diplomacy (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1998). Hirsh, Michael. “Protesting Plutocracy,” Newsweek Special Edition (December 2000-February 2001).

Page 16 of 35 James, Harold. The End of Globalization: Lessons from the Great Depression (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001). John, J., and Anuradha M. Chenoy, eds. Labour, Environment, and Globalisation: Social Clause in Multilateral Trade Agreements: A Southern Response (New Delhi: New Age International Ltd. Publishers, 1996). Kapstein, Ethan B. Governing the Global Economy: International Finance and the State (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996). ———. The Political Economy of National Security: A Global Perspective (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1992). Kleveman, Lutz. “The New Great Game: The ‘War on Terror’ is Being Used as an Excuse to Further US Energy Interests in the Caspian,” Guardian (October 20, 2003). Landes, David S. The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998). Lawrence, Robert Z. U.S. Trade Policy in the 1990s: The Case for Rules-Based Multilateralism (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1990). Lewis, Tom. “The Growing Gap Between Rich and Poor,” Socialist Worker (August 1, 2003). MacEwan, Arthur. Debt and Disorder: International Economic Instability and U.S. Imperial Decline (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1990). Maddison, Angus. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris: Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001). Magdoff, Harry. The Age of Imperialism: The Economics of US Foreign Policy (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969). Martin, Lisa. Coercive Cooperation: Explaining Multilateral Economic Sanctions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992). Mastanduno, Michael. “Trade as a Strategic Weapon,” International Organization (1988). Mattelart, Armand. Multinational Corporations and the Control of Culture: The Ideological Apparatuses of Imperialism, trans. from the French by Michael Chanan (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1979). Memedovic, Olga, Arie Kuyvenhoven, and Willem T. M. Molle, eds. Multilateralism and Regionalism in the Post-Uruguay Round Era: What Role for the EU? (Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1999). Monbiot, George. “The Rich World’s Veto on Reform,” Guardian (October 15, 2002). Muma, Patrick A. Imperialism: A Theoretical Framework from a Third World Perspective (Suva, Fiji: School of Social and Economic Development, University of the South Pacific, 1987). Nabudere, D. Wadada. The Political Economy of Imperialism: Its Theoretical and Polemical Treatment from Mercantilist to Multilateral Imperialism (London: Zed, 1977). Nivola, Pietro S., ed. Comparative Disadvantages? Social Regulations and the Global Economy (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1997). Ohmae, Kenichi. The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies (New York: Free Press, 1996).

Page 17 of 35 Paasman, Berend R. Multilateral Rules on Competition Policy: An Overview of the Debate (Santiago, Chile: United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Division of Trade and Development Finance, International Trade Unit, 1999). Pape, Robert A. “Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work,” International Security 22, 2 (Fall 1997): 90– 136. Preeg, Ernest H. The Trade Deficit, the Dollar, and the U.S. National Interest (Indianapolis: Hudson Institute, 2000). Robinson, R. and J. Gallagher. “The Imperialism of Free Trade,” Economic History Review 6 (1953): 1– 15. Rosecrance, Richard. The Rise of the Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World (New York: Basic Books, 1986). Rowbotham, Michael. Goodbye America!: Globalisation, Debt and the Dollar Empire (Concord, MA: Paul and Company, 2000). Schwab, Klaus, and Claude Smadja. “Power and Policy: The New Economic World Order,” Harvard Business Review (November/December 1994). Shambaugh, George E. States, Firms, and Power: Successful Sanctions in United States Foreign Policy (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000). Soros, George. The Crisis of Global Capitalism (New York: Public Affairs, 1998). ———. “The Capitalist Threat,” The Atlantic Monthly (February 1997). Stubbs, Richard and R. D. Underhill, eds. Political Economy and the Global Order (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994). United States Congress, House Committee on Financial Services. United States Funding of Multilateral Development Institutions: Report Together with Dissenting Views (to accompany H.R. 2604) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office) (Washington, DC: U.S. G.P.O, 2001). United States Congress, House Committee on Ways and Means, Subcommittee on Trade. Use and Effect of Unilateral Trade Sanctions: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Trade of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, October 23, 1997 (Washington, DC: U.S. G.P.O, 1999). Upton, Barbara. The Multilateral Development Banks: Improving U.S. Leadership (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000). Vernon, Raymond. Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational Spread of U.S. Enterprises (New York: Basic Books, 1971). Walter, Andrew. World Power and World Money: The Role of Hegemony and International Monetary Order (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991). Wood, Ellen Meiksins. Empire of Capital (New York: Verso Books, 2003) Yergin, Daniel, and Joseph Stanislaw. The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002). Zakaria, Fareed. From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America’s World Role (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998).

Page 18 of 35 Zoellick, Robert B. “American Trade Leadership: What Is at Stake,” Institute for International Economics, Washington, D.C., September 24, 2001.

V. US Foreign Policy Return to contents page

Strategic Visions

Suggested Texts: Chomsky, Noam. “Imperial Ambition,” interview conducted by David Barsamian, Monthly Review (May 16, 2003). Perhaps the most famous voice on the left, Noam Chomsky discusses the ramifications of the Iraq war and other Bush administration policies. He examines the new norm of preventive war, the centrality of oil in U.S. strategy, engagement with Iran, the possibilities for Arab-Israeli peace, and the severe domestic consequences of maintaining an empire. Kagan, Robert. Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order (Alfred A. Knopf, 2003). See also February 4, 2004 speech delivered at the Carnegie Council. A former State Department policy maker and speechwriter, Kagan provokes vigorous debate when examining America’s and Europe’s different approaches on foreign affairs, and the rift in trans-Atlantic relations. He argues that the only reason Europe has the choice of proceeding in more diplomatic ways, through the rule of law, is because America shoulders the burdens of the use of physical power. Alden, Chris. “From Neglect to ‘Virtual Engagement’: The United States and Its New Paradigm for Africa,” African Affairs 396 (July 2000): 355-371. Allison, Graham, and Gregory F. Treverton, eds. Rethinking America’s Security: Beyond Cold War to New World Order (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1992). Andreani, Gilles. “The Disarray of U.S. Non-Proliferation Policy,” Survival 41, 4 (Winter 1999-2000): 42-61. Bello, Walden. “The Crisis of the Globalist Project and the New Economics of George W. Bush,” One World (July 10, 2003). Bennis, Phyllis, and Noam Chomsky. Before and After: US Foreign Policy and the September 11th Crisis (New York: Olive Branch Press, 2002). Blum, William. Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower (Monroe, ME: Common Courage, 2000). Blum, William. Killing Hope: U. S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II (Monroe, ME: Common Courage, 1995). Boren, David, Edward J. Perkins and William Crowe, eds. Preparing America's Foreign Policy for the 21st Century (Tulsa: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000). Bosco, David L. “Sovereign Myopia,” The American Prospect 41 (November/December 1998): 24-27. Bush, George and Brent Scowcroft, A World Transformed (New York, 1998). Carroll, James. “A Nation Lost,” Boston Globe (April 22, 2003).

Page 19 of 35 Chaddock, Gail Russell. “A Bush Vision of Pax Americana,” Christian Science Monitor (September 23, 2002). Chalmers, Malcolm. Sharing Security: The Political Economy of Burdensharing (London: MacMillan, 2000). Daalder, Ivo H. and James M. Lindsay. America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003). Darman, Richard. Who’s in Control? Polar Politics and the Sensible Center (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996). Dean, Howard. “Bush: It’s Not Just His Doctrine That’s Wrong,” Common Dreams (April 18, 2003). Desch, Michael C. “Liberals, Neocons and Realcons,” Orbis (September 22, 2001). Drake, Laura. Hegemony and Its Discontents: United States Policy towards Iraq, Iran, Hamas, the Hezbollah and Their Responses (Annandale, VA: United Association for Studies and Research, 1997). Du Boff, Richard. “Mirror, Mirror on the Wall, Who’s the Biggest Rogue of All?” ZNet (August 7, 2003). Elliot, Larry. “America First,” Guardian (May 21, 2003). Evans, Tony. U.S. Hegemony and the Project of Universal Human Rights (London: MacMillan, 1996). Feffer, John. Power Trip: U.S. Unilateralism and Global Strategy After September 11 (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003). Gellman, Barton. “Aim of Defense Plan Supported by Bush,” Washington Post (March 12, 1992): A18. Haass, Richard N. The Reluctant Sheriff: The United States After the Cold War (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1998). Joxe, Alain. The Empire of Disorder, intro. by Paul Virilio (Cambridge, Mass.: Semiotext(e), 2002). Kagan, Robert and William Kristol, eds. Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and Defense Policy (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2000). Kolko, Gabriel. Another Century of War (New York: New Press, 2002). Lake, Anthony. “From Containment to Enlargement,” Johns Hopkins University, September 21, 1993. Laurenti, Jeffrey. “The United Nations and International Security: Dilemmas and Agendas for American Engagement,” prepared for Bipartisan Dialogue on America’s National Interests in Multilateral Engagement, James A Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, Texas, April 10, 2000. Lieberman, Joe. “After bin Laden, We Must Target Saddam,” Wall Street Journal (October 29, 2001): A22. Lindley-French, Julian. Leading Alone or Acting Together? The Transatlantic Security Agenda for the Next U.S. Presidency. Occasional Paper 20, WEU Institute for Security Studies (September 2000). Lippman, Thomas W. Madeleine Albright and the New American Diplomacy (Boulder: Westview Press, 2000). Litwak, Robert S. Rogue States and U.S. Foreign Policy (Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2000).

Page 20 of 35 Mead, Walter Russell. Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001). Möller, Björn. Common Security and Nonoffensive Defense: A Neorealist Perspective (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1992). A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement (Washington, DC: The White House, February 1996). Nye, Joseph S., and Robert Keohane. “Power and Interdependence in the Information Age,” Foreign Affairs (Fall 1998). Parenti, Michael. Against Empire (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1995). Powell, Colin. “The Work of a Hemisphere,” New York Times (April 19, 2001): A25. Power, Samantha. “A Problem from Hell”: America and the Age of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 2002). Rice, Condoleezza. “Campaign 2000—Promoting the National Interest,” Foreign Affairs 79, 1 (January/February 2000): 45–62. Rieff, David. “A New Hierarchy of Values and Interests,” World Policy Journal 16, 3 (Fall 1999): 28– 34. Sanger, David E. “Bush Calls World Economy Goal of Attacks on U.S.,” New York Times (October 21, 2001): A8. Sassen, Saskia. “New Lords of Africa,” Guardian (July 9, 2003). Schwarz, Benjamin C. “The Arcana of Empire and the Dilemma of American National Security,” Salmagundi 101-102 (Winter-Spring 1994): 182-211. Scowcroft, Brent. “Who Can Harness History? Only the U.S.,” New York Times (July 2, 1993): A15. Shellburne, Elizabeth. “The Hard Edge of American Values,” an interview with Robert D. Kaplan, Atlantic Monthly (June 18, 2003). Sterling-Folker, Jennifer. “Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Assertive Multilateralism and Post-Cold War US Foreign Policy Making,” in James M. Scott, ed., After the End: Making Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War World (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998). Stuart, Peter C. Isles of Empire: The United States and Its Overseas Possessions (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1999). Talbott, Strobe, and Nayan Chanda, eds. The Age of Terror: America and the World After Sept. 11 (New York: Perseus Books, 2002). Vogelgesang, Sandy. American Dream, Global Nightmare: The Dilemma of U.S. Human Rights Policy (New York: W. W. Norton, 1980). Wolfowitz, Paul. “Remembering the Future,” The National Interest (Spring 2000).

US Military as Arm of Empire Return to contents page

Page 21 of 35 Suggested Text: Hobsbawm, Eric J. “After the Winning of the War—United States: Wider and Wider,” Le Monde Diplomatique (June 2003). An eminent historian provides a condensed history of empire, comparing imperial Britain and the contemporary United States in particular, and articulating a scathing critique of current American policy. He argues that aggressive military ventures are unsustainable and damaging to an already diminished U.S. economy; wars for democracy are costly and ineffective without international support and extensive planning for peace. Abrahamson, James L. America Arms for a New Century: The Making of a Great Military Power (New York: Free Press, 1981). Bowcott, Owen, and Richard Norton-Taylor. “War on Terror Fuels Small Arms Trade,” Guardian (October 10, 2003). Bacevich, Andrew J. “Neglected Trinity: Kosovo and the Transformation of U.S. Civil-Military Relations,” in Andrew J. Bacevich and Eliot A. Cohen, eds., War over Kosovo: Politics and Strategy in a Global Age (New York, 2001). Dinstein, Yoram. War, Aggression, and Self-Defence, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). Etherington, Norman. Theories of Imperialism: War, Conquest, and Capital (Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble Books, 1984). Haass, Richard N. Intervention: The Use of American Military Force in the Post-Cold War World (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1994) Halberstam, David. War in a Time of Peace: Bush, Clinton and the Generals (New York: Scribner, 2001). Horowitz, Irving Louis. Beyond Empire and Revolution: Militarization and Consolidation in the Third World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982). Johnson, Chalmers A. “The Scourge of Militarism,” Mother Jones (September 12, 2003). ———. Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (New York: Owl Books, 2000). Katzenstein, Petter J., ed. The Culture of National Security (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996). Latham, Andrew, ed. Multilateral Approaches to Non-Proliferation: Proceedings of the 4th Canadian Non-Proliferation Workshop (Toronto: Centre for International and Security Studies, York University, 1996). Lobe, Jim. “Pentagon Moving Swiftly to Become ‘GloboCop’,” Inter Press Service (June 10, 2003). Loeb, Vernon. “Brilliant Bombs: How America Became the World’s Only Hyperpower—For Better or Worse,” The Washington Post Magazine (December 16, 2002). Luck, Edward C. Arms Control, the Multilateral Alternative (New York: The New York University Press, 1983). Manalansan, Felicismo. “Is Aid Helping Military Abuses in Asia?” IBON Red (August 11, 2003). Parenti, Michael. The Sword and the Dollar: Imperialism, Revolution, and the Arms Race (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989).

Page 22 of 35 Priest, Dana. “A Four Star Foreign Policy? U.S. Commanders Wield Rising Clout, Autonomy,” Washington Post (September 28, 2000): A1. Roper, John, ed. Keeping the Peace in the Post-Cold War Era: Strengthening Multilateral Peacekeeping: A Report to the Trilateral Commission (New York: Trilateral Commission, 1993). Rose, William. U.S. Unilateral Arms Control Initiatives: When Do They Work? (New York: Greenwood Press, 1988). Rumsfeld, Donald. “Transforming the Military,” Foreign Affairs (May-June 2002). Sandars, Christopher T. America’s Overseas Garrisons: The Leasehold Empire (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000). Shearer, David. Private Armies and Military Intervention, Adelphi Paper 316 (London: Oxford University Press, 1998). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Arms Control: A Survey and Appraisal of Multilateral Agreements, written by Jozef Goldblat (London: Taylor and Francis, 1978).

Terrorism and the New Wars Return to contents page

Suggested Texts: Boot, Max. The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 2002). Winner of the General Wallace M. Greene Jr. Award, journalist Max Boot exposes the history of little-known U.S. military actions, from the Barbary Wars, the Boxer Rebellion, and the occupation of the Philippines, to the recent conflicts in Bosnia, Somalia, Haiti, Kosovo and Afghanistan. The author relates in detail how this “forgotten side of America's military history” influenced America’s evolution into a global superpower. Nye, Joseph S., Yukio Satoh, and Paul Wilkinson. Addressing the New International Terrorism: Prevention, Intervention, and Multilateral Cooperation (Washington, DC: Trilateral Commission, 2003). America, Asia and Europe all have different views on approaches on combating terrorism. While America uses the term “war on terror,” Europe feels uncomfortable with the idea of a war, and prefers to deal with the problem of its internal terrorism with means such as police, intelligence and justice. The authors’ Trilateral commission comprised of an American, Asian, and European view, addresses these issues, arguing that the terrorist threat is a transnational phenomenon, and thus requires an approach that is far from isolationist. Ali, Tariq. “Re-Colonizing Iraq,” New Left Review (May-June 2003). Armstrong, Karen. “Our Role in the Terror,” Guardian (September 18, 2003). Bacevich, Andrew J., and Eliot A. Cohen, eds. War over Kosovo: Politics and Strategy in a Global Age (New York, 2001). Charny, Joel R. “The United States in Iraq: An Experiment with Unilateral Humanitarianism,” Foreign Policy in Focus (June 26, 2003). Chehab, Zaki. “Inside the Resistance,” Guardian (October 13, 2003). Chomsky, Noam. Rogue States: The Rule of Force in World Affairs (Cambridge, Mass.: South End Press, 2000).

Page 23 of 35 Clark, David. “Iraq Has Wrecked Our Case for Humanitarian Wars: The US Neo-Cons Have Broken the Kosovo Liberal Intervention Consensus,” Guardian (August 7, 2003). Clark, Wesley K. Waging Modern War: Bosnia, Kosovo and the Future of Combat (New York: Basic Books, 2001). Coates, Ken, ed. Ethical Imperialism: The War after the War (Nottingham, England: Published by Spokesman for the Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation, 1999). Coll, Alberto R., “Kosovo and the Moral Burdens of Power,” in Andrew J. Bacevich and Eliot A. Cohen, eds., War over Kosovo (New York, 2001). Cooper, Robert. “The Postmodern State,” in Mark Leonard, ed., Reordering the World: The Long-term Implications of 11 September (London: Foreign Policy Centre, 2002). Dukuly, Abdullah. “UN Seeks to Transform Liberia from Failed State to Nation at Peace,” Inter Press Service (October 6, 2003). Feiser, Jonathan. “Bin Laden Lacks a Political Solution,” Power and Interest News Report (Oct. 9, 2003). Foster, John Bellamy. “Imperial America and War,” Monthly Review (May 2003). Goodson, Larry P. Afghanistan’s Endless War (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001). Johnstone, Diana. Fool’s Crusade: Yugoslavia, NATO and Western Delusions (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2002). Khan, Ali. “Lawlessness in Iraq and the Failure of Unilateralism,” JURIST (July 7, 2003). Khan, Muqtedar. “Clear and Present Danger,” Al-Ahram Weekly (June 19-25, 2003, Issue No. 643). LaFranchi, Howard. “US Eyes Second-Tier Threats in Terror War: It Signals Hardening Stance by Focusing on Syria, Libya, and Cuba,” Christian Science Monitor (October 14, 2003). Leonard, Mark, ed. Reordering the World: The Long-term Implications of 11 September (London: Foreign Policy Centre, 2002). Lobel, Jules, and Michael Ratner. “Bypassing the Security Council: Ambiguous Authorizations to Use Force, Ceasefires, and the Iraqi Inspection Regime,” American Journal of International Law 93 (1999). Mahajan, Rahul. Full Spectrum Dominance: US Power in Iraq and Beyond (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003). ———. The New Crusade: America's War on Terrorism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2002). Murray, Andrew. “Hostages of the Empire,” Guardian (July 1, 2003). Prashad, Vijay. War Against the Planet: The Fifth Afghan War, Imperialism, and Other Assorted Fundamentalisms (New Delhi: LeftWord Books, 2002). Ramesh, Randeep. “Imperial History Repeats Itself: Once Again, Indians are Being Asked to Fight Iraqis for Empire’s Sake,” Guardian (July 3, 2003). Raven, Charlotte. “A Bully with a Bloody Nose Is Still a Bully,” Guardian (September 18, 2001).

Page 24 of 35 Reisman, W. Michael. “Unilateral Action and the Transformations of the World Constitutive Process: The Special Problem of Humanitarian Intervention,” European Journal of International Law 11, 1 (2000): 3–18. Thomas, Evan. “Rumsfeld’s War,” Newsweek (September 16, 2002). Weisman, Steven R. “US Set to Cede Part of Control Over Aid to Iraq,” New York Times (October 20, 2003). Williams, Ian. “Threading the Needle: UN Resolution 1511 and the Iraqi Occupation,” Foreign Policy in Focus (October 16, 2003).

VI. Democracy and Empire

Goals and Strategies Return to contents page

Suggested Texts: Cox, Michael, G. John Ikenberry, and Takashi Inoguchi, eds. American Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies and Impacts (New York: Oxford University, 2000). The authors analyze America’s recent promotion of democracy around the world, and examine the positive and negative consequences of changing a people’s form of government. Although some of the contributors disagree with studies that argue America is spreading a form of liberalism instead of democracy, they do account that the promotion of democracy is favorable to America’s interests and stability in the affected regions. Ryn, Claes. America the Virtuous: The Crisis of Democracy and the Quest for Empire (Transaction Publishers, 2003). Ryn argues that the policymakers and intellectuals behind George W. Bush’s decision-making have created an ideological movement that consumes their imagination and impulses. He draws attention to the underpinnings of an attempt at empire that promotes American values, principles that the ideologists mistakenly believe to be universal. Abizadeli, Arash. “Does Liberal Democracy Presuppose a Cultural Nation? Four Arguments,” American Political Science Review 96 (2002): 495-511. Archibugi, Daniele. Held, David, and Köhler, Martin, eds. Re-Imagining Political Community: Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 1998). Blecher, Robert. “’Free People Will Set the Course of History’: Intellectuals, Democracy, and American Empire,” Middle East Report Online (March 2003). Bobbio, Norberto. Liberalism and Democracy, trans. Martin Ryle & Kate Soper (London: Verso, 1990). Burgerman, Susan. Moral Victories: How Activists Provoke Multilateral Action (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001). Calhoun, Craig. “Imagining Solidarity: Cosmopolitanism, Constitutional Patriotism, and the Public Sphere,” Public Culture 14 (2002): 147–171. Carothers, Thomas. Is Gradualism Possible? Choosing a Strategy for Promoting Democracy in the Middle East, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Working Paper No. 39, Middle East Series, Democracy and Rule of Law Project (June 2003).

Page 25 of 35 de Tocqueville, Alexis. Democracy in America, trans. Henry Reeve, 2 vols. (London: Longman, 1862). Elazar, Daniel. Constitutionalizing Globalization: The Postmodern Revival of Confederal Arrangements (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998). Elman, Miriam Fendius, ed. Paths to Peace: Is Democracy the Answer? (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1997). Falk, Richard. On Humane Governance: Toward a New Global Politics (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1995). Florini, Ann M., ed. The Third Force: The Rise of Transnational Civil Society (Tokyo: The Japan Center for International Exchange; Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2000). Foster, John W., ed., and Anita Anand, contrib. ed. Whose World Is It Anyway?: Civil Society, The United Nations and the Multilateral Future (Ottowa, Canada: United Nations Association in Canada, 1999). Golub, Stephen. Beyond Rule of Law Orthodoxy: The Legal Empowerment Alternative, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Working Paper No. 41, Democracy and Rule of Law Project (October 2003). Habermas, Jürgen. Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. William Rehg (Cambridge: Polity, 1996). Hathaway, James C. “America, Defender of Democratic Legitimacy?” European Journal of International Law 11, 1 (2000): 121-133. Held, David. Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995). Held, David, and Daniele Archibugi, eds. Cosmopolitan Democracy (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1994). Huntington, Samuel P. “Democracy for the Long Haul,” Journal of Democracy (April 1996). Huntington, Samuel P. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991). Islam, Faisal. “The Green Shoots of Global Democracy?” Observer (March 16, 2003). Keck, Margaret, and Kathryn Sikkink. Activists Beyond Borders: Transnational Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999). Lasch, Christopher. The Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995). Ledeen, Michael, Freedom Betrayed: How America Led a Global Democratic Revolution, Won the Cold War, and Walked Away (Washington, DC: AEI Press, 1996). Lowenthal, Abraham F., ed. Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). Muravchik, Joshua. Exporting Democracy: Fulfilling America’s Destiny (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute Press, 1991).

Page 26 of 35 Patten, Chris. “Democracy Doesn’t Flow From the Barrel of a Gun,” Foreign Policy (September/October 2003). Sanger, David E. “Bush Links Trade with Democracy at Quebec Talks,” New York Times (April 21, 2001): A1. Schraeder, Peter J., ed. Exporting Democracy: Rhetoric vs. Reality (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002). Smith, Tony. America’s Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994). Talbott, Strobe. “Democracy and the National Interest,” Foreign Affairs (November/December 1996).

Media, Public Opinion and Culture Return to contents page

Suggested Text: Shwarz, Benjamin. “Clearer Than the Truth: Duplicity in foreign affairs has sometimes served the national interest. But the case if Iraq is different,” The Atlantic Monthly (April 2004): Vol. 293, No. 3. Shwarz contends that the Bush administration "massaged the truth" when seeking support for its war in Iraq. But, he says, such manipulation and selectivity is not unique to this administration. Shwarz cites McNamara's Vietnam era policies and Clinton's NATO involvement in Kosovo, arguing that government equivocation has long been excused on the basis that the public is not 'sophisticated' enough to understand the rationales undergirding foreign policy choices. Nonetheless, Shwarz acknowledges the missing link between the al-Qaeda threat and preemptive action against Iraq. This creates a difficult situation: In order to combat the terrorist threat, we must put much trust in the government and its secret services; yet this becomes more difficult when that trust has been abused. Bernstein, Richard. “Foreign Views of US Darken Since Sept. 11,” New York Times (Sept. 11, 2003). Blum, William. “Anti-Empire Report,” ZNet (July 7, 2003). Clymer, Adam. “Surveys Find European Public Critical of Bush Policies,” New York Times (August 16, 2001): A6. Dallek, Robert. The American Style of Foreign Policy: Cultural Politics and Foreign Affairs (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983). Dohrn, Bernardine. “Homeland Imperialism: Fear and Resistance,” Monthly Review (July-August 2003). Feaver, Peter D., and Richard H. Kohn, eds. Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap and American National Security (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2001). Goodman, Ellen. “An American Empire Built on Deception,” Boston Globe (June 26, 2003). Ikenberry, G. John, and Charles A. Kupchan. “Socialization and Hegemonic Power,” International Organization 44, 4 (June 1990): 283-315. Kaplan, Amy. The Anarchy of Empire in the Making of U.S. Culture (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002). Klein, Naomi. “Bush’s War Goes Global,” Globe and Mail (August 27, 2003). Lindsay, James M. “The New Apathy: How an Uninterested Public is Reshaping Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs 79, 5 (September/October 2000): 2-8.

Page 27 of 35 Lobe, Jim. “New Poll Shows US Public Wants Cooperation, Not Confrontation” Inter Press Service (September 9, 2003). MacKenzie, John M., ed. Imperialism and Popular Culture (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986). Milner, Helen. Interests, Institutions, and Information: Domestic Politics and International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997). Murray, Alan. “Political Capital: Manifesto Warns of Dangers Associated With an Empire,” Wall Street Journal (July 15, 2003). O’Hara, Daniel T. Empire Burlesque: The Fate of Critical Culture in Global America (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003). Pemberton, Jo-Anne. Global Metaphors: Modernity and the Quest for One World (London: Pluto, 2001). Pha, Anna. “Out of Their Own Mouths,” Guardian (July 2, 2003). Pilger, John. “War on Truth,” New Statesman (August 4, 2003). Reich, Robert B. “How Did Spending Become Our Patriotic Duty?” Washington Post (September 23, 2001): B1. Rielly, John E., ed. American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy 1999 (Chicago: Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, 1999). Rodman, Peter W. “The World’s Resentment: Anti-Americanism as a Global Phenomenon,” The National Interest 60 (Summer 2000): 33–41. Said, Edward. “Imperial Perspectives,” Al-Ahram (July 24-30, 2003). ———. Culture and Imperialism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993). Sardar, Ziauddin. Postmodernism and the Other: The New Imperialism of Western Culture (London and Chicago: Pluto Press, 1998). Schiller, Herbert I. Mass Communications and American Empire (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992). Siegel, Lee. “Empire Redux?” Newsweek (August 7, 2003). Snyder, Jack L. Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991). Susskind, Yiffat. “Adjusting to Empire,” ZNet (July 12, 2003). Tomlinson, John. Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). Vidal, Gore. The Last Empire: Essays 1992–2000 (New York: Doubleday, 2001). Wee, C. J. Wan-ling. Culture, Empire, and the Question of Being Modern (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2003). Wittkopf, Eugene R., and James M. McCormick, eds. The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy: Insights and Evidence (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999).

Page 28 of 35

VII. History of Empire

The American Experience Return to contents page

Suggested Texts: Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. The Cycles of American History (Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999). In this updated edition, Schlesinger analyzes the past two centuries of American politics and outlines an ongoing struggle within the American psyche. He presages an indecisive battle between idealism and pragmatism that could lead to political revolution in America in the 21st century. Zimmerman, Warren. First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power (New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux, 2004). Zimmerman, renowned diplomat and writer, argues that imperialist America is hardly a new phenomenon. He analyzes the period from 1898 to 1903 and the attendant conquests of Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, and (indirectly) Panama. America was led to its imperial nature, however, by five prominent political figures: Theodore Roosevelt, Alfred T. Mahan, Henry Cabot Lodge, John Hay, and Elihu Root. America’s stance today cannot be understood, he declares, without referring to the global aspirations of a century ago. Aron, Raymond, The Imperial Republic: The United States and the World, 1945-1973 (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1974). Beisner, Robert L. Twelve against Empire: The Anti-Imperialists, 1898–1900 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985). Bills, Scott L. Empire and Cold War: The Roots of US-Third World Antagonism, 1945–1947 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990). Bradford, James C. Crucible of Empire: The Spanish-American War and Its Aftermath (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1993). Carnegie, Andrew. “Imperial Federation,” in The Gospel of Wealth, and Other Timely Essays (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1933). Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Athan Theoharis, eds. Imperial Democracy: The United States Since 1945 (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1988). Farhang, Mansour. U.S. Imperialism: The Spanish-American War to the Iranian Revolution (Boston: South End Press, 1981). Foner, Philip S., and Richard C. Winchester, eds. The Anti-Imperialist Reader: A Documentary History of Anti-Imperialism in the United States (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1984). Fulbright, J. William. The Price of Empire (New York: Pantheon Books, 1989). Gardner, Lloyd C. A Covenant with Power: America and World Order from Wilson to Reagan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984). Garrison, Jim. America as Empire: Global Leader or Rogue Power (Berrett-Koehler, December 2003). Gold, Isadore Jay. The United States and Saudi Arabia, 1933–1953: Post-imperial Diplomacy and the Legacy of British Power (New York: Ph. D. Thesis, Columbia University, 1984).

Page 29 of 35 Hahn, Peter L., and Mary Ann Heiss, eds. Empire and Revolution: The United States and the Third World Since 1945 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2001). Heiss, Mary Ann. Empire and Nationhood: The United States, Great Britain, and Iranian Oil, 1950– 1954 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). Johnson, Paul. “America’s New Empire for Liberty,” Hoover Digest (Stanford: Hoover Institution, Fall 2003). Joseph, Paul. Peace Politics: The United States Between the Old and New World Orders (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993). Kagan, Robert. “The Benevolent Empire,” Foreign Policy 111 (Summer 1998): 24-35. Kaplan, Lawrence S. Thomas Jefferson: Westward the Course of Empire (Wilmington, Delaware: SR Books, 1999). Kolko, Gabriel. Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1980 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988). Lundestad, Geir. “Empire” by Integration: The United States and European Integration, 1945–1997 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997). May, Ernest R. Imperial Democracy: The Emergence of America as a Great Power, new ed. (Chicago: Imprint Publications, 1991). ———. American Imperialism: A Speculative Essay (Chicago: Imprint Publications, 1991). McMahan, Jeff. Reagan and the World: Imperial Policy in the New Cold War (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1985). Morley, Morris H. Imperial State and Revolution: The United States and Cuba, 1952–1986 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987). Ninkovich, Frank A. The United States and Imperialism (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 2001). Osgood, Robert. Ideals and Self-Interest in America’s Foreign Relations (University of Chicago Press, 1958). Parmet, Herbert S. Eisenhower and the American Crusades (New York: Macmillan, 1972). Pastor, Robert A. “The United States: Divided by a Revolutionary Vision,” in Robert A. Pastor, ed., A Century’s Journey: How the Great Powers Shaped the World (New York: Basic Books, 1999). Paterson, Thomas G., ed. American Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1973). Schoonover, Thomas David. The United States in Central America, 1860–1911: Episodes of Social Imperialism and Imperial Rivalry in the World System (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991). Smith, Neil. American Empire: Roosevelt’s Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003). Smith, Tony. The Pattern of Imperialism: The United States, Great Britain, and the Late-Industrializing World Since 1815 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981). Stephanson, Anders. Manifest Destiny: American Expansionism and the Empire of Right (New York: Hill and Wang, 1996).

Page 30 of 35 Theoharis, Athan, ed. The Truman Presidency: The Origins of the Imperial Presidency and the National Security State (Stanfordville, N.Y.: E. M. Coleman Enterprises, 1979). Vlahos, Michael. America: Images of Empire (Washington. D.C.: School of Advanced International Studies, The Johns Hopkins Foreign Policy Institute, 1982). Williams, William Appleman. America Confronts a Revolutionary World, 1777-1976 (New York: Morrow, 1976). ———, ed. From Colony to Empire (New York: J. Wiley, 1972). ———. The Roots of the Modern American Empire: A Study of the Growth and Shaping of Social Consciousness in a Marketplace Society (New York: Random House, 1969). Wilson, James G. The Imperial Republic: A Structural History of American Constitutionalism from the Colonial Era to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2002).

Lessons of British Empire Return to contents page

Suggested Texts: Ferguson, Niall. Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power (New York: Basic Books, 2003). British historian Niall Ferguson sees Britain’s colonial empire as the first experiment in globalization. He calls it “Anglobalization.” He argues that the spread of capitalism, the rise of humanitarian values, the communications revolution, and the adaptation of parliamentary democracy can all be traced to Britain’s expansionist policies, which ended in the mid-twentieth century. Ferguson cautions, nonetheless, against the overextension of Empire. Howe, Stephen. “American Empire: The History and Future of an Idea” Open Democracy (June 12, 2003). Stephen Howe analyzes the historical arc of American Empire, with special comparison to the British experience and special emphasis on the U.S. as unprecedented hyperpower of the 21st century. He makes subtle distinctions between ‘empire’ and ‘imperialism’, and between ‘informal’ (mostly economic) and ‘formal’ control. Armitage, David, The Ideological Origins of the British Empire (Cambridge, 2000). Bentley, Michael. Politics Without Democracy: Great Britain, 1815-1914: Perception and Preoccupation in British Government, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1999). Brown, Judith M., and William Roger Louis, eds., The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. IV: The Twentieth Century (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). Butler, L. J. Britain and Empire: Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World (London and New York: I. B. Taurus, 2002). Cain, Peter and Tony Hopkins. British Imperialism, 1688-2000 (New York: Longman, 2001). Cohen, Michael J., and Martin Kolinsky, eds., Demise of the British Empire in the Middle East: Britain’s Response to Nationalist Movements, 1943-1955 (London, 1998). Darwin, John. Britain and Decolonization: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World (Houndsmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988). Howe, Stephen. Anticolonialism in British Politics: The Left and the End of Empire, 1918–1964 (Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).

Page 31 of 35 James, Lawrence. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997). Louis, William Roger, and Ronald Robinson. “The Imperialism of Decolonization,” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 22 (1995). MacKenzie, John M. Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion, 1880-1960 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984). Orde, Anne. The Eclipse of Great Britain: The United States and British Imperial Decline 1895–1956 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996). Schama, Simon. A History of Britain: The Fate of Empire 1776-2000 (New York: Miramax, 2002).

Theory and Practice of Empire Return to contents page

Suggested Texts: Gibbon, Edward. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, introduction by Hugh Trevor-Roper (New York: Knopf, 1993). First published in 1776, the same year as Adam Smith’s “The Wealth of Nations,” Gibbon’s account of the Roman Empire is still an historically and anecdotally rich depiction of ancient times. The accompanying introduction maps the Africa, Asia, and Europe of the time, and is a helpful guide to this three-volume work. Hobsbawm, Eric J. Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day, new edition revised and updated with Chris Wringley (London: Penguin, 1999). Hobsbawm explores the trajectory of industrial evolution over the past two hundred and fifty years, as well as industry’s influence on social and political institutions. Particularly, he describes Britain as an early industrial power, focusing on its unique relation with the rest of the world, its decline from dominance, and the effects of changes on the country’s ordinary people. Art, Robert J., and Robert Jervis, eds. International Politics: Anarchy, Force, Imperialism (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973). Barkley, Karen, and Mark von Hagen, eds. After Empire: Multiethnic Societies and Nation-Building: The Soviet Union, and Russian, Ottoman, and Habsburg Empires (Boulder: Westview Press, 1997). Cobley, Alan. Crossroads of Empire: The European-Caribbean Connection, 1492–1992 (Cave Hill, Bridgetown, Barbados: Dept. of History, University of the West Indies, 1994). Colley, Linda. “What is Imperial History Today?” in David Cannadine, ed., What is History Today? (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002): 132–47. Femia, Joseph. Against the Masses: Varieties of Anti-Democratic Thought Since the French Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). Fromkin, David. A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East (New York: Owl Books, 2001). Gibbon, Edward. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, intro. By Hugh Trevor- Roper (New York: Knopf, 1993). Headrick, Daniel R., The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981).

Page 32 of 35 Hobsbawm, Eric J. Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day, new edition revised and updated with Chris Wrigley (London: Penguin, 1999). ———. The Age of Empire 1875-1914 (New York: Vintage Books, 1989). Isaac, Benjamin. The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997). Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York: Random House, 1987). ———. “The Theory and Practice of Imperialism,” Historical Journal 20 (1977): 761–769. Kiernan, V. G. Imperialism and Its Contradictions, edited and introduced by Harvey J. Kaye (New York: Routledge, 1995). Kindleberger, Charles P. World Economic Primacy: 1500–1990 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996). Laffey, John F. Imperialism and Ideology: An Historical Perspective (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2000). Motyl, Alexander J. Imperial Ends: The Decay, Collapse, and Revival of Empires (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001). Muthu, Sankar. Enlightenment Against Empire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003). Nabudere, D. Wadada. Essays on the Theory and Practice of Imperialism (London: Onyx Press, 1979). Negri, Antonio, M.B. DeBeroise. Negri on Negri: An Interview with Anne Dufourmentelle (Routledge, January 2004). Prakash, Gyan, ed. After Colonialism: Imperial Histories and Postcolonial Displacements (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995). Starovoitova, G. V. Sovereignty After Empire: Self-Determination Movements in the Former Soviet Union (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1997). Tejirian, Eleanor H., and Reeva Spector Simon, eds. Altruism and Imperialism: Western Cultural and Religious Missions in the Middle East (New York: Middle East Institute, Columbia University, 2002). Thornton, Archibald Paton. The Imperial Idea and Its Enemies: A Study in British Power (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1985). ———. Doctrines of Imperialism (London: J. Wiley & Sons, 1965). Van Evera, Stephen. Causes of War: Power and the Roots of Conflict (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999). Weber, Steve. Multilateralism in NATO: Shaping the Postwar Balance of Power, 1945–1961 (Berkeley: University of California, 1991). Williams, William Appleman. Empire as a Way of Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980).

VIII. Classic Texts Return to contents page

Page 33 of 35 Recommended Texts: Carnegie, Andrew. “Americanism Versus Imperialism,” in The Gospel of Wealth, and Other Timely Essays (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1933). Carnegie analyzes America’s expansionist foreign policy in this 1899 article. Its collection of essays generally preaches that wealth accumulation, if used for philanthropy, is beneficial for society. Lenin, Vladimir I. Imperialism, The Highest Stage of Capitalism: A Popular Outline, intro. By Norman Lewis and James Malone (London and Chicago: Junius, 1996). A foundational document of modern political thought, in their introduction, Lewis and Malone underline the distinction between modern theories of globalization and Lenin’s 1916 approach. They argue that Lenin’s theory, which emphasized the role of colonialism and the First World War on the global expansion of the capitalist economy, continues to be the best method to understand recent global developments. Burke, Edmund. On Empire, Liberty, and Reform: Speeches and Letters, ed. David Bromwich (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000). de Tocqueville, Alexis. Writings on Empire and Slavery, ed. and trans. Jennifer Pitts (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001). Macnaught, William. Federation of the Empire…Especially Written for the Working Classes (Liverpool: James Gage, 1887). Morgenthau, Hans J. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 5th ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978). Schumpeter, Joseph A. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (London: Routledge, 1994).

IX. Key Speeches Return to contents page

Recommended: Bush, George W. “President Discusses Freedom in Iraq and Middle East,” remarks by the President at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy, United States Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D.C., November 6, 2003. President Bush attributes “the swiftest advance of freedom” globally to the “world's most influential nation,” which is “itself a democracy.” He emphasizes the development of democracy around the world and especially in the strategic Middle East. Democracy, he argues, is not intrinsic to the West alone, but to all, including the Muslim world. Distinctive and different religions and ways of life in fact strengthen democracy and are compatible with America’s essential values and goals. Cheney, Dick. “Remarks by the Vice President to the Heritage Foundation,” Heritage Lecture, Washington, D.C., October 10, 2003. The Vice President discusses the war on terror and characterizes future threats as “the ultimate nightmare.” There is only one way to protect America, and that is to destroy the terrorists systematically, rather than on the ad hoc basis adopted prior to 9/11. A strong defense is not enough. He also maintains that acting with the consent of the whole international community in matters of defense is not in the best interest of national security. Finally, only America has “the might and the will” to lead the world to peace. Albright, Madeleine K., “The United States and the United Nations: Confrontation or Consensus,” Council on Foreign Relations, New York, January 26, 1995.

Page 34 of 35 Berger, Samuel R. “American Power: Hegemony, Isolationism or Engagement,” remarks to the Council on Foreign Relations, October 21, 1999. Christopher, Warren. “Leadership for the Next American Century,” remarks given at John F. Kennedy School of Government, January 18, 1996. Clinton, William J. “American Security in a Changing World,” remarks given at George Washington University, August 5, 1996. ———. “American Foreign Policy and the Democratic Ideal,” campaign speech, Pabst Theater, Milwaukee, WI, October 1, 1992. Daschle, Tom. “A New Century of American Leadership,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C., August 9, 2001, www.senate.gov/daschle/pressroom/speeches/2001A09615.html. Gephardt, Richard A. “The Future of Trans-Atlantic Relations: Collaboration or Confrontation?” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C., August 2, 2001, www.ceip.org/files/events/gephardt_transcript.asp. Lugar, Richard, “World Leadership in the New Millennium,” Commonwealth Club of San Francisco, January 20, 2000, www.senate.gov/~lugar/000120.htm. Rice, Condoleezza. “American Foreign Policy in the 21st Century,” Los Angeles World Affairs Council, January 15, 1999, www.lawac.org/speech/rice.html.

Page 35 of 35