DOCSLIB.ORG

Part 1: Birding Acoustics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Part 1: Birding Acoustics Part 1: Birding Acoustics ost birders cannot live without bird sound. Aural identification in - creases efficiency more than any other skill. If all sounds were Mequally incomprehensible to you, you would have to visually iden - tify every robin and towhee to find the visiting Varied Thrush. Anyone who Listen to all the birds in this article! aba.org/birding/v42n4p63w1.html has traveled abroad knows, or once knew, this problem. Moreover, some birds, such as most owls and nightjars and some rails, are unlikely to be de - tected visually because they are active mainly at night. And then there are the species that are easy to see, but still difficult to identify visually—for exam - ple, Chaetura swifts, Catharus thrushes, wood-pewees, and empids. I’m much more comfortable with these aurally than visually. Beyond the identi - Arch McCallum fication quest is the sheer joy (Kroodsma 2005, 2009) of hearing bird sounds Applied Bioacoustics in all their kinds, melodious and noisy, serene and hyperactive; of knowing P.O. Box 51063 the sounds themselves as well as who made them. Eugene, Oregon 97405 The crack birders know almost all species by their sounds. For most of us, [email protected] though, aural skills lag behind visual ones. So why not visualize sound as well as shape and color? We can do this by recording the sounds in the field and using a computer to convert the digitized sound waves to sound pictures All sonograms in this (Kroodsma 2009, Strycker 2009), via audio spectrograms (also known as article appear courtesy of “sonograms”) and oscillograms (graphs of the waveform of the sound). These © Arch McCallum, unless visual representations of sounds help us (1) name different kinds of sounds otherwise indicated. for clearer communication (Pieplow 2007), (2) increase “ear-birding” skill by 50 BIRDING • JULY 2010 engaging visual memory in building a library of known lar-looking notes. I’ll also show how small, easy modifica - sounds, and (3) objectively evaluate recordings that are tions can produce big effects, which can be diagnostic. In presented as documentation for distributional records. a companion article, to appear later this year in Birding , I’ll With improvements in technology and the emergence look at the rules birds use to combine notes into phrases , of a creative commons on the internet (for example, xeno- phrases into songs (Fig. 1 ), and songs into singing per - canto.org and earbirding.com), not to mention free access formances (Fig. 2 ). Such rules produce the broader tem - to traditional archives (for example, tinyurl.com/djfxxe poral patterns of vocalizing that we depend upon for and tinyurl.com/24svbaq), recordings and sound pictures identification of most singing birds. will play an increasingly important role in ear birding. In an article in Birding in 2007, Nathan Pieplow intro - Lest anyone miss out on the fun, I present here visual duced a spectrographically based vocabulary for describ - primers on the two foundations of ear birding: acoustics ing how sounds sound. I aim to complement his important (this article) and syntax (later this year in Birding ). work by shifting the focus from your brain to the bird’s vocal tract, with a nod to the brains of the intended re - he basic unit of bird sound is the note , which, just like a ceivers of these sounds. I believe you will be astonished at Tmusical note, is a sound that is continuous in time. My the variety of sounds birds make and at the variety of tech - goal in this article is to show how different classes of notes niques they use to make them. No other natural sound- look and to outline the different ways birds produce simi - makers come anywhere close to the virtuosity of birds, and Fig.1. Birds’ songs are composed of phrases , which are composed of notes . Shown are single songs of a Carolina Wren from Warren County, Virginia , 9 April 1983 (top ) and an Eastern Towhee from Hayward County, North Carolina, 26 July 2006 (bottom ). Each continu - ous trace is a note. Carolina Wren songs are tandem repeats of a single phrase-type, each of which is a permanent member of the bird’s repertoire of two or three dozen. This phrase- type contains five notes. The fifth phrase in the song is incomplete. The towhee’s song pro - ceeds according to a plan that has been im - mortalized as drink your tea! A brief whistle and sharp click provide the drink , a low whistle is the your , and tea is a slow trill. Each element in the trill is actually a two-note phrase. Carolina Wren. Harris County, Texas; December 2008. Photo by © Alan Murphy. WWW.ABA.ORG 51 BIRDING BY EAR you deserve, as a birder, to know just how good they are. A whistle is flat on a sonogram (Fig. 3 ), which means it Be amazed, but not dismayed, by all the variety. Every does not change frequency. The everyday term for fre - sound is an event in time, and almost all sounds have a quency is “pitch.” The latter is actually a perceptual term, simple and discernible pitch trend, a tune that you could whereas the former is a physical quantity, the number of whistle. The variety comes from what birds do with carrier oscillations per second of the sound source. The inset in frequencies . Fig. 3 is a short segment of the oscillogram, which graphs the waveform of the sound. Notice that it is a simple sine Carrier Frequencies wave—from trigonometry, remember? The oscillations The underlying sound, or carrier frequency, is a simple, above and below zero are a reading of the back-and-forth thin, line on a sonogram. We can characterize this line as movements of a diaphragm in a microphone, which mim - a whistle if it is flat, a click if it is nearly vertical, and a slur ics the movements of membranes in the vocal organ, or or warble if it is in between. These names just describe syrinx, of the bird. The oscillations of the membranes ini - points on a continuum, but they can be useful. tiate pressure waves, which are “read” by the microphone. Many bird sounds, though, are not so simple, because There’s not room for the oscillogram of the entire sound, the bird adds information to the simple pitch trend of the above the sonogram, to show that level of detail, but it carrier. This process of “modulation” gives us derived spec - does show (in volts) the time-varying amplitude (loudness) trographic shapes that I refer to as buzzes , trills , and chords . of the sound. The frequency of 4,000 oscillations (or cy - Fig.2. Shown here are five songs from a bout of singing by an American Robin from Wasco County, Oregon , 9 April 2004. Each song is a slightly different combination of the bird’s fi - nite repertoire of phrase-types, six of which are indicated by letters. Each phrase is composed of one or more notes. The unlettered phrases are the fainter hissely phrases discussed by Kroodsma (2005:30). They are not used by the tanagers and grosbeaks whose songs may be confused with those of robins. American Robin. Lane County, Oregon; June 2009. Photo by © Joe Fuhrman. 52 BIRDING • JULY 2010 cles) per second is referred to as 4,000 Hertz (Hz), or 4 chea (windpipe) divides into the two bronchi that lead to kiloHertz (kHz). It translates to a flat line at 4 kHz on the the lungs. vertical axis of the sonogram, which, as you see, is a graph of frequency against time. If you need to read that over one Raps, Clicks, and Slurs more time, please go ahead. It’s sound production, record - Rotate the flat trace of the whistle almost 90 degrees and ing, and sonography, all in one paragraph. you get a click or rap (Fig. 4 ). The trace of a click can’t be exactly vertical because that would indicate instantaneous Frequency Modulation pitch change, which is physically impossible. The mem - The whistle, or “pure tone,” is the bread and butter of branes in a bird’s syrinx can change their oscillation rates acoustical theory, psychoacoustic research, and western several kHz in ten milliseconds (1/100th of a second), music—and I don’t mean country and western “music.” though, which is very close to instantaneous, at least for The simplest process by which birds dress up their sounds our ears and brains. When stretched out, clicks have dis - is frequency modulation , which produces the changes in tinctive and often diagnostic fine structure. The birds prob - pitch trend that give us clicks, slurs, and warbles. It is ac - ably hear this detail quite well. Many crack birders complished by changing the shape of the syrinx, either apparently resolve enough of the detail to identify birds with the muscles associated with the syrinx (Suthers 2004) accurately by these brief call notes. Sonograms offer hope or by changing the pressure in the air sacs that surround to the rest of us. the syrinx (Beckers et al. 2003, Amador et al. 2008). The A rap, unlike a click, is truly vertical on a sonogram, be - syrinx is a bird’s voice box, which is located where the tra - cause it is actually a very brief chord , discussed later in this Fig.3. Shown here are whistles of a Mountain Chickadee from Dolores County, Colorado , 27 April 1982. This sonogram has very high frequency resolution (at the expense of temporal resolution), so you can see just how close this male came to whistling a perfectly pure tone. Was he trying to? The gray spackling at the bottom of the sonogram is low-frequency noise, compliments of the wind.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Chick-A-Dee Call System of the Mexican Chickadee’
    The Condor 96:70-X2 0 The Cooper Ornithological Society 1994 THE CHICK-A-DEE CALL SYSTEM OF THE MEXICAN CHICKADEE’ MILLICENT SIGLER FICKEN Department of BiologicalSciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee,Milwaukee, WI 53211 ELIZABETH D. HAILMAN Department of Dairy Science,University of Wisconsin-Madison,Madison, WI 53706 JACK P. HAILMAN Department of Zoology, Universityof Wisconsin-Madison,Madison, WI 53706 Abstract. Chick-a-dee calls of the Mexican Chickadee (Parus sclateri)are composed of combinations of three common note types (A, C and D) and one very rare type (B). Calls have the invariant sequenceof notes A-B-C-D, where any note type may be omitted, given once or repeated a variable number of times before transiting to the next type. The B and C notes are phonologically similar to the B and C notes of chick-a-dee calls of the Black- capped Chickadee (P. atricapillus), but the A note is markedly different and the D note somewhat different from equivalent notes of the congener.A total of 2,07 1 calls recorded yielded 60 different call types,and Zipf-Mandelbrot plots show that the call systemis “open”; as the sample size is increased new call types will be found without demonstrable bound. In relatively undisturbed contexts (with mate on territory, in fall flocks, alone in fall) birds gave mainly [A][D] calls with lesser numbers of [A] and [C] calls, where brackets indicate variable repetition of note types. In disturbed contexts(mobbing plastic Great Homed Owl, mobbing speakerplaying calls of the Northern Pygmy-Owl, observer sitting under the nest cavity) the birds gave more [C] calls with [A][C] as well.
    [Show full text]
  • And Mountain Chickadee (Poecile Gambeli) Call Notes
    Journal of Comparative Psychology Copyright 2006 by the American Psychological Association 2006, Vol. 120, No. 2, 147–153 0735-7036/06/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7036.120.2.147 Statistical Classification of Black-Capped (Poecile Atricapillus) and Mountain Chickadee (Poecile Gambeli) Call Notes Michael R. W. Dawson, Laurie L. Bloomfield, Isabelle Charrier, and Christopher B. Sturdy University of Alberta Both black-capped (Poecile atricapillus) and mountain chickadees (Poecile gambeli) produce a chick- a-dee call that consists of several distinct note types. In some regions, these 2 species live sympatrically, and it has been shown that 1 species will respond weakly to songs of the other. This suggests that chickadee song, and potentially other of their vocalizations, contains species-specific information. We tested the possibility that call notes were acoustically sufficient for species identification. Black-capped and mountain non-D notes were summarized as a set of 9 features and then analyzed by linear discriminant analysis. Linear discriminant analysis was able to use these notes to identify species with 100% accuracy. We repeated this approach, but with black-capped and mountain D notes that were summarized as a set of 4 features. Linear discriminant analysis was able to use these notes to identify species with 94% accuracy. This demonstrates that any of the note types in these chickadee calls possesses sufficient information for species classification. Keywords: songbirds, vocalizations, classification, bioacoustics Songbirds are a
    [Show full text]
  • Landbird Monitoring in the Sonoran Desert Network 2012 Annual Report
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Landbird Monitoring in the Sonoran Desert Network 2012 Annual Report Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/SODN/NRTR—2013/744 ON THE COVER Hooded Oriole (Icterus cucullatus). Photo by Moez Ali. Landbird Monitoring in the Sonoran Desert Network 2012 Annual Report Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/SODN/NRTR—2013/744 Authors Moez Ali Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 230 Cherry Street, Suite 150 Fort Collins, Colorado 80521 Kristen Beaupré National Park Service Sonoran Desert Network 7660 E. Broadway Blvd, Suite 303 Tucson, Arizona 85710 Patricia Valentine-Darby University of West Florida Department of Biology 11000 University Parkway Pensacola, Florida 32514 Chris White Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 230 Cherry Street, Suite 150 Fort Collins, Colorado 80521 Project Contact Robert E. Bennetts National Park Service Southern Plains Network Capulin Volcano National Monument PO Box 40 Des Moines, New Mexico 88418 May 2013 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colora- do, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource manage- ment, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Technical Report Series is used to disseminate results of scientific studies in the physical, biological, and social sciences for both the advancement of science and the achievement of the National Park Service mission.
    [Show full text]
  • Vocal Repertoire of the Mexican Chickadee I. Calls
    J. Field Ornithol., 61(4):380-387 VOCAL REPERTOIRE OF THE MEXICAN CHICKADEE I. CALLS MILLICENT SIGLER FIeKEN Departmentof BiologicalSciences Universityof Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee, Wisconsin53201 USA Abstract.--I describeacoustic structure and use of calls (excludingsong and song-like vocalizations)of Mexican Chickadees(Parus sclateri). Calls are comparedwith thoseof other North Americangray-backed chickadees. The generalcall repertoireof the Mexican Chickadee is similar to other chickadeeshowever, the "chick-a-dee" call of the Mexican Chickadeeis very differentin acousticstructure from calls of other membersof its species group. Other differencesin acousticstructure may be due to the linkage, rather than independentevolution of certain calls. REPERTORIO VOCAL DE PARUS SCLATERI I. LLAMADAS Sinopsis.--Describola estructuraac6stica y uso de llamadas(excluyendo las cancionesy vocalizacionesparecidas a cantos)de Parussclateri. Las 11amadasson comparadascon las producidaspor otra avesde Norteam6ricadel mismog6nero. Encuentro que el repertorio en generaldel ave estudiadaes similar a la de otroscong6neres. Sin embargo,la 11amada "chic-a-di" de la especiemexicana es diferenteen estructuraac6stica a la 11amadade otros miembrosdel grupode especies.Otras diferenciasen la estructuraac6stica podrian deberse a la uni6n, en vez de la evoluci6nindependiente, de ciertas11amadas. The Mexican Chickadee(Parus sclateri) is poorlyknown comparedto the other, well-studiedgray-backed chickadees of North America. Dixon and Martin (1979) performedthe first sonagraphicanalysis of several vocalizationsof this species,and noted marked differencesfrom other chickadees.Here a more detailedsonagraphic analysis and descriptionof use of calls are provided.Songs and song-likevocalizations are treated elsewhere(Ficken 1990b). I comparevocalizations of the Mexican Chick- adeewith other closelyrelated chickadees for which sonagramsare avail- able:Black-capped Chickadee, P. atricapillus(Ficken et al. 1978), Carolina Chickadee, P.
    [Show full text]
  • News and Notes
    Birding 08-06 News & Notes 6/12/06 1:36 PM Page 26 NEWS AND NOTES by Paul Hess Forest Birds Face without standing water is not yet understood. Mercury levels in Bicknell’s Thrushes sampled at seven Risk of Mercury wintering sites in Cuba and on Hispaniola were unexpect- edly high: two to three times greater than in those sampled Think about toxic mercury in avian food chains. What at the breeding sites. Significant industrial sources of mer- species come to mind? Surely Common Loon, probably Bald cury are unknown in the winter range, which suggests that Eagle and Osprey, and possibly marsh birds and kingfishers. increasing levels of mercury in the global atmosphere may All specialize on a diet of fish, which provide a well-known be a factor in the contamination. The authors emphasized pathway for bioaccumulation of mercury. But Bicknell’s that chronic, year-round exposure to mercury heightens Thrush? An insectivorous and strictly terrestrial songbird concern about potentially damaging effects on Bicknell’s with no orientation to aquatic habitat? Yes, it joined the list Thrushes. in 2005 when Christopher C. Rimmer and six coauthors an- Because of its small population (estimated at only nounced that they had found mercury contamination in 40,000), its geographically limited breeding and winter Bicknell’s Thrushes on both ranges, and its threatened boreal and tropical their breeding and their win- habitats, Bicknell’s Thrush is ranked by Part- tering grounds (Ecotoxicol- ners in Flight in the highest-priority category ogy 14:223–240). As the first for conservation action.
    [Show full text]
  • Songbird Ecology in Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests: Forest Service a Literature Review
    Songbird Ecology in Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests: Forest Service A Literature Review This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. Block, William M.; Finch, Deborah M., technical editors. 1997. Songbird ecology in southwestern ponderosa pine forests: a literature review. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-292. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 152 p. This publication reviews and synthesizes the literature about ponderosa pine forests of the Southwest, with emphasis on the biology, ecology, and conservation of songbirds. Critical bird-habitat management issues related to succession, snags, old growth, fire, logging, grazing, recreation, and landscape scale are addressed. Overviews of the ecol- ogy, current use, and history of Southwestern ponderosa pine forests are also provided. This report is one of the outcomes of the Silver vs ~hom'ascourt -settlement agreement of 1996. It is intended for planners, scientists, and conservationists in solving some of the controversies over managing forests and birds in the Southwest. Keywords: ponderosa pine, Southwest, songbirds Technical Editors: The order of editorship was determined by coin toss. William M. Block is project leader and research wildlife biologist with the Southwestern Terrestrial Ecosystem research work unit, Southwest Forest Sciences Complex, 2500 S. Pine Knoll, Flagstaff, AZ 86001. Deborah M. Finch is project leader and research wildlife biologist with the Southwestern Grassland and Riparian research work unit, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 2205 Columbia SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106. Publisher: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Fort Collins, Colorado You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing informa- tion in label form through one of the following media.
    [Show full text]
  • •Chick-A-Dee• Calls of Carolina Chickadees Convey Information About Degree of Threat Posed by Avian Predators
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Animal Behaviour xxx (2009) 1–7 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Animal Behaviour journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav ‘Chick-a-dee’ calls of Carolina chickadees convey information about degree of threat posed by avian predators Chad M. Soard, Gary Ritchison* Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Kentucky University article info Individuals of many group-living species of birds respond to potential predators by giving alarm calls, Article history: and some species give different, spatially referential alarm calls in response to aerial predators (raptors in Received 28 October 2008 flight) and terrestrial predators (including perched raptors). In black-capped chickadees, Poecile atrica- Initial acceptance 26 January 2009 pillus, characteristics of alarm calls also vary with predator size and level of perceived threat (Templeton Final acceptance 3 September 2009 et al. 2005, Science, 308, 1934–1937). We examined whether the terrestrial alarm calls of Carolina Available online xxx chickadees, P. carolinensis, show similar variation. In 2007 and 2008, we monitored responses of eight MS. number: A08-00703R flocks of Carolina chickadees in Madison County, Kentucky, U.S.A. to mounts of different species of raptors that varied in size. Chickadees responded to the raptors by uttering ‘chick-a-dee’ calls with Keywords: different numbers and types of notes. Larger, lower-threat predators (e.g. red-tailed hawk, Buteo alarm call jamaicensis) elicited calls with significantly more introductory ‘chick’ notes and fewer ‘dee’ notes, Carolina chickadee whereas smaller, higher-threat predators (e.g. eastern screech-owl, Megascops asio) elicited calls with mobbing Poecile carolinensis few or no ‘chick’ notes and significantly more ‘dee’ notes.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on the Vocalizations of the Mexican Chickadee
    SHORT COMMUNICATIONS Condor, 81:421-%23 @ The Cooper Ornithological Society 1979 NOTES ON THE VOCALIZATIONS April 1972. The harsh “dee” notes are more prolonged OF THE MEXICAN CHICKADEE and lack the overtone structure of those of the Black- capped Chickadee shown in Figure lc. Vocalizations resembling this pattern were uttered by presumed fe- KEITH L. DIXON males accompanying their mates at Rustler Park on 17 and 19 April. The pattern shown in Figure lb was AND heard in only one case, after calls of the Figure la type DENNIS J. MARTIN were played back to the lone individual on 15 April. This figure is included here because the duration of the “dee” calls of this agitated individual is similar to The natural history of the Mexican Chickadee (Parus those of P. carolinensis (Smith 1972:51) and of P. atri- sclateri), which nests in the United States only in the capillus (Fig. lc). upper reaches of mountain ranges in southeastern Ar- Of particular interest are those vocalizations uttered izona and adjacent New Mexico, has received scant by one member of each of several pairs in the conif- attention. Although this species was considered by erous forest in the vicinity of Rustler Park in response Snow (1956) to be closely allied to the Black-capped to simulated intrusion (= playback of vocalizations and Carolina chickadees (P. atricapillus and P. cm-o- similar to Fig. la) or to the calling of neighbors. One linensis), descriptions (e.g., Peterson 1961:212) suggest of several distinctive sounds was a sequence of notes that its vocalizations are aberrant within the group.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeding Behavior and Chick-A-Dee Calls in the Presence of Predator Models: a Field Study of Carolina Chickadees (Peocile Carolinensis)
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2006 Feeding Behavior and Chick-a-dee Calls in the Presence of Predator Models: A Field Study of Carolina Chickadees (Peocile carolinensis) Ellen Jolene Mahurin University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Mahurin, Ellen Jolene, "Feeding Behavior and Chick-a-dee Calls in the Presence of Predator Models: A Field Study of Carolina Chickadees (Peocile carolinensis). " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2006. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1728 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Ellen Jolene Mahurin entitled "Feeding Behavior and Chick-a-dee Calls in the Presence of Predator Models: A Field Study of Carolina Chickadees (Peocile carolinensis)." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Psychology. Todd M. Freeberg, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance:
    [Show full text]
  • American Ornithological Union (AOU) Bird Species List 1
    American Ornithological Union (AOU) Bird Species List 1 Alpha Alpha Species Code Species Code Western Grebe WEGR Glaucous-winged Gull GWGU Clark's Grebe CLGR Hybrid Gull HYGU Red-necked Grebe RNGR Great Black-backed Gull GBBG Horned Grebe HOGR Slaty-backed Gull SBGU Eared Grebe EAGR Western Gull WEGU Least Grebe LEGR Yellow-footed Gull YFGU Pied-billed Grebe PBGR Lesser Black-backed Gull LBBG Common Loon COLO Herring Gull HERG Yellow-billed Loon YBLO California Gull CAGU Arctic Loon ARLO Unidentified Gull UNGU Pacific Loon PALO Ring-billed Gull RBGU Red-throated Loon RTLO Band-tailed Gull BTGU Tufted Puffin TUPU Mew Gull MEGU Atlantic Puffin ATPU Black-headed Gull BHGU Horned Puffin HOPU Heermann's Gull HEEG Rhinoceros Auklet RHAU Laughing Gull LAGU Cassin's Auklet CAAU Franklin's Gull FRGU Parakeet Auklet PAAU Bonaparte's Gull BOGU Crested Auklet CRAU Little Gull LIGU Whiskered Auklet WHAU Ross' Gull ROGU Least Auklet LEAU Sabine's Gull SAGU Ancient Murrelet ANMU Gull-billed Tern GBTE Marbled Murrelet MAMU Caspian Tern CATE Kittlitz's Murrelet KIMU Royal Tern ROYT Xantus' Murrelet XAMU Crested Tern CRTE Craveri's Murrelet CRMU Elegant Tern ELTE Black Guillemot BLGU Sandwich Tern SATE Pigeon Guillemot PIGU Cayenne Tern CAYT Common Murre COMU Forster's Tern FOTE Thick-billed Murre TBMU Common Tern COTE Razorbill RAZO Arctic Tern ARTE Dovekie DOVE Roseate Tern ROST Great Skua GRSK Aleutian Tern ALTE South Polar Skua SPSK Black-naped Tern BNTE Pomarine Jaeger POJA Least Tern LETE Parasitic Jaeger PAJA Sooty Tern SOTE Long-tailed Jaeger LTJA
    [Show full text]
  • FEIS Citation Retrieval System Keywords
    FEIS Citation Retrieval System Keywords 29,958 entries as KEYWORD (PARENT) Descriptive phrase AB (CANADA) Alberta ABEESC (PLANTS) Abelmoschus esculentus, okra ABEGRA (PLANTS) Abelia × grandiflora [chinensis × uniflora], glossy abelia ABERT'S SQUIRREL (MAMMALS) Sciurus alberti ABERT'S TOWHEE (BIRDS) Pipilo aberti ABIABI (BRYOPHYTES) Abietinella abietina, abietinella moss ABIALB (PLANTS) Abies alba, European silver fir ABIAMA (PLANTS) Abies amabilis, Pacific silver fir ABIBAL (PLANTS) Abies balsamea, balsam fir ABIBIF (PLANTS) Abies bifolia, subalpine fir ABIBRA (PLANTS) Abies bracteata, bristlecone fir ABICON (PLANTS) Abies concolor, white fir ABICONC (ABICON) Abies concolor var. concolor, white fir ABICONL (ABICON) Abies concolor var. lowiana, Rocky Mountain white fir ABIDUR (PLANTS) Abies durangensis, Coahuila fir ABIES SPP. (PLANTS) firs ABIETINELLA SPP. (BRYOPHYTES) Abietinella spp., mosses ABIFIR (PLANTS) Abies firma, Japanese fir ABIFRA (PLANTS) Abies fraseri, Fraser fir ABIGRA (PLANTS) Abies grandis, grand fir ABIHOL (PLANTS) Abies holophylla, Manchurian fir ABIHOM (PLANTS) Abies homolepis, Nikko fir ABILAS (PLANTS) Abies lasiocarpa, subalpine fir ABILASA (ABILAS) Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica, corkbark fir ABILASB (ABILAS) Abies lasiocarpa var. bifolia, subalpine fir ABILASL (ABILAS) Abies lasiocarpa var. lasiocarpa, subalpine fir ABILOW (PLANTS) Abies lowiana, Rocky Mountain white fir ABIMAG (PLANTS) Abies magnifica, California red fir ABIMAGM (ABIMAG) Abies magnifica var. magnifica, California red fir ABIMAGS (ABIMAG) Abies
    [Show full text]
  • Chick-A-Dee Call Syntax, Social Context, and Season Affect Vocal Responses of Carolina Chickadees (Poecile Carolinensis)
    Behav Ecol Sociobiol (2004) 57:187–196 DOI 10.1007/s00265-004-0847-9 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Barbara A. Clucas · Todd M. Freeberg · Jeffrey R. Lucas Chick-a-dee call syntax, social context, and season affect vocal responses of Carolina chickadees (Poecile carolinensis) Received: 25 November 2003 / Revised: 30 July 2004 / Accepted: 17 August 2004 / Published online: 17 September 2004 Springer-Verlag 2004 Abstract Chick-a-dee calls in many chickadee (Poecile) evidence that chickadees attend to both note composition species are common vocal signals used in a diversity of and ordering in chick-a-dee calls. social contacts. The calls consist of four notes, A, B, C, and D, which follow simple rules of syntax (note ordering Keywords Carolina chickadee · Chick-a-dee call · and composition) to generate many unique call types. We Poecile · Syntax · Vocal communication used field playbacks with Carolina chickadees, P. caro- linensis, to ask whether violations of a syntactical rule affected their vocal responses. We show that chickadee Introduction responses to typical calls (e.g. AAAACCCC and CCC- CDDDD) differ from responses to atypical calls (e.g. Animals use vocal signals to accomplish a variety of CACACACA and DCDCDCDC) depending on playback social tasks and in some taxa selection may favor vocal note composition, season, and social context (presence of repertoires of greater complexity (Kroodsma 1977; Blum- heterospecifics). In the fall/winter, playbacks of typical stein and Armitage 1997; Bradbury and Vehrencamp calls with A and C notes elicited the greatest number of A 1998; Owings and Morton 1998; Ord et al. 2002). Certain and B notes in chick-a-dee call responses and typical calls species attain this complexity by varying the composition with D notes elicited the greatest number of C notes, and possible order of different elements in structurally when in the presence of heterospecifics.
    [Show full text]