The Behaviour of Native Copper in a Natural Environment
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Biofilm Adhesion on the Sulfide Mineral Bornite & Implications for Astrobiology
University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Master's Theses 2019 BIOFILM ADHESION ON THE SULFIDE MINERAL BORNITE & IMPLICATIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY Margaret M. Wilson University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses Recommended Citation Wilson, Margaret M., "BIOFILM ADHESION ON THE SULFIDE MINERAL BORNITE & IMPLICATIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY" (2019). Open Access Master's Theses. Paper 1517. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/1517 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BIOFILM ADHESION ON THE SULFIDE MINERAL BORNITE & IMPLICATIONS FOR ASTROBIOLOGY BY MARGARET M. WILSON A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2019 MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOLOGICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE THESIS OF MARGARET M. WILSON APPROVED: Thesis Committee: Major Professor Dawn Cardace José Amador Roxanne Beinart Nasser H. Zawia DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2019 ABSTRACT We present research observing and documenting the model organism, Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens), building biofilm on a natural mineral substrate composed largely of bornite (Cu5FeS4), a copper-iron sulfide mineral, with closely intergrown regions of covellite (CuS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). In examining biofilm establishment on sulfide minerals, we investigate a potential habitable niche for microorganisms in extraterrestrial sites. Geochemical microenvironments on Earth and in the lab can also serve as analogs for important extraterrestrial sites, such as sheltered, subsurface microenvironments on Mars. -
Washington State Minerals Checklist
Division of Geology and Earth Resources MS 47007; Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Washington State 360-902-1450; 360-902-1785 fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology Minerals Checklist Note: Mineral names in parentheses are the preferred species names. Compiled by Raymond Lasmanis o Acanthite o Arsenopalladinite o Bustamite o Clinohumite o Enstatite o Harmotome o Actinolite o Arsenopyrite o Bytownite o Clinoptilolite o Epidesmine (Stilbite) o Hastingsite o Adularia o Arsenosulvanite (Plagioclase) o Clinozoisite o Epidote o Hausmannite (Orthoclase) o Arsenpolybasite o Cairngorm (Quartz) o Cobaltite o Epistilbite o Hedenbergite o Aegirine o Astrophyllite o Calamine o Cochromite o Epsomite o Hedleyite o Aenigmatite o Atacamite (Hemimorphite) o Coffinite o Erionite o Hematite o Aeschynite o Atokite o Calaverite o Columbite o Erythrite o Hemimorphite o Agardite-Y o Augite o Calciohilairite (Ferrocolumbite) o Euchroite o Hercynite o Agate (Quartz) o Aurostibite o Calcite, see also o Conichalcite o Euxenite o Hessite o Aguilarite o Austinite Manganocalcite o Connellite o Euxenite-Y o Heulandite o Aktashite o Onyx o Copiapite o o Autunite o Fairchildite Hexahydrite o Alabandite o Caledonite o Copper o o Awaruite o Famatinite Hibschite o Albite o Cancrinite o Copper-zinc o o Axinite group o Fayalite Hillebrandite o Algodonite o Carnelian (Quartz) o Coquandite o o Azurite o Feldspar group Hisingerite o Allanite o Cassiterite o Cordierite o o Barite o Ferberite Hongshiite o Allanite-Ce o Catapleiite o Corrensite o o Bastnäsite -
Uranium in Situ Leaching
IAEA-TECDOC-720 Uranium in situ leaching Proceedings Technicala of Committee Meeting held in Vienna, 5-8 October 1992 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENC\ /A Y The IAEA doe t normallsno y maintain stock f reportso thin si s series. However, microfiche copies of these reports can be obtained from IIMIS Clearinghouse International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria Orders shoul accompaniee db prepaymeny db f Austriao t n Schillings 100,- in the form of a cheque or in the form of IAEA microfiche service coupons which may be ordered separately from the INIS Clearinghouse. Copies of this IAEA-TECDOC may be obtained from: Nuclear Material Fued san l Cycle Technology Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria URANIU SITMN I U LEACHING IAEA, VIENNA, 1993 IAEA-TECDOC-720 ISSN 1011-4289 Printe IAEe th AustriAn y i d b a September 1993 FOREWORD The IAEA's latest published estimates show that nuclear power production worldwide will maintain modest growth well into the next century. These estimates indicate that nuclear energy production will gro averagn wo 1.5y eb % 2.5o t year %pe r worldwide ove nex e decadeso rth tw t s i t I . for this reason that despite the continuing depressed uranium market, the question of uranium supply demand an d remain issun sa e that needaddressee b o st monitoredd dan developmentsw Ne . e du , to the recent entry of the Commonwealth of Independent States and China into the uranium market, increase such a need. -
PHASE CHANGES in Cu 2 S AS a FUNCTION of TEMPERATURE 1. PREVIOUS WORK
National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 364, Solid State Chemistry, Proceedings of 5th Materials Research Symposium, issued July 1972. PHASE CHANGES IN cu2s AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE William R. Cook, Jr. Gould Inc., Gould Laboratories Cleveland, Ohio 44108 and Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio 44106 The high-'copper phase boundary of Cu2s deviates from stoichiometry above 300 °C, first becoming copper deficient, then above - 1075 °C becoming copper rich. The maximum copper content occurs at the monotectic temperature of 1104 °C. The strong effect of oxygen on the hexagonal-cubic transition in Cu2S was confirmed; the transition was also found to be sensi tive to the type of pretreatment of the material. The high temperature tetragonal "Cu1 96s" phase is stable between Cu1.95S and Cu2s, at temperatures of - 90° to - 140 °C. The tr~nsi tion to the tetragonal phase is extremely sluggish. The true composition of djurleite has been shown to be approximately Cu1.93S. The phases near the chalcocite-digenite region of the diagram may be grouped into those with hexagonal close packing of sulfur atoms and those with cubic close packing of sulfurs. This is important in understanding rates of transformation among the various phases that occur in this area of the diagram. Key words: Chalcocite; cu2s; digenite; djurleite; nonstoichiometry; phase relations. 1. PREVIOUS WORK Fairly thorough explorations of the Cu-s phase diagram between cu2s and cu1• ,shave been made by a number of previous workers [1-8] 1 The resulting diagram may be seen in figure 1 taken largely from Roseboom [7] and Riu [8]. -
Leaching of Pure Chalcocite with Reject Brine and Mno2 from Manganese Nodules
metals Article Leaching of Pure Chalcocite with Reject Brine and MnO2 from Manganese Nodules David Torres 1,2,3, Emilio Trigueros 1, Pedro Robles 4 , Williams H. Leiva 5, Ricardo I. Jeldres 5 , Pedro G. Toledo 6 and Norman Toro 1,2,3,* 1 Department of Mining and Civil Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30203 Cartagena, Spain; [email protected] (D.T.); [email protected] (E.T.) 2 Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Universidad Arturo Prat, Almirante Juan José Latorre 2901, Antofagasta 1244260, Chile 3 Departamento de Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Minas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta 1270709, Chile 4 Escuela de Ingeniería Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; [email protected] 5 Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Procesos de Minerales, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; [email protected] (W.H.L.); [email protected] (R.I.J.) 6 Department of Chemical Engineering and Laboratory of Surface Analysis (ASIF), Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Correo 3, Concepción 4030000, Chile; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +56-552651021 Received: 21 September 2020; Accepted: 24 October 2020; Published: 27 October 2020 Abstract: Chalcocite (Cu2S) has the fastest kinetics of dissolution of Cu in chlorinated media of all copper sulfide minerals. Chalcocite has been identified as having economic interest due to its abundance, although the water necessary for its dissolution is scarce in many regions. In this work, the replacement of fresh water by sea water or by reject brine with high chloride content from desalination plants is analyzed. -
SAMPLING for COBALT at BORNITE, ALASKA Ry Jeffrey Y
SAMPLING FOR COBALT AT BORNITE, ALASKA Ry Jeffrey Y. Foley %*9 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Field Report - January, l9R 11. S. nEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR James S. Watt, Secretary BuREAuA OF MINES TARLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction ................................................ Economic Geoloqy............................................ Work by the Bureau.......................................... Recommendations............................................. References ................................................. SAMDLING FOR cnRALT AT RORNITE, ALASKA By Jeffrey Y. Foley 1 INTRODIICTION Carrollite (CuCo2S4), an ore mineral of cobalt, is known to occur in the Ruby Creek Cu-Zn deposit at Bornite (fig. 1), in northwest Alaska (5, q). 2 The events leading to mineralization of dolomite and argillite units and the distribution of these rocks in the Bornite district are among the topics covered in a PhD discertation by M. W. Hitzman of Stan- ford University (in progress). Hitzman has identified carkollite and cobaltiferous pyrite at numerous intersections in diamond drill core belonging to Rear Creek Mining Corporation, the present operator of the property. A brief visit to collect bulk samples was made by a Bureau geologist in July, 19R1, as part of the Alaska Critical Metals program. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY Hitzman summarizes the distribution of cobalt as occurring: 1) "...as late cobaltiferous pyrite rims on earlier formed pyrite grains in pyritiferous, ferroan dolo- mite with disseminated sphalerite and massive siderite" 2) "...as carrollite in high-grade hornite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite ore at higher levels in the deposit." 1 Geologist, U.S. Rureau of Mines, Alaska Field Operations Center, Fairbanks. 2 Underlined numbers in parentheses refer to items in the list of references at the end oF this report. ; - > . ; - .>;. -1,; g n/ /- ; > @ ! - xi #."R-: 3 2 vl- t 7:'i "^. -
Stability of Metallic Copper in the Near Surface Environment
OC ~l CXU ^J'JI. T KJ STATENS KÄRNBRÄNSLE NÄMND NATIONAL BOABD FOR SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL SKN REPORT 57 . Stability of Metallic Copper in the Near Surface Environment MARCH 1992 Where and how will we dispose of spent nuclear fuel? There is political consensus to dispose or spent nuclear fuel from Swedish nuclear power plants in Sweden. No decision has yet been reached on a site for the final repository in Sweden and neither has a method for disposal been determined. The disposal site and method must be selected with regard to safety and the environment as well as with regard to our responsibility to prevent the proliferation of materials which can be used to produce nuclear weapons. In 1983, a disposal method called KBS-3 was presented by the nuclear power utilities, through the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB). In its 1984 resolution on permission to load fuel into the Forsmark 3 and Oskarshamn 3 reactors, the government stated that the KBS-3 method - which had been thoroughly reviewed by Swedish and foreign experts - "was, in its entirety and in all essentials, found to be acceptable in terms of safety and radiological protection." In the same resolution, the government also pointed out that a final position on a choice of method would require further research and development work. Who is responsible for the safe management of spent nuclear fuel? The nuclear power utilities have the direct responsibility for the safe handling and disposal of spent nuclear fuel. This decision is based on the following, general argument: those who conduct an activity arc responsible for seeing that the activity is conducted in a safe manner. -
New Data on the Hyrkkola Native Copper Mineralization: a Natural Analogue for the Long-Term Corrosion of Copper Canisters
NEW DATA ON THE HYRKKOLA NATIVE COPPER MINERALIZATION: A NATURAL ANALOGUE FOR THE LONG-TERM CORROSION OF COPPER CANISTERS N. MARCOS’, L. AHONEN’, R. BROS’, P. ROOS4, J. SUKS15 & V. OVERSBY6 ’ Helsinki University of Technology, Engineering Geology & GeoDhvsics Lab. I< .- P.O. Box 6200, FiN-02015 HUT Finknd Geoloeical Survev of Finland (GTK). P.O. Box 96. FIN-02151. Esooo. Finland ’ Envir&mental Geochemistry Laboratory, Department of EnvironmeAtal Safety Research, JAERI, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1 1 Japan University of Lund, 22185 Lund, Sweden Laboratory of Radiochemistry, P.O. Box 55 FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland VMO Konsult, Stockholm, Sweden ABSTRACT The Hyrkkola U-Cu mineralization located in south-western Finland is reassessed with reference to the corrosion mechanisms affecting the stability of native copper and the time-scales of corrosion processes. The mineral assemblage native copper - copper sulfide occurs in open fractures at several depth intervals within granite pegmatites (GP). The surfaces of these open fractures have accumulations of uranophane crystals and other unidentified uranyl compounds. The secondary uranium minerals are mainly distributed around copper sulfide grains. Microscopic intergrowths of copper sulfides and uranyl compounds also have been observed. Groundwater samples were collected from the vicinity of the Cu samples. The hydrogeochemical features of these samples indicate that the present conditions are oxidising. The minimum age of U(V1) transport and deposition is about 200 000 years. This age is indicated by 234U/238Uand 230Th/234Uactivity ratios of uranophane. The age of the hexavalent uranium precipitation may be somewhat later than the last influxes and/or demobilisation of sulfur. The mineral assemblage native copper - copper oxide (cuprite) occurs only at one depth interval within altered granite pegmatite. -
Michigan's Copper Country" Lets You Experience the Require the Efforts of Many People with Different Excitement of the Discovery and Development of the Backgrounds
Michigan’s Copper Country Ellis W. Courter Contribution to Michigan Geology 92 01 Table of Contents Preface .................................................................................................................. 2 The Keweenaw Peninsula ........................................................................................... 3 The Primitive Miners ................................................................................................. 6 Europeans Come to the Copper Country ....................................................................... 12 The Legend of the Ontonagon Copper Boulder ............................................................... 18 The Copper Rush .................................................................................................... 22 The Pioneer Mining Companies................................................................................... 33 The Portage Lake District ......................................................................................... 44 Civil War Times ...................................................................................................... 51 The Beginning of the Calumet and Hecla ...................................................................... 59 Along the Way to Maturity......................................................................................... 68 Down the South Range ............................................................................................. 80 West of the Ontonagon............................................................................................ -
Effects of Copper on Fish and Aquatic Resources
Effects of Copper on Fish and Aquatic Resources Prepared for By Dr. Carol Ann Woody & Sarah Louise O’Neal Fisheries Research and Consulting Anchorage, Alaska June 2012 Effects of Copper on Fish and Aquatic Resources Introduction The Nushagak and Kvichak river watersheds in Bristol Bay Alaska (Figure 1) together produced over 650 million sockeye salmon during 1956-2011, about 40% of Bristol Bay production (ADFG 2012). Proposed mining of copper–sulfide ore in these watersheds will expose rocks with elevated metal concentrations including copper (Cu) (Figure 1; Cox 1996, NDM 2005a, Ghaffari et al. 2011). Because mining can increase metal concentrations in water by several orders of magnitude compared to uncontaminated sites (ATSDR 1990, USEPA 2000, Younger 2002), and because Cu can be highly toxic to aquatic life (Eisler 2000), this review focuses on risks to aquatic life from potential increased Cu inputs from proposed development. Figure 1. Map showing current mining claims (red) in Nushagak and Kvichak river watersheds as of 2011. Proven low- grade copper sulfide deposits are located in large lease block along Iliamna Lake. Documented salmon streams are outlined in dark blue. Note many regional streams have never been surveyed for salmon presence or absence. Sources: fish data from: www.adfg.alaska.gov/sf/SARR/AWC/index.cfm?ADFG =main.home mine data from Alaska Department of Natural Resources - http://www.asgdc.state.ak.us/ Core samples collected from Cu prospects near Iliamna Lake (Figure 1) show high potential for acid generation due to iron sulfides in the rock (NDM 2005a). When sulfides are exposed to oxygen and water sulfuric acid forms, which can dissolve metals in rock. -
Copper Deposits in Sedimentary and Volcanogenic Rocks
Copper Deposits in Sedimentary and Volcanogenic Rocks GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 907-C COVER PHOTOGRAPHS 1 . Asbestos ore 8. Aluminum ore, bauxite, Georgia 1 2 3 4 2. Lead ore. Balmat mine, N . Y. 9. Native copper ore, Keweenawan 5 6 3. Chromite-chromium ore, Washington Peninsula, Mich. 4. Zinc ore, Friedensville, Pa. 10. Porphyry molybdenum ore, Colorado 7 8 5. Banded iron-formation, Palmer, 11. Zinc ore, Edwards, N.Y. Mich. 12. Manganese nodules, ocean floor 9 10 6. Ribbon asbestos ore, Quebec, Canada 13. Botryoidal fluorite ore, 11 12 13 14 7. Manganese ore, banded Poncha Springs, Colo. rhodochrosite 14. Tungsten ore, North Carolina Copper Deposits in Sedimentary and Volcanogenic Rocks By ELIZABETH B. TOURTELOT and JAMES D. VINE GEOLOGY AND RESOURCES OF COPPER DEPOSITS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 907-C A geologic appraisal of low-temperature copper deposits formed by syngenetic, diagenetic, and epigenetic processes UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1976 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR THOMAS S. KLEPPE, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director First printing 1976 Second printing 1976 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Tourtelot, Elizabeth B. Copper deposits in sedimentary and volcanogenic rocks. (Geology and resources of copper) (Geological Survey Professional Paper 907-C) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.16:907-C 1. Copper ores. 2. Rocks, Sedimentary. 3. Rocks, Igneous. I. Vine, James David, 1921- joint author. II. Title. III. Series. IV. Series: United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 907-C. TN440.T68 553'.43 76-608039 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. -
Changes in Bornite (Cu5fes4) After Heating in Air: Mössbauer Effect
Vol. 134 (2018) ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA A No. 5 Proceedings of the All-Polish Seminar on Mössbauer Spectroscopy, Goniądz, Poland, June 17–20, 2018 Changes in Bornite (Cu5FeS4) after Heating in Air: Mössbauer Effect Study M. Kądziołka-Gaweła;∗ and Z. Adamczykb aInstitute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland bInstitute of Applied Geology, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland The phase transitions and structural behaviour in natural bornite sample were investigated after heat treatment in air in a temperature range of (180÷500) ◦C using high-resolution Faraday, X-ray diffraction and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy studies. X-ray diffraction and the Mössbauer spectroscopy results show that polymorph phases can exist only at high temperatures, and at a temperature of 220 ◦C a process of decomposition of bornite structure starts. Hematite is a main Fe-bearing phase and Cu is located mainly in cooper oxides present in the sample after annealing at 500 ◦C. DOI: 10.12693/APhysPolA.134.1044 PACS/topics: 76.80.+y, 91.60.–x, 88.10.jn 1. Introduction 2. Experimental procedure Bornite (Cu5FeS4), also known as peacock ore, is a The natural sample of bornite was chosen for detailed widespread natural mineral that is composed of non- analyses. The bornite sample was taken from the Per- toxic and earth-abundant elements. Natural bornite mian copper-silver deposit from the Fore-Sudetic Mon- (L-bornite) crystallizes in the orthorhombic structure ocline and was collected in a Lubin mine located about with space group P bca.