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ORDNANCE AND GUNNERY A TEXT-BOOK PREPARED FOR THE CADETB OF UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY, WEST POINT ORMOND M. LISSAK FIRST EDITION THIRD THOUSAND mw YORK JOHN WXLEY & SONS, INC. LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, LwTED 1915 PREFACE. THE material of war h undergone greater changes in the past thirty years than in the previous hundreds of years since the intrciduction of gunpowder. The weapons of attack and defense have become more numerous, more complicated, aad vastly more &cimt. The appurhmnca to their w are more elaborate. The micnce of gunnery constantly requires of the officer greater knowledge and higher atbiments, that he may thoroughly understand the powerful rsnd important inatmenb that are put under hi control and be prep& Go obtain from them, in time of need, their full effect. I have attempted in this text to set before the Cadets of the Mitary Academy the subjects of Ordnance and Gunnery in such manner as to give to the Wets a thorough appreciation of the fundamental principles that underlie the mmtmction and effective use of the instruments of WLI, and ~uchpractical knowledge of the material, of today as should be pmmd by every arrny officer. The purpose held in view in the preparation of the text has been to present, in order, the theories tht apply in the we of explmives and in the construction of Ordnmce material, the methods pmued in the construction of the material, dwriptiom of the material, and the principles of its use. The applications of the theoretical deductions to the investi- gation of the action of gunpowders and other explosives and to the construction and use of Ordnance material, are extensively illushkd by problem fully worked out in the text; the idea being that these solutions, in addition to making. evident to the student the practical use of the theories, will serve guidm i~ so!utions of similar problems encountered in practice. Y vi PREFACE. ?Then the theoretical deductions are,applicable to other than ordnmce conAructions other problems inserted in the text indicate their more extended field. In the chapter on interior ballistics, which is taken princi- pally from the writings of Colonel James M. hgdls, United States Army, the deduction and application of Palond Tngaih' latest interior formulas %re fully set forbh. The determina- tions From these formulas have been fo~rndin practice to be more closely in accord with t.he actual results obtained in firings, than determinations from any ballistic formulas hithem in usc. In the chapter on explosivm the theoretical determination of the mu1h from explosions, including the quantiv of hat, the volume of the gases, the temperature, the pressure, etc., is ex- plained and illUstmted by exampIea. This demonstration bas not hitherto been available in English. A simplication has been intduced, by the author of the text, into the gun mnstruetion formulas of Ckvmino. The gim- plification materially shortens these extended formuIaa and reduces the labor required in their application. Thc graphic system of repmenth the pmssures and shrink- ages in cannon, devised by Lieut. Commander Louis M. Nultoa, - United States Navy, is dm explained in rmmection with the deduction and application of the formulas of gun construction. The graphic s@m is a material help toward a ready understand- ing of thc subject. In the subject of exterior ballistics sufficient problems are introducd and fully worked out to illustp~,tethe pmcessea fol- lowed in the solutions of the principal problems of gunnery. This course has been adopted with the purpose of removing -t;o a lqe extent the difficulties mually encountered in the prmtical appli- * , cation of the .formuha of exterior balli;tiics. An appendix to the chapter oa exterior W~sticscontains the deduction of the author" ffomulas for double interpolation. The formulas are more accurate and more convenient in appEcs cation than the interpolation fonnzilas previously in use. Explan- ation of the use of the ballistic tab1e.s to which the interpolation fomulm apply, follows the deduction of the Formulas. The chapter on amor contains information rta to the general PREFACE. vii arrangement and thickness of the armor on ships of war, the expected targets of the heavy artillery. A chapter on submine mines, torpedos, and submarine torpedo boats concludes the text. Acknowledgment is due for much assistance obtrtind from the text-book on Ordmnce and Gunnery, by Captain L. L. Bruff, Ordnance Depirtment, that hI&s been in use at the Military Academy for the past eleven years. The plan of that work has been largely followed, many of its illustrations appear in this volume, and assistance has, been derived from ib text throughout. I desire to expm my indebtedness to Captain Edward P. O'Rern, Ordnance Department, Principal Assistant in the Deparb ment of Ordnance and Gunneryl whose valuable suggestions and helpful criticism have been of marked benefit to the Gext. Lieu- tenants En&, Bryant, and Selfridge, Artillery Corps, Assistant Instructors of the Department, have dm, by their ~uggestions, added to the vtblue of the text. I desire, too, to thank !Sergeant, Carl A. Schopper, of the West Point Ordnance ~ehchrnent. The illustrations in the text are the products of his skill as a draftsman, of his knowledge of the dushative arts, and of his unremitting labor. ORMONDM. LISSAK. WEST POINT,May 24, 1907. Blank hge viii of Original CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGE Gunpowders ............................................ 1 Definitions, 1. I3s&ry, 2. Chad powders, 4. Smokeless pow- dem, 5. Gunwon, 6. Nitroglycerine maU-am powder, 7. Manu- facture of nitrocellullox powder, 0. Other smokelees powders, 10. Proof of powders, 11. Advantap of smokeleae powder, 12. Pow- der charges, 14. Blank ch-* 15. Cornurnow OF POWDERUNDER CONBT~PRE~~WE, 16. Constants of form of pwder ga,ina, 18. Emision of gas by gmim of different forms, 24. Gomideratiom as to best form of grain, 27. Vm~oneDE~ER~~NATION~, 28. The number of grab in s pound, 28. The dimemions of irregular gminm, 28. Cornparkon of Burfacea, 28. Density of gunpowder, 29. r Measurement of Velocities and Pressures. ................... 32 Measurement of velmityj 32. Ie hule@ chronographj 32. Measure- ment of very d intervals of time, 40. Schultz chronoscope, 41, Sebert velocimeter, 42. Methd of measuring interior velocities, A?. Memment of pmmw, 44. Initial compression, 46. Small-arm pmbarrel, 45. The micrometer caliper, 46. Dynamic methd, of m&ng pre-s, 46. Comparison of the tm methoda, 47. CHAPTER 111. Interior Ballistics. ....................................... 49 Scope, 49. Investigations, 49. Gmvimetric density of powder, 62. Denaitg. of loading, 53. Redud length of powder chamber, 56. Reduced length of initial air &pace, 5.5. Aurblem, 56. PROPERTIEBOF PEFWEW GASES, 57. IIIariotte's law, 57. Gay L-'s law, 58. Chamteri&ic equation of the wow hate, 58. hob- hm,60. Thermal unit, 61. S~ificbeat, 62. Relations htween heat and work in the expamion of v,63. Imthermal expamion, 65. Adiabatic expamion, 65. NOBLEAND ABEL'BEXPEmmm, 67. Apparatw 67. Rid& of the experiments, 68. Wtion between prem and dellgitp of load- ix CONTENTS. ing, 69. Temperature of explosion, 70. ReIatiom between volume and preasuro in the gun, 71. Theoretical work of gunpowder, 73. FomsFOR V~tocrrrmAND PRESSUZWIN THE GUN, 74. Prin- ciple of the cewlume, 75. Differential equation of the motion of a ptojectife in a gun, 76. Dissociation of gaaea, 78. Ingall's forrnulaq 79. Combustion under vatiahle pressure, 82. Velocity of the pm- j&tile while the powder is burning, 85. Velocity after the powder is burned, 85. Rrewureq 87. Yalua of the constants in the eqm tiom, 90. The force coefficient, 93. Values of the X functions, 94. Interpolation, using aeeond difference% 95. Characteristics of a powder, 97. ~PL~CATIONOF THPI FoRMUIA~, 97. D~~A'PIo+FROM MF&~BD ZNTICRXO~ -EB, 102. PI-& lem 1, 102. Pmbh 2, 113. The action of different powdem, 117. Quick and dow powders, 120. Effects of the powder on the design of a gun, 121. X)ETERMINATIONB FROM A MWURED MUZZLEVE~ AXD MAXIMUM PRE~~~JRE,122. Problem 3, 122. The force dcient, 131. hob Eem 4, 132. TABLEOF UNITEDSTATFA ARMY CANNON,135. CHAPTER IV. Explosives. ............................................. 130 Effects of explosion, 136. Orders of exphion, 137. Vielle'a cW- cation of nitrocellul- 138. Conditiom that influence explosion! 139. Uwof different explmivm, 140. Bursting charp in projec- tiles, 141. Exploders, 143. Explosion by influence, 144. THEO~ICALDETERMINATION OF THE RFB~~FROM EXPL~IONB, 145. Specific be& of gases, 145. Speeific volumas of gmea, 146. CIasei- fication of gw~,147. Quantity of heat, 147. IIeats of formation, 148. Quantity of heat at constant pressure, 149. Quantity of heat at constant volume, 151. Potential, 154. Volume of em, 154. Temperature of explosion, 155. Pressure in a, closed chamber, 157. Complete ddation of the effects af explosion, 161. CHAPTER V. Metals Used in Ordnance Constmdion. ..................... 163 Strew and strain, 103. Physical qunlitias of metals, 163. Strength of metala, 164, Testing machine, 166. Copper, brass, bronze, 167. Iron and steel, 167. Hardening and tempering steel, 169. hal- ing, 174. Urn, 176. Gun -1, 175. MANUFAC~~REOF STEEL FORQINQSMR GUNS, 176. Open hearth prooess, 176. Other processeB, 180. Canting, 180. Defects in in- go@ 181. Whitworth's process of fluid compMon, 181. P- after casting, 183. Strength of parte of the gun, 187. CONTENTS. CHAPTER VT. Guns .................................................. lsa E~hm~ENGTR OF GUNS* 188. The elasticity of metals, 188, Roake'~law, 188. Equatiom of relation between dreas and stmin, 190. Problem, 190. Stresses and stmh in a closed cylinder, 191. Lam& laws, 192. Basic principle of gun construction, 195. Sim- plification of the formulas of gun construction. 196. Stresses in a Rimplc cylinder* 198. Limiting interior prcmres, 202. Graphic representation, 204. ' Limiting exterior pressure, 205- Thickness of cylinder, 206.
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