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139 Chapter 6 Violence against women Key findings • Women across the world, regardless of income, age or education, are subject to physical, sexual, psycho- logical and economic violence. • Experience of violence can lead to long term physical, mental and emotional health problems; in the most extreme cases, violence against women can lead to death. • Intimate partner violence accounts for the majority of women’s experience of violence. • Prevalence of sexual violence is lower than that of physical violence, however, in intimate relationships they are often experienced together. • Attitudes towards violence are starting to change—in almost all countries where information for more than one year is available, the level of both women’s and men’s acceptance of violence decreased over time. • In the 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East where the practice is concentrated, more than 125 million girls and women alive today have been subjected to female genital mutilation. • In the majority of countries, less than half of the women who experienced violence sought help of any sort, and among those who did, most looked to family and friends as opposed to the police and health services. • At least 119 countries have passed laws on domestic violence, 125 have laws on sexual harassment and 52 have laws on marital rape. • Availability of data on violence against women has increased significantly in recent years—since 1995 more than 100 countries have conducted at least one survey addressing the issue. Introduction Violence against women is defined as any act of In all societies, to varying degrees, women and “gender-based violence that results in or is likely girls are subjected to physical, sexual and psy- to result in physical, sexual or psychological chological abuse that cuts across lines of income, harm or suffering to women, including threats of class and culture.2 Such violence is recognized acts such as coercion or arbitrary deprivation of as a violation of human rights and a form of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private discrimination against women, reflecting the life.”1 Its dimensions include physical, sexual, pervasive imbalance of power between women psychological/emotional and economic violence and men.3 occurring in the family and general community The experience of violence can affect women in or such violence perpetrated or condoned by the a myriad of ways that are often difficult to quan- State. Violence against women includes domes- tify. Injuries and health problems are common as tic violence, child marriage, forced pregnancy, a result of physical and sexual violence, but the “honour” crimes, female genital mutilation, psychological and emotional wounds they may femicide, sexual and other violence perpetrated also inflict are sometimes deeper and longer last- by someone other than an intimate partner (also ing.4 Violence can lead to a reduced ability of a referred to as non-partner violence), sexual har- woman to work, care for her family and contrib- assment (in the workplace, other institutions and ute to society. Witnessing violence in childhood in public spaces), trafficking in women and vio- can also result in a range of behavioural and lence in conflict situations. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 1 United Nations General Assembly, 1993. 4 United Nations, 2006a. 140 The World's Women 2015 Box 6.1 Gaps in gender statistics related to violence against women The 1993 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence In general, surveys dedicated to measuring violence against Women called on States to promote research, against women are better at collecting information collect data and compile statistics relating to the dif- than administrative data since, if well designed, they ferent forms of violence against women, especially more accurately reflect the actual experience of vio- domestic violence. It also encouraged research on the lence than what is reported to officials.d However, causes, nature and consequences of violence against implementing a dedicated survey is often costly. If women and on the effectiveness of measures to pre- a dedicated survey is not feasible, inserting a mod- vent and redress it. ule of questions on experiences of violence into an existing survey, such as one on women’s health or Apart from a few exceptions, initially, only small-scale general victimization, is an alternative option for ad-hoc studies that were not nationally representative collecting some information, provided specific ethi- were available. In the early 2000s, the first initiatives cal and safety guidelinese developed for conducting to conduct dedicated, internationally comparable sur- a dedicated survey on this sensitive topic are taken veys to measure prevalence were the World Health Or- into consideration. ganization’s (WHO) Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against Womena and The availability of data on violence against women the International Violence against Women Survey, co- has increased significantly in recent years. During ordinated by the European Institute for Crime Preven- the period 1995–2014, 102 countries conducted at tion and Control. The WHO study focused on a number least one survey addressing violence against women of specific sites in selected countries. It addressed in- that produced representative results at the national timate partner violence and its association with wom- level,—either as a dedicated survey (51 countries) or en’s physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health, as a module attached to a wider survey (64 countries). and was instrumental in developing and testing model Some countries implemented both types of surveys. questionnaires for use in surveys on violence against Forty-four countries undertook a survey in the pe- women. More recently, the United Nations Statistics riod 1995–2004 and 89 countries did so in the period Division has developed a set of guidelinesb to assist 2005–2014, suggesting growing interest in this issue. national statistics offices in collecting data and compil- More than 40 countries conducted at least two surveys ing indicators on violence against women, which al- in the period 1995–2014. This means that, depending a WHO, 2005. low for more standardized and comparable analyses on the comparability of the surveys, changes over time b United Nations, 2013a. of levels and trends in prevalence at both the national could be analysed. One hundred countries conducted c Adopted by the United Na- and international levels. surveys that included questions on attitudes towards tions Statistical Commission violence, and 29 on female genital mutilation. This in 2009, E/CN.3/2009/29. See In recognition of the need for better data and stand- covers all countries where the practice of female geni- also United Nations, 2013a ardized measurements, the United Nations Statistical tal mutilation is concentrated. for the final list of indicators. Commission established a “Friends of the Chair” group d United Nations, 2013a. to identify key indicators on physical, sexual, psycho- Despite the increase in the availability and quality e WHO, 2001. logical and economic violence against women.c of data on violence against women, significant chal- lenges remain. Different survey questionnaires and methodologies are sometimes used in different coun- tries, leading to a lack of comparability at the regional Number of countries conducting surveys on violence against women, 1995–2014 and international levels. Willingness to discuss experi- ences of violence may also differ according to the cul- tural context, and this can affect reported prevalence 1995–2014 1995–2004 2005–2014 levels. Type of survey At least one At least two At least one At least one Police, court, social services and health statistics rep- survey surveys survey survey resent a potential source of information on violence Dedicated survey to measure against women that is often underutilized. However, violence against women 51 7 17 35 the usefulness of such information can be mixed. Since many women do not report violence to the authori- Module of questions on ties, statistics based on reported cases significantly violence against women 64 31 25 60 underestimate the phenomenon. Administrative records can be used to track victims’ use of services Dedicated survey or module on and monitor the system’s response to the problem, violence against women 102 43 44 89 but even when statistics are available, the sex of the Survey with questions on victim and relationship to the perpetrator and/or the attitudes towards violence 100 62 37 97 sex of the perpetrator are often not recorded, limit- ing the scope of the analysis. Data on specific forms Survey with questions on of violence, such as trafficking and harmful practices female genital mutilation 29 25 20 27 such as “honour” killings, from any source, are scarce. Violence against women 141 emotional problems.5 Women who have suffered women internationally by the United Nations from intimate partner violence are more likely and others, as well as at the national level. The to give birth to a low-birthweight baby, have an vision of the United Nations Secretary-Gener- abortion and experience depression.6 In some re- al’s Campaign UNiTE to End Violence against gions, they are also more likely to contract HIV, Women is “a world free from violence against compared to women who have not experienced women, realized through meaningful actions violence at the hands of a partner.7 In some cases, and ongoing political commitments of national violence against women
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