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Il Femminicidio Come Fattispecie Penale Emanuele Corn IL FEMMINICIDIO COME FATTISPECIE PENALE Storia, comparazione, prospettive 2017 COLLANA DELLA FACOLTÀ DI GIURISPRUDENZA 15 2017 Al fine di garantire la qualità scientifica della Collana di cui fa parte, il presen- te volume è stato valutato e approvato da un Referee esterno alla Facoltà a se- guito di una procedura che ha garantito trasparenza di criteri valutativi, auto- nomia dei giudizi, anonimato reciproco del Referee nei confronti di Autori e Curatori. PROPRIETÀ LETTERARIA RISERVATA © Copyright 2017 by Università degli Studi di Trento Via Calepina 14 - 38122 Trento ISBN 978-88-8443-765-5 - ISSN 2421-7093 Libro in Open Access scaricabile gratuitamente dall’archivio IRIS - Anagrafe della ricerca (https://iris.unitn.it/) con Creative Commons Attribuzione-Non commerciale-Non opere derivate 3.0 Italia License. Maggiori informazioni circa la licenza all’URL: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- nd/3.0/it/legalcode Il presente volume è pubblicato anche in versione cartacea per i tipi di Edito- riale Scientifica - Napoli, con ISBN 978-88-9391-219-8. Alle spese per la pubblicazione dell’opera, realizzata nell’ambito dell’accordo di fellowship che lega le facoltà giuridiche delle Università degli Studi di Tren- to e Antofagasta (Cile), hanno altresì contribuito con una donazione realizzata grazie a una specifica campagna di crowdfunding tramite la piattaforma Be- crowdy.com le signore e i signori: Chiara Costisella, Michele Merler, Silvia Bergamo, Pietro Soloni, Mauro Ventura, Roberta Micheletti, Michele Torresa- ni, Serena Bruno, Alessio Ciresa, Anna Rita Irimias, Tomáš Němec, Irene Oli- veri, Giorgia Oss, Fabio La Rosa, Piergiorgio Corn, Eleonora Fellin, Fabrizio Lunelli, Elisa Ambrosi, Serena Cristofori, Gianni Voltolini, Cesare Leonardel- li, Simone Penasa, Elisa Tessaro, Martina dei Cas, Alezzio Zeni, Valeria Isep- pi, Antonella Valer, Dario Pedrotti, Andrea Corn, Marta Fasan, Massimiliano Dova, Marta Tacchinardi, Juan Pablo Castillo Morales, Elena Poli, Marco Li- nardi, Gabriella Grimaz, Tiziana Tesolin, Stefano Fasan, Sara Paiusco. Un particolare ringraziamento per l’importante contributo offerto va all’As- sociazione “Il Seme” e ad Annamaria Corn, Giulia Bailoni, Paola Grimaz. Dicembre 2017 Emanuele Corn IL FEMMINICIDIO COME FATTISPECIE PENALE Storia, comparazione, prospettive Università degli Studi di Trento 2017 Alle mie figlie Anna e Lucia e a mio figlio Bruno. Senza i loro insegnamenti e senza il desiderio che la loro vita sia libera dalla violenza questo libro non sarebbe stato scritto. She lies and says she’s in love with him, can’t find a better man She dreams in colour, she dreams in red, can’t find a better man. (Better man – Pearl Jam 1993) Das Hinausgehen über das Gewohnte, das Öffnen der Augen für das Andere, das Aufspüren von Gemeinsamem, das Respektieren von individuellen Eigenarten, die damit wachsende Skepsis gegenüber dem Aberglauben an absolute Wahrheiten, wie insbesondere an die Richtigkeit des (meist eigenen) Rechts oder bestimmter Rechtüberzeugungen, die dadurch gleichermaßen geförderte Bereitschaft zu verständnisvoller Toleranz wie auch zu Wachsamkeit gegenüber inakzeptabler Abartigkeit, sowie nicht zuletzt davon zu erhoffende Fortschritte auf dem Weg zu einer weniger konfrontativen und ausgeglicheneren Rechtswelt: all das ist den Einsatz für eine zielbewusste und methodengerechte Strafrechtsvergleichung wert. Albin Eser INDICE Pag. INTRODUZIONE ............................................................................ 1 CAPITOLO I FENOMENOLOGIA E CRIMINOLOGIA DELLA VIOLENZA ASSASSINA CONTRO LE DONNE 1. Premessa ....................................................................................... 9 2. L’omicidio nel mondo: fonti e dati ............................................... 9 3. La polarizzazione dell’omicidio in base al sesso ......................... 12 4. Le tipologie di omicidio e il loro andamento statistico ................ 15 5. Asserzioni mediatiche e dati: conferme e smentite ....................... 18 6. Metodologie comuni di ricerca: necessità e carenze ................... 19 7. È possibile contare i femminicidi? L’esperienza cilena ............... 22 8. L’esperienza spagnola .................................................................. 26 9. La situazione italiana ................................................................... 30 10. Il quadro riassuntivo .................................................................. 35 CAPITOLO II LE ORIGINI TEORICHE DEL DIBATTITO SULLA VIOLENZA ASSASSINA CONTRO LE DONNE 1. Introduzione .................................................................................. 37 2. Le tappe iniziali dell’emersione del problema. Gli anni ’70 e ’80 .................................................................................................. 40 3. Violenza contro le donne ed hate crimes ...................................... 44 4. Gli anni ’90: il dibattito anglosassone verso una definizione di femicide ............................................................................................ 47 5. Il “caso” di Ciudad Juárez come momento di svolta ................... 53 INDICE Pag. 6. Il dibattito latinoamericano e il concetto di feminicidio ............. 57 7. Il punto di vista italiano ............................................................... 64 8. Le sotto-categorie del femminicidio ............................................. 66 CAPITOLO III IL RICONOSCIMENTO GIURIDICO INTERNAZIONALE DELLA VIOLENZA ASSASSINA CONTRO LE DONNE 1. Il ruolo del diritto internazionale convenzionale nel contrasto alla violenza contro le donne ........................................................... 73 2. Evoluzione del diritto interno nel contrasto alla violenza con- tro le donne ...................................................................................... 75 3. Il percorso verso la Convenzione di Belém do Pará ................... 80 4. La Convenzione e gli sviluppi successivi ..................................... 85 5. La Convenzione di Istanbul ......................................................... 93 6. La giurisprudenza sovrannazionale ............................................. 106 CAPITOLO IV IL REATO DI FEMMINICIDIO. ANALISI DOGMATICA E GIURISPRUDENZIALE DEI PRINCIPALI MODELLI VIGENTI 1. Introduzione ................................................................................. 113 2. Modelli restrittivi di tipicizzazione .............................................. 116 2.1. Il Costa Rica ............................................................................. 116 2.2. Il Cile ........................................................................................ 122 3. Modelli estensivi all’interno di leggi ad hoc dedicate alle vio- lenza contro le donne ....................................................................... 136 4. Modelli estensivi introdotti nei codici penali ............................... 145 5. Modelli estensivi circostanziali: femminicidio come aggravan- te dell’omicidio ................................................................................ 155 X INDICE Pag. 6. La pena ......................................................................................... 167 7. Alcune considerazioni riassuntive ................................................ 169 CAPITOLO V LE PROSPETTIVE ITALIANE 1. Il contesto italiano ........................................................................ 171 2. La risposta attuale dell’ordinamento penale alla violenza as- sassina contro le donne .................................................................... 177 2.1. Tra atti persecutori e maltrattamenti in famiglia: la giustap- posizione delle varie forme di violenza contro le donne .................. 177 2.2. Il parricidio ............................................................................... 190 2.3. Le relazioni concluse ................................................................. 195 2.4. La violenza assassina tra omosessuali e la misoginia ............... 203 2.5. La giurisprudenza relativa alle scusanti e alle attenuanti ........ 209 3. Sintesi dei vuoti e degli squilibri di tutela. Un reato di femmi- nicidio in Italia: no, ma…................................................................. 222 BIBLIOGRAFIA ............................................................................. 253 XI INTRODUZIONE I. «Parto da una apparente ovvietà: questo è un libro di diritto pena- le»1. L’ovvietà è apparente perché il tema della violenza contro le donne, fino alle sue forme più estreme, si presta a molteplici letture. Dagli scritti di denuncia, di taglio più giornalistico, agli studi sociologici che includono analisi condotte in diversi Paesi, passando ai saggi di medici- na, infermieristica e psicologia per arrivare ai manuali per assistenti sociali e concludere con i lavori letterari di taglio narrativo e poetico. In Italia la violenza contro le donne è diventata oggetto degli studi di genere2 nel corso degli anni ’80, per guadagnare sempre maggiore at- tenzione da parte dell’opinione pubblica e conseguente spazio, non solo nelle librerie specializzate, ma anche in quelle generiche nelle sezioni di narrativa contemporanea e di poesia, oltre che di attualità. Lo scaffale del diritto processuale penale, inizialmente sguarnito, si è andato via via riempiendo, vuoi grazie alle opere di commento al c.d. decreto legge sul femminicidio3 (che, tuttavia, questa parola nem- meno conteneva), vuoi grazie all’abbondante letteratura fiorita attorno alla c.d. direttiva vittime
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