Factors Affecting the Recruitment of Riparian Vegetation on the Ord and Blackwood Rivers in Western Australia
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Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses: Doctorates and Masters Theses 2000 Factors affecting the recruitment of riparian vegetation on the Ord and Blackwood Rivers in Western Australia Neil Pettit Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses Part of the Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Pettit, N. (2000). Factors affecting the recruitment of riparian vegetation on the Ord and Blackwood Rivers in Western Australia. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1625 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1625 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. 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FACTORS AFFECTING THE RECRUITMENT OF RIPARIAN VEGETATION ON THE ORD AND BLACKWOOD RIVERS IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA. Neil Pettit (Bachelor of Applied Science, Master of Philosophy) School of Natural Sciences Edith Cowan University 25 May 2000 This Thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Edith Cowan University. ABSTRACT This thesis provides baseline information on the ecological processes involved in the recruitment and regeneration of riparian vegetation. As there has been a paucity of basic ecological studies on riparian vegetation in Australia, the project is broad in scope, and gives a general picture of the factors influencing the regeneration of riparian vegetation and provides a starting point for more detailed work. The project focuses on factors determining recruitment events and the life history traits of particular species on a river in the cool temperate zone of south western Australia (Blackwood River) and on a river in the dry tropics of the Kimberley region of north western Australia (Ord River). By studying two contrasting river systems in different climatic zones, the influence of the physical environment and biotic factors on vegetation persistence and recruitment in the riparian zone can be· distinguished. This will contribute to providing an ecological basis for the rehabilitation and management of riparian vegetation in these types of systems. The structure of the vegetation on the Blackwood River consists of an overstorey dominated by Eucalyptus rudis, with a shrub understorey at ungrazed sites and with annual species dominant in areas grazed by livestock. On the Ord River there is a much more diverse overstorey and a species-poor understorey dominated by perennial grasses. Fencing to exclude stock, or to at least manage grazing, is a fundamental step towards achieving rehabilitation of degraded riparian sites where recruitment may be severely limited. Exclosure experiments on the Blackwood River show little improvement in recruitment after three years, with only minor increases in the occurrence and cover of native species. Establishment of these species may be difficult with the increase in abundance of exotic grasses and annual herbs which has occurred as a result of the absence of grazing. These results are however for the short-term and a much longer period is required to look at the vegetation dynamics and successional processes of these sites. In the riparian zone, regeneration of the vegetation from soil seedbanks is important for annual species of herbs and grasses but of only minor significance for perennial species. For perennial species, particularly the overstorey, direct seedfall from existing vegetation occurs, and enhanced dispersal by floating downstream with flood debris is a consequential recruitment mechanism. Hence, reproductive phenology of the four species monitored in this study appears to be well adapted to the hydrological regime on the respective rivers. Position in the riparian landscape where seedlings manage to establish is strongly related to environmental conditions that provide adequate moisture but protect seedlings from flooding. Historical flow records can be used to develop an understanding of the natural flow regime for a particular river which··can then be related to patterns of vegetation development in terms of i i reproductive phenology, seedling establishment and population structure, as well as plant community patterns in the riparian zone. Variability in natural flow regimes, as a disturbance, can therefore be used in conjunction with other abiotic and biotic factors in developing a model of vegetation dynamics for the riparian zone. For example, the regime of intermittent high frequency large flood disturbances on the Ord River prevents the establishment of stable states of the vegetation and the ecosystem is characterised by long periods of transition between short lived stable states. This riparian ecosystem is thus driven by physical (allogenic) processes rather than by vegetation successional (autogenic) processes. In contrast, lower energy seasonal flooding on the Blackwood River allows mature stands of trees to develop throughout the river profile. Recruitment is continual, although species can also respond to large flood events. This disturbance regime results in long periods of stable states with short periods of transition. The vegetation is thus subject to longer periods of autogenic processes and, because of lower frequency flooding disturbance, shorter periods of allogenic processes. These results highlight the effect of the different fluvial regimes of the two rivers on the respective vegetation dynamics. Management of the riparian vegetation should therefore take into account the frequency and rate of change in the vegetation and that disturbed states and long periods of transition between states, particularly on the Ord River, are part of the natural process. This would suggest that altering the natural flow regimes, such as through river regulation, would have significant effects on riparian vegetation dynamics. This work has relevance to all aspects of riparian zone vegetation, including management of natural systems unaffected by man-made disturbances, for systems affected by stock grazing, for areas requiring rehabilitation and on regulated rivers. It highlights the importance of fluvial processes to riparian vegetation and indicates that understanding the natural flow regime of a target river is a critical first step in the management of riparian vegetation and in the planning of riparian zone rehabilitation. Where the riparian zone is highly modified, through, for example, livestock grazing and/or weed invasion, natural regeneration of the riparian vegetation may be a long term process. If intervention, such as replanting, is appropriate, care should be taken that species selected are adapted to particular site conditions, such as flooding regime, landscape position and river geomorphology. iii Declaration I certify that this thesis does not, to the best of my knowledge and belief: 1. Incorporate without acknowledgment any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any institution of higher education. 2. Contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text; or 3. Contain any defamatory material. Neil Pettit 25 May 2000 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank Dr Ray Froend for supervising this project and for his ideas and sagacity. Ray has been the inspiration to undertake this academic endeavour and it has been my great luck to be associated with him. Dr Peter Davies (University of Western Australia) as my eo-supervisor and for being my link with LWRRDC and providing support and advice and valuable comments on a draft of this thesis. Dr Pierre Horwitz for his encouragement and providing a home at ECU. Dr Luke Pen (Water and Rivers Coinmission) who was always positive about this work and provided valuable comments on a thesis draft. Professor Stuart Bunn (Griffith University) for providing the opportunity to work in such an interesting area as riparian ecology. I would also like to thank Robert Doupe, an excellent guide and companion in the field, for passing on his knowledge and enthusiasm of the Kimberley region and for many interesting and lively philosophical discussions around the campfire. Mark Angeloni for his invaluable assistance in the field. Jim Roe and Richard Finke for their generosity, good hmnour ;;md friendliness in providing accommodation and the loan of equipment while in Kununurra. Alice Karafalis (Blackwood Catchment Coordinating Group) for her continued support throughout this project. Gary