United States Department of Agriculture Specific Gravity and Forest Service Other Properties of Northern Research Station Wood and Bark for 156 Research Note NRS-38 Tree Species Found in North America

Patrick D. Miles W. Brad Smith Abstract Much information is available for specific gravity and other properties of wood and bark, but it is widely scattered in the literature. This paper compiles information for estimation of biomass for 156 tree species found in North America for use in national forest inventory applications. We present specific gravities based on average green volume as well as 12 percent moisture content volume for calculation of oven-dry biomass. Additional information is included on bark thickness, bark voids, and bark percentages by species and green and dry weight of wood and bark.

Manuscript received for publication 29 June 2009

Published by: For additional copies: U.S. FOREST SERVICE U.S. Forest Service 11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200 Publications Distribution NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073-3294 359 Main Road Delaware, OH 43015-8640 October 2009 Fax: (740)368-0152

Visit our homepage at: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/ Introduction National forest inventories (NFIs) are a vital source of data for estimating the volume, biomass, and carbon in trees. In the United States, these estimates are based on data collected by the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the U.S. Forest Service during routine field inventories. Converting basic tree measurements from these inventories to volume, biomass, and carbon requires information for wood and bark, such as volume estimation equations, specific gravity, and percentage bark. This paper provides the variables needed to convert green volume estimates for the sound wood in the central stem from FIA data to biomass estimates for stemwood and bark. While there are more than 800 species of trees in U.S. forests (Little 1979), over 95 percent of the nation’s forest tree volume resides in the 156 species presented in Table 1A. Specific gravity and other properties The Authors of wood and bark are presented in Tables 1 through 3 for these 156 PATRICK D. MILES is a Research North American tree species. Table 4 contains specific gravity estimates Forester, U.S. Department of for all species currently tallied on FIA field plots in the continental Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern United States. Research Station, 1992 Folwell Ave., Methods St. Paul, MN 55108; e-mail: [email protected] We collected specific gravity data for wood and bark based on green volume from published sources. These sources were selected on the W. BRAD SMITH is the National basis of availability of data reporting specific gravity estimates from Forest Inventory and Analysis Associate green volume and oven-dry weight (green specific gravity) for use with Program Manager, U.S. Department of field inventory data. Table 1A presents values for green specific gravity Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington from Jenkins et al. (2004) but with updated references. Additionally, Office, 1601 N. Kent Street, 4th Floor, specific gravity based on 12 percent moisture content (MC) volume Arlington VA 22209; and oven-dry weight is provided to facilitate estimating biomass from e-mail: [email protected] measurements of volumes of processed forest products (lumber, veneer, etc.). It should be noted that conversions involving biomass of primary forest products, such as saw logs and pulpwood, should be based on green specific gravity. Table 1B provides values for total oven-dry and green weight for combined wood and bark when only wood volume is known.

Information was collected for bark volume as a percentage of green wood volume from published sources as noted in the Tables 2A, 2B, and 3. Bark estimates based solely on double bark thickness or diameter inside (DIB) and outside (DOB) bark relationships will overestimate the true bark percentage due to unaccounted voids and fissures characteristically found in tree bark. It is unclear which of the referenced studies on bark accounted for this factor so estimates presented may overstate the average bark percent by 10 to 25 percent of the reported value depending on the species.

1 Table 2A look-up values for average bark percent by diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) class (final percentages adjusted for estimated bark voids) were derived using the equation:

DBT = b0 + b1 * DIAMob (1)

where DBT = double bark thickness in inches b0 and b1 = regression coefficients from Table 2A

DIAMob = diameter (inches) outside bark at specified stem location

This equation was used to estimate DBT at d.b.h. and at 4 inches top diameter outside bark. The DBT value was subtracted from each outside diameter to derive inside bark diameter at that point. The bark percentage at each point was then calculated. The bark percentage values at d.b.h. and 4 inches were averaged and then adjusted by the bark void factor to calculate the final bark percentage for each species and d.b.h. class as shown in Table 2A.

Table 2B provides estimates of bark percentage based on diameter inside bark regression data found in Hilt et al. (1983). Estimates of bark percentage were computed at d.b.h. and at 4 inches outside bark, averaged, and then adjusted for estimated bark voids. Table 2B look-up values for average bark percent by d.b.h. class were estimated using the equation:

2 DIB = b0 * DOB + b1 DOB /DBH (2)

where DIB = diameter (inches) inside bark b0 and b1 = regression coefficients from Table 2B DOB = diameter (inches) outside bark as specified stem location DBH = diameter (inches) outside bark at breast height

Table 2A provides information on bark as a percentage of wood volume based on equations from published double bark thickness (DBT) regressions adjusted for bark voids; Table 2B provides information based on DIB/DOB relationships adjusted for bark voids. Table 3 presents bark percentages by species from averaged values in Tables 2A and 2B and other referenced studies. Species values in Table 3 were used to assign bark percentages for species with similar bark characteristics in Table 1A.

Calculating Biomass Once central stem net wood volume has been estimated by a volume equation or other means, this value becomes the basis for central stem biomass estimates of both wood and bark. Central stem wood biomass is estimated using the equation:

Bodw = Vgw * SGgw * W (3)

where

Bodw = oven-dry biomass (pounds) of wood

Vgw = net volume (cu. ft.) of green wood in the central stem

SGgw = green specific gravity of wood from Table 1A W = weight of cu. ft. of water (62.4 pounds)

2 Central stem bark biomass is derived from:

Bodb = Vgw * BV% * SGgb * W (4) where

Bodb = oven-dry biomass (pounds) of bark

Vgw = net volume (cu.ft.) of green wood in the central stem BV% = bark as a percentage of wood volume (look-up values by d.b.h. class from Table 2 or average values from Table 1A or 3)

SGgb = green specific gravity of bark from Table 1A W = weight of cu. ft. of water (62.4 pounds)

To calculate total central stem biomass, the following equation was used:

Bodt = Bodw + Bodb (5) where

Bodw = oven-dry biomass (pounds) of wood

Bodb = oven-dry biomass (pounds) of bark

And finally, to calculate total wood product biomass, this equation was used:

Bodp = Vp * SG12 * W (6) where

Bodp = oven-dry biomass (pounds) of wood product (lumber, veneer, etc.)

Vp = volume (cu. ft.) of wood product

SG12 = specific gravity based on 12% MC volume of wood from Table 1A W = weight of cu. ft. of water (62.4 pounds)

Working with Bark Data when Only Total Volume is Available Generally, NFI data are presented in terms of wood volume and Eq. 3 and Eq. 4 are used to estimate total volume and biomass of wood and bark. If only gross volume of wood and bark is available, separate estimates of bark and wood volume may be useful. Tables 2 and 3 provide information on bark as a percentage of total wood and bark for several species and species groups. The percents are derived using the following formula:

BV%total = 100 * (BV%wood / (100 + BV%wood)) (7) where

BV%wood = Bark volume expressed as a percentage of wood volume

BV%total = Bark volume expressed as a percentage of wood and bark volume

Biomass Adjustments Forest trees are subject to many damaging agents, such as weather, insects, disease, and fire that can affect tree volume and biomass estimates. Thus, adjustments may be needed to account for rotten or missing wood caused by these agents. This requires additional descriptive inventory data which may or may not be available. In the absence of such data,

3 models may be derived to estimate the average volume deduction for these factors to adjust final tree volume and biomass estimates. This need for adjustment is noted here as a caution when more precise values are required; such issues are not addressed in this paper.

Green Weight In today’s wood markets, wood is often sold based on green weight. Values are presented for average green weight in pounds per cubic foot and kilograms per cubic meter1 to accommodate this calculation for both wood and bark. Green weights can be extremely variable geographically, seasonally, within species, and across various portions of individual trees. The values presented in Table 1A are useful for large-scale estimates but should be considered as rough estimates for localized areas. An average value for wood and bark combined may be derived with the following equation:

GWTwb = GWTw * (1 – BV%total /100) + GWTb * BV%total/100 (8)

where

BV%total = 100 * (BV%wood / (100 + BV%wood)) (9)

GWTwb = average green weight per cubic foot of combined wood and bark

GWTw = average green weight per cubic foot of wood

GWTb = average green weight per cubic foot of bark

Table 1B provides estimates of oven-dry and green weight for combined wood and bark when only wood volume is known.

Comprehensive list of specific gravities Currently there are 465 trees species listed in the reference species table of the FIA database (FIADB; USDA For. Serv. 2009), and as previously stated, 156 of these species account for more than 95 percent of the tree biomass in the United States. However specific gravity estimates are needed for all 465 species (Table 4) to provide estimates of total tree biomass on U.S. forest land. Specific gravity values for the 309 uncommon species are derived as follows:

If a tree species is not listed in Table 1A but multiple tree species of the same genus are listed, then the unlisted species is assigned the average of the specific gravities of the listed species of the same genus. There were 142 species in Table 4 that are assigned specific gravities in this manner.

If a tree species is not listed in Table 1A but there is one tree species of the same genus in Table 1A, then the unlisted species is assigned the specific gravity of the listed species. Twenty-seven species in Table 4 are assigned specific gravities in this manner.

If a tree species is not listed in Table 1A and there are no tree species of the same genus listed in Table 1A, then the unlisted tree species is assigned either the average specific gravity of all the softwoods in Table 1A or all the hardwoods in Table 1A. There are 115 species in Table 4 that are assigned specific gravities in this manner.

1Biomass usually is reported in oven-dry metric tons. For convenience, tables in this report also include densities for each species in kilograms per cubic meter

4 Today all trees are identified to species. In earlier inventories trees may have been identified only to genus. To accommodate this older data, the reference species Table 5 contains 25 records where only the genus is listed. An example of this is the record “Fir spp”. The specific gravity used for the “Fir spp” record is the average for all of the specific gravities for all of the fir species listed in Table 1A. The specific gravities for the other 24 genus-only records are similarly estimated.

Additional Information Specific gravity of wood and bark can be quite variable depending on many factors, including the geographic location of trees and moisture content, which varies by species, d.b.h., age, and stem position. The values presented here are averages and should be used with caution for estimates targeting small geographic areas requiring more precise values. Two excellent sources of information on wood and bark, including how to make adjustments for alternative moisture contents and other factors, are found in Bowyer et al. (2007) and Forest Products Laboratory publications (USDA For. Serv. 1999, Simpson 1993). Additional information on individual species characteristics is also available at the PLANTS database (USDA Nat. Res. Conserv. Srvc. 2009).

The tables for this publication are available as electronic worksheets. These worksheets and other information on the FIA program may be found at http://www.fia.fs.fed.us.

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7 9 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 9 a a a 26 21 30 21 21 21 23 23 26 26 30 Reference 21 Bark volume 8.9 bark bark Avg. Avg. wood 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.2 15.0 14.0 13.4 12.0 12.5 12.0 13.0 13.0 10.8 13.0 10.8 10.8 25.6 17.0 12.0 25.6 14.0 12.0 13.4 14.0 12.0 12.0 16.0 18.0 13.4 14.0 12.0 12.0 volume volume volume as % of of % as

wt. 849 785 641 801 641 993 641 849 561 657 801 801 689 529 913 817 657 320 929 481 545 913 561 593 801 641 561 657 561 721 641 641 625 Avg. Avg. green (kg/m3)

53 49 40 50 40 62 40 53 35 41 50 50 43 33 57 51 41 20 58 30 34 57 35 37 50 40 35 41 35 45 40 40 39 wt. Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) green bark * 2 2 2 b b b b 2 2 2 2 2 b 2 2 b b 2 b b b 30 22 22 25 22 30 30 22 30 22 22 Reference 22 64 89 92 60 60 81 69 75 64 91 64 77 20 79 63 88 28 63 34 65 63 25 98 60 60 88 12 64 60 60 dry 112 100 100 Avg. Avg. (MC) and green weight of Average mositure content Average oven- a % of of % a weight MC as as MC dry 380 450 410 400 400 400 550 380 400 320 400 420 490 390 440 510 500 350 250 570 360 330 560 450 300 400 400 350 350 500 440 400 400 Avg. Avg. oven- weight weight (kg/m3) dry 23.7 28.1 25.6 25.0 25.0 25.0 34.3 23.7 25.0 20.0 25.0 26.2 30.6 24.3 27.5 31.8 31.2 21.8 15.6 35.6 22.5 20.6 34.9 28.1 18.7 25.0 25.0 21.8 21.8 31.2 27.5 25.0 25.0 Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) oven- weight weight b b b b b 12 14 12 14 10 30 22 14 30 12 10 12 10 12 10 10 10 10 30 12 10 14 23 12 23 12 12 Reference 30 weight of bark Green volume basis 0.38 0.45 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.55 0.38 0.40 0.32 0.40 0.42 0.49 0.39 0.44 0.51 0.50 0.35 0.25 0.57 0.36 0.33 0.56 0.45 0.30 0.40 0.40 0.35 0.35 0.50 0.44 0.40 0.40 gravity Specific gravity and oven-dry Specific Specific

wt. 625 609 801 641 577 641 529 801 721 545 678 561 481 561 769 625 448 782 721 721 753 769 753 721 753 721 593 833 929 721 680 920 593 Avg. Avg. green (kg/m3) (kg/m3)

39 38 50 40 36 40 33 50 45 34 42 35 30 35 48 39 28 49 45 45 47 48 47 45 47 45 37 52 58 45 42 57 37 wt. Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) green b b b b b b 12 12 12 29 28 12 29 12 25 12 12 12 12 12 12 25 30 12 12 12 12 12 12 29 12 12 Reference 30 64 32 28 86 34 35 60 72 47 74 48 30 52 89 45 60 54 76 35 77 72 95 70 41 114 119 100 105 130 106 106 104 104 Avg. Avg. and green weight of wood * weight content content moisture moisture oven-dry oven-dry as a % of of % a as Average mositure content (MC) Average dry 380 460 400 500 310 480 682 330 390 420 370 390 380 370 370 360 330 310 340 350 350 370 480 370 490 410 330 440 470 540 370 400 420 Avg. Avg. oven- weight weight (kg/m3) dry 23.7 28.7 25.0 31.2 19.3 30.0 42.6 20.6 24.3 26.2 23.1 24.3 23.7 23.1 23.1 22.5 20.6 19.3 21.2 21.8 21.8 23.1 30.0 23.1 30.6 25.6 20.6 27.5 29.3 33.7 23.1 25.0 26.2 Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) oven- weight weight 2 2 3 2 2 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 Green volume basis 0.38 0.46 0.50 0.40 0.48 0.31 0.68 0.33 0.39 0.42 0.37 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.33 0.31 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.37 0.48 0.37 0.49 0.41 0.33 0.44 0.47 0.54 0.37 0.40 0.42 gravity Specific Specific dry 410 480 570 430 510 320 720 360 420 440 400 430 460 390 400 380 350 320 360 370 370 420 520 390 530 440 350 470 510 590 420 430 440 Avg. Avg. oven- weight weight (kg/m3) dry 25.6 30.0 35.6 26.8 31.8 20.0 44.9 22.5 26.2 27.5 25.0 26.8 28.7 24.3 25.0 23.7 21.8 20.0 22.5 23.1 23.1 26.2 32.4 24.3 33.1 27.5 21.8 29.3 31.8 36.8 26.2 26.8 27.5 Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) oven- weight weight 2 2 a a 2 2 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 Specific gravity and oven-dry weight of wood 12% MC volume basis 0.41 0.57 0.48 0.51 0.72 0.42 0.43 0.32 0.36 0.44 0.40 0.43 0.46 0.39 0.40 0.38 0.35 0.32 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.42 0.52 0.39 0.53 0.42 0.44 0.35 0.44 0.47 0.51 0.59 0.43 gravity Specific 11 63 65 43 98 42 97 41 95 22 94 20 93 19 81 17 73 15 71 12 67 68 FIA FIA 111 117 116 113 115 110 108 106 107 103 105 code contorta edulis clausa deppeana osteosperma attenuata banksiana thyoides sitchensis nootkatensis rubens lawsoniana mariana procera glauca magnifica engelmannii lasiocarpa lambertiana decurrens grandis jeffreyi occidentalis concolor laricina elliottii flexilis glabra amabilis balsamea virginiana virginiana echinata Species Pinus Pinus Pinus Juniperus Juniperus Pinus Pinus Chamaecyparis Picea Chamaecyparis Picea Chamaecyparis Picea Abies Picea Abies Picea Abies Pinus Calocedrus Abies Pinus Larix Abies Larix Pinus Pinus Pinus Abies Abies Juniperus Juniperus Pinus Genus

Lodgepole pine Common or two- Sand pine needle pinyon Alligator juniper Utah juniper Knobcone pine Jack pine Atlantic white-cedar Sitka spruce Alaska yellow-cedar Red spruce Port-Orford-cedar Black spruce Noble fir White spruce California red fir Engelmann spruce Subalpine fir Sugar pine Incense-cedar Grand fir Jeffrey pine Jeffrey Western larch Western White fir Tamarack (native) Tamarack Slash pine Limber pine Spruce pine Table 1A.—Specific gravity and oven-dry weight and green weight of wood and bark for tree species found in North America. Reference numbers in this table refer to numbered citations found citations numbered to refer in this table numbers Reference America. found in North species for tree wood and bark weight of weight and green oven-dry and 1A.—Specific gravity Table section of this report. Cited in Literature Pacific silver fir Balsam fir Southern redcedar Eastern redcedar Shortleaf pine 8 Common name a a a a a 9 a a a 9 a a 9 a a a a a 11 11 30 21 19 30 21 30 23 21 21 26 30 21 26 Reference 21 Bark volume 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 4.0 8.6 bark bark Avg. Avg. wood 15.6 18.0 17.3 15.6 13.4 16.6 10.0 16.0 15.8 13.4 15.8 13.4 22.0 17.0 16.0 10.6 25.6 13.4 13.4 14.0 14.0 12.6 22.0 20.0 12.0 18.0 15.0 15.0 volume volume volume as % of of % as

wt. 497 945 833 961 657 801 785 641 641 641 913 513 577 464 721 641 801 849 865 641 993 977 801 400 945 801 Avg. Avg. 1169 1025 1025 1073 1025 1025 1025 1009 green (kg/m3)

64 64 67 31 59 52 64 64 60 41 64 50 49 40 63 40 40 57 32 36 29 45 40 50 53 73 54 40 62 61 50 25 59 50 wt. Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) green bark * 1 b 1 b 2 1 b b 2 b b b 2 b 2 b 2 b b b 2 b b b b b b 30 22 22 22 30 22 Reference 22 90 80 79 16 89 89 90 90 92 99 70 92 94 89 60 99 90 56 33 60 60 91 89 98 84 42 99 75 60 18 89 78 dry 114 102 Avg. Avg. (MC) and green weight of Average mositure content Average oven- a % of of % a weight MC as as MC dry 540 570 600 430 500 440 540 540 500 330 480 470 410 330 500 340 400 460 270 370 350 450 400 420 450 590 470 450 500 560 500 340 500 450 Avg. Avg. oven- weight weight (kg/m3) dry 33.7 35.6 37.4 26.8 31.2 27.5 33.7 33.7 31.2 20.6 30.0 29.3 25.6 20.6 31.2 21.2 25.0 28.7 16.8 23.1 21.8 28.1 25.0 26.2 28.1 36.8 29.3 28.1 31.2 34.9 31.2 21.2 31.2 28.1 Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) oven- weight weight b b b b b b b b 13 13 13 10 26 14 12 12 10 12 10 26 10 30 10 12 12 12 10 12 30 12 31 10 26 Reference 30 weight of bark Green volume basis 0.50 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.43 0.50 0.44 0.54 0.54 0.50 0.33 0.48 0.47 0.41 0.33 0.50 0.34 0.40 0.46 0.27 0.37 0.35 0.45 0.40 0.42 0.45 0.59 0.47 0.45 0.50 0.56 0.50 0.34 0.45 gravity Specific gravity and oven-dry Specific Specific

wt. 801 881 737 801 801 753 609 881 801 801 849 753 561 705 817 657 801 721 801 673 433 721 865 801 577 881 881 561 721 817 737 977 945 801 Avg. Avg. green (kg/m3) (kg/m3)

50 55 46 50 50 47 38 55 50 50 53 47 35 44 51 41 50 45 50 42 27 45 54 50 36 55 55 35 45 51 46 61 59 50 wt. Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) green b b b b b b b b b b b 13 13 13 13 12 12 12 13 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 23 12 30 12 29 13 26 Reference 30 57 68 64 71 35 70 78 91 81 71 65 68 60 56 70 80 64 40 90 77 99 63 47 56 60 95 99 48 74 111 143 123 100 178 Avg. Avg. and green weight of wood * weight content content moisture moisture oven-dry oven-dry as a % of of % a as Average mositure content (MC) Average dry 330 560 440 490 360 440 450 520 450 420 470 440 340 420 510 420 470 400 380 410 310 380 490 400 290 540 600 360 450 420 370 660 340 460 Avg. Avg. oven- weight weight (kg/m3) dry 20.6 34.9 27.5 30.6 22.5 27.5 28.1 32.4 28.1 26.2 29.3 27.5 21.2 26.2 31.8 26.2 29.3 25.0 23.7 25.6 19.3 23.7 30.6 25.0 18.1 33.7 37.4 22.5 28.1 26.2 23.1 41.2 21.2 28.7 Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) oven- weight weight 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 31 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 Reference 30 Green volume basis 0.33 0.56 0.44 0.49 0.36 0.44 0.45 0.52 0.45 0.42 0.47 0.44 0.34 0.42 0.51 0.42 0.47 0.40 0.38 0.41 0.31 0.38 0.49 0.40 0.29 0.54 0.60 0.36 0.45 0.42 0.37 0.66 0.34 0.46 gravity Specific Specific dry 360 630 470 540 380 380 460 480 570 480 460 510 480 350 450 560 450 520 430 400 460 320 400 520 529 310 590 670 380 490 460 410 790 530 Avg. Avg. oven- weight weight (kg/m3) dry 22.5 39.3 29.3 33.7 23.7 23.7 28.7 30.0 35.6 30.0 28.7 31.8 30.0 21.8 28.1 34.9 28.1 32.4 26.8 25.0 28.7 20.0 25.0 32.4 33.0 19.3 36.8 41.8 23.7 30.6 28.7 25.6 49.3 33.1 Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) oven- weight weight 1 a 1 a 2 2 a 2 1 1 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 31 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 Specific gravity and oven-dry weight of wood 12% MC volume basis 0.36 0.63 0.47 0.38 0.54 0.38 0.46 0.48 0.57 0.48 0.46 0.51 0.48 0.35 0.45 0.43 0.56 0.45 0.52 0.40 0.52 0.53 0.46 0.32 0.40 0.31 0.49 0.59 0.67 0.79 0.38 0.46 0.53 0.41 gravity Specific FIA FIA 211 119 332 318 317 212 316 315 202 314 132 313 131 312 129 264 127 128 263 126 261 123 124 125 242 122 241 120 121 231 356 221 341 351 code flava saccharum saccharinum giganteum rubrum sempervirens pensylvanicum menziesii nigrum virginiana negundo taeda macrophyllum strobus mertensiana sabiniana serotina heterophylla rigida canadensis pungens radiata resinosa plicata ponderosa occidentalis muricata palustris brevifolia spp. monticola distichum altissima rubra Species Aesculus Acer Acer Sequoiadendron Acer Sequoia Acer Pseudotsuga Acer Pinus Acer Pinus Acer Pinus Tsuga Pinus Pinus Tsuga Pinus Tsuga Pinus Pinus Pinus Thuja Pinus Thuja Pinus Pinus Taxus Amelanchier Pinus Taxodium Ailanthus Alnus Genus

Yellow buckeye Yellow Sugar maple Silver maple Giant sequoia Red maple Redwood Striped maple Douglas-fir Black maple Virginia pine Virginia Boxelder Loblolly pine Bigleaf maple Eastern white pine Mountain hemlock Gray or California foothill pine Pond pine Western hemlock Western Pitch pine Eastern hemlock Table Mountain pine Table Monterey pine Red pine Western redcedar Western Ponderosa pine Northern white-cedar Bishop pine Longleaf pine Pacific yew Serviceberry spp. Table 1A.—continued Table white pine Western Baldcypress Ailanthus Red alder Common name 9 c a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 11 26 23 21 Reference 30 Bark volume 6.0 8.6 9.8 9.8 9.8 bark bark Avg. Avg. wood 15.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 15.0 16.0 15.0 16.0 15.0 12.6 12.6 15.0 15.0 15.0 12.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 volume volume volume as % of of % as

wt. 945 737 849 961 817 961 817 961 945 961 945 961 961 945 961 961 849 897 929 801 945 945 945 993 801 945 961 945 801 Avg. Avg. 1105 1105 1265 1041 green (kg/m3)

59 46 53 60 51 60 51 60 59 60 59 60 79 60 59 60 69 60 69 53 56 65 58 50 59 59 59 62 50 59 60 59 50 wt. Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) green bark * b b b b 5 b b b b b b b b b b b b b b 1 b b b 1 b b b b b b b b

Reference 22 89 89 89 60 70 34 90 60 89 60 89 60 89 60 89 60 91 60 91 52 63 89 90 46 53 89 89 60 91 89 60 89 60 dry Avg. Avg. (MC) and green weight of Average mositure content Average oven- a % of of % a weight MC as as MC dry 500 390 450 600 480 720 430 600 500 600 500 600 670 600 500 600 580 600 580 560 550 550 490 550 620 500 500 620 420 500 600 500 500 Avg. Avg. oven- weight weight (kg/m3) dry 31.2 24.3 28.1 37.4 30.0 44.9 26.8 37.4 31.2 37.4 31.2 37.4 41.8 37.4 31.2 37.4 36.2 37.4 36.2 34.9 34.3 34.3 30.6 34.3 38.7 31.2 31.2 38.7 26.2 31.2 37.4 31.2 31.2 Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) oven- weight weight b b b b b b b b b b b 14 14 23 13 13 10 14 14 14 13 14 13 23 23 18 14 13 23 10 30 25 Reference 14 weight of bark Green volume basis 0.50 0.50 0.39 0.45 0.60 0.48 0.72 0.43 0.60 0.50 0.60 0.50 0.60 0.67 0.60 0.50 0.60 0.58 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.55 0.55 0.49 0.55 0.62 0.50 0.50 0.62 0.42 0.50 0.60 0.50 gravity Specific gravity and oven-dry Specific Specific

wt. 801 961 801 801 833 833 993 801 801 993 865 849 849 833 737 849 801 913 657 913 945 977 705 961 881 1121 Avg. Avg. 1041 1025 1025 1089 1009 1025 1038 green (kg/m3) (kg/m3)

50 60 50 50 65 52 64 52 62 50 64 50 62 54 68 63 64 53 70 53 52 46 53 50 57 65 41 57 59 61 44 60 55 wt. Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) green b b b b b b b 26 25 29 13 13 29 13 25 25 13 13 26 25 25 25 13 26 29 25 26 26 25 26 26 26 Reference 25 51 60 51 67 63 57 60 85 77 60 65 46 66 55 65 58 71 46 84 33 74 64 46 64 73 86 73 83 72 68 66 133 120 Avg. Avg. and green weight of wood * weight content content moisture moisture oven-dry oven-dry as a % of of % a as Average mositure content (MC) Average dry 530 600 530 480 640 530 640 450 560 500 620 550 600 560 660 640 600 580 610 640 480 450 580 490 600 490 380 500 550 420 420 580 400 Avg. Avg. oven- weight weight (kg/m3) dry 33.1 37.4 33.1 30.0 39.9 33.1 39.9 28.1 34.9 31.2 38.7 34.3 37.4 34.9 41.2 39.9 37.4 36.2 38.1 39.9 30.0 28.1 36.2 30.6 37.4 30.6 23.7 31.2 34.3 26.2 26.2 36.2 25.0 Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) oven- weight weight 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 25 18 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 Green volume basis 0.53 0.60 0.53 0.40 0.48 0.64 0.53 0.64 0.45 0.56 0.50 0.62 0.55 0.60 0.56 0.66 0.64 0.60 0.58 0.61 0.64 0.48 0.45 0.58 0.49 0.49 0.60 0.38 0.50 0.55 0.42 0.42 0.58 gravity Specific Specific dry 600 650 580 430 520 720 560 720 490 600 550 690 600 660 640 750 740 660 620 620 730 550 510 700 530 560 650 410 570 620 460 450 650 Avg. Avg. oven- weight weight (kg/m3) dry 37.4 40.6 36.2 26.8 32.4 44.9 34.9 44.9 30.6 37.4 34.3 43.1 37.4 41.2 39.9 46.8 46.2 41.2 38.7 38.7 45.6 34.3 31.8 43.7 33.1 34.9 40.6 25.6 35.6 38.7 28.7 28.1 40.6 Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) oven- weight weight 1 a 1 a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 Specific gravity and oven-dry weight of wood 12% MC volume basis 0.60 0.65 0.58 0.43 0.52 0.72 0.56 0.72 0.49 0.60 0.55 0.69 0.60 0.66 0.64 0.75 0.74 0.66 0.62 0.51 0.70 0.62 0.73 0.55 0.56 0.53 0.65 0.41 0.57 0.65 0.62 0.46 0.45 gravity Specific FIA FIA 571 552 546 421 545 409 544 407 543 406 542 405 541 404 531 403 521 402 492 379 391 401 491 375 373 462 372 452 591 361 371 431 580 code dioicus triacanthos quadrangulata dentata profunda alba pennsylvanica ovata nigra myristiciformis latifolia laciniosa americana illinoinensis grandifolia glabra virginiana cordiformis nuttallii populifolia caroliniana aquatica florida papyrifera nigra occidentalis lenta speciosa opaca menziesii alleghaniensis chrysophylla spp. Species Gymnocladus Gleditsia Fraxinus Castanea Fraxinus Carya Fraxinus Carya Fraxinus Carya Fraxinus Carya Fraxinus Carya Fagus Carya Diospyros Carya Cornus Betula Carpinus Carya Cornus Betula Betula Celtis Betula Catalpa Ilex Arbutus Betula Chrysolepis Halesia Genus

Kentucky coffeetree Honeylocust Blue ash American chestnut Pumpkin ash Mockernut hickory Green ash Shagbark hickory Black ash Nutmeg hickory Oregon ash Shellbark hickory White ash Pecan American beech Pignut hickory Common persimmon Bitternut hickory Pacific dogwood Gray birch American hornbeam, musclewood Water hickory Water Flowering dogwood Paper birch River birch Hackberry Sweet birch Northern catalpa American holly Table 1A.—continued Table Pacific madrone Yellow birch Yellow Giant chinkapin, golden chinkapin Silverbell spp. 10 Common name a 5 a a a a a 5 a a a a a a a a 5 a 5 a a a a a a a a 11 26 21 30 21 30 Reference 23 Bark volume 9.2 8.0 bark bark Avg. Avg. wood 22.0 22.0 22.0 16.0 16.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 16.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 22.0 15.0 16.3 18.0 19.0 15.0 14.4 15.0 14.4 15.0 22.0 15.0 16.0 22.0 22.0 16.0 22.0 volume volume volume as % of of % as

wt. 753 945 961 849 913 833 897 833 785 833 801 849 993 961 801 625 593 753 929 849 Avg. Avg. 1121 1105 1105 1201 1009 1057 1217 1041 1057 1057 1201 1009 1041 1041 green (kg/m3)

75 63 66 76 65 47 59 60 66 66 75 53 57 52 56 52 49 52 50 53 62 60 63 50 70 39 37 47 69 58 65 65 53 69 wt. Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) green bark * 6 6 b b 1 b b 1 b b b b 1 b b b 5 b b 1 b b b b 5 1 b b b 6 17 17 31 Reference 22 91 48 49 90 89 71 89 60 89 82 91 70 41 89 89 92 89 60 60 91 90 89 56 88 86 66 65 89 84 dry 104 100 124 102 121 Avg. Avg. (MC) and green weight of Average mositure content Average oven- a % of of % a weight MC as as MC dry 630 680 710 640 550 440 500 600 560 580 630 500 650 440 440 440 410 440 400 380 620 600 500 420 590 330 380 400 500 500 629 630 450 600 Avg. Avg. oven- weight weight (kg/m3) dry 39.2 39.3 42.4 44.3 39.9 34.3 27.5 31.2 37.4 34.9 36.2 39.3 31.2 40.6 27.5 27.5 27.5 25.6 27.5 25.0 23.7 38.7 37.4 31.2 26.2 36.8 20.6 23.7 25.0 31.2 31.2 39.3 28.1 37.4 Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) oven- weight weight b b b b b b b b b b 14 10 10 14 13 13 10 10 14 30 14 13 13 10 13 13 10 10 13 14 23 30 14 Reference 13 weight of bark Green volume basis 0.63 0.63 0.68 0.71 0.64 0.55 0.44 0.50 0.60 0.56 0.58 0.63 0.50 0.65 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.41 0.44 0.40 0.38 0.62 0.60 0.50 0.42 0.59 0.33 0.38 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.63 0.45 0.60 gravity Specific gravity and oven-dry Specific Specific

wt. 924 961 849 897 721 945 945 785 785 641 785 737 780 993 801 801 689 913 801 737 641 833 Avg. Avg. 1009 1025 1025 1025 1217 1009 1009 1085 1041 1025 1009 1025 green (kg/m3) (kg/m3)

63 64 64 64 76 63 58 60 53 63 56 45 68 59 59 49 49 40 49 46 49 65 62 50 50 43 57 50 46 64 40 63 64 52 wt. Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) green b b b b 13 13 13 13 13 13 25 26 26 13 29 29 25 13 13 13 25 26 26 29 13 13 13 29 13 13 13 13 13 Reference 13 66 68 97 71 74 58 53 70 68 95 53 78 21 87 96 56 78 95 80 31 74 91 79 83 58 81 117 101 106 138 129 105 107 101 Avg. Avg. and green weight of wood * weight content content moisture moisture oven-dry oven-dry as a % of of % a as Average mositure content (MC) Average dry 610 610 520 600 700 640 460 630 500 600 460 470 610 780 460 420 400 410 440 310 400 580 760 350 460 360 510 370 360 560 310 640 510 460 Avg. Avg. oven- weight weight (kg/m3) dry 38.1 38.1 32.4 37.4 43.7 39.9 28.7 39.3 31.2 37.4 28.7 29.3 38.1 48.7 28.7 26.2 25.0 25.6 27.5 19.3 25.0 36.2 47.4 21.8 28.7 22.5 31.8 23.1 22.5 34.9 19.3 39.9 31.8 28.7 Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) oven- weight weight 3 1 1 1 1 1 25 25 25 30 25 25 18 25 25 25 26 31 25 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 Reference 25 Green volume basis 0.61 0.61 0.52 0.60 0.70 0.46 0.64 0.63 0.46 0.50 0.60 0.46 0.47 0.61 0.78 0.42 0.40 0.46 0.41 0.44 0.31 0.40 0.58 0.76 0.35 0.46 0.36 0.51 0.37 0.36 0.56 0.31 0.64 0.51 gravity Specific Specific dry 630 690 590 670 740 490 720 700 500 550 680 500 500 670 820 460 440 500 450 480 350 420 620 850 380 520 390 550 400 380 630 340 720 550 Avg. Avg. oven- weight weight (kg/m3) dry 39.3 43.1 36.8 41.8 46.2 30.6 44.9 43.7 31.2 34.3 42.4 31.2 31.2 41.8 51.2 28.7 27.5 31.2 28.1 30.0 21.8 26.2 38.7 53.0 23.7 32.4 24.3 34.3 25.0 23.7 39.3 21.2 44.9 34.3 Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) oven- weight weight a a 1 1 1 1 1 a a 1 1 a 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 Specific gravity and oven-dry weight of wood 12% MC volume basis 0.63 0.69 0.59 0.67 0.74 0.70 0.49 0.55 0.72 0.50 0.68 0.50 0.50 0.46 0.44 0.67 0.82 0.50 0.45 0.62 0.85 0.48 0.35 0.42 0.38 0.52 0.39 0.55 0.40 0.38 0.72 0.55 0.63 0.34 gravity Specific FIA FIA 711 611 814 813 812 806 805 701 731 804 693 802 691 762 653 655 660 755 652 748 631 641 651 747 621 746 743 602 742 601 815 818 820 741 code gambelii pagoda falcata coccinea chrysolepis virginiana arboreum occidentalis bicolor sylvatica alba aquatica serotina virginiana fraseri spp. spp. grandiflora fremontii densiflorus pomifera acuminata balsamifera tulipifera tremuloides styraciflua grandidentata nigra deltoides cinerea garryana kelloggii laurifolia balsamifera Species Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Ostrya Oxydendrum Platanus Quercus Nyssa Quercus Nyssa Prunus Magnolia Magnolia Malus Prosopis Magnolia Populus Lithocarpus Maclura Magnolia Populus Liriodendron Populus Liquidambar Populus Juglans Populus Juglans Quercus Quercus Quercus Populus Genus Gambel oak Cherrybark oak Southern red oak Scarlet oak Canyon live oak Eastern hophornbeam Sourwood American sycamore Swamp white oak Blackgum White oak Water tupelo Water Blackcherry Sweetbay Mountain or Fraser magnolia Apple spp. Mesquite spp. Southern magnolia Fremont cottonwood Tanoak Osage-orange Cucumbertree Black cottonwood Yellow-poplar Quaking aspen Sweetgum Bigtooth aspen Black walnut Eastern cottonwood Table 1A.—continued Table Butternut Oregon white oak California black oak Laurel oak Balsam poplar Common name 11 c a a a a a 9 5 a a a a a a a a a a a a a

Reference 11 Bark volume bark bark Avg. Avg. wood 15.0 16.0 15.0 16.0 18.5 22.0 20.0 23.0 16.0 22.0 16.0 23.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 14.0 22.0 14.0 14.0 16.0 10.5 14.0 volume volume volume as % of of % as

wt. 945 993 545 961 961 865 961 785 785 785 961 785 785 913 785 Avg. Avg. 1137 1121 1137 1298 1073 1025 1041 green (kg/m3)

59 62 34 60 71 60 81 54 70 71 67 60 49 49 64 49 60 49 49 65 57 49 wt. Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) green bark * b 1 b b 6 b 5 b b b b b b b b b b b 17 17 17 Reference 17 89 99 88 89 90 89 91 60 90 90 73 89 57 43 90 89 78 75 89 90 75 dry 171 Avg. Avg. (MC) and green weight of Average mositure content Average oven- a % of of % a weight MC as as MC dry 500 500 290 510 600 510 680 540 590 600 620 510 500 550 540 290 510 440 450 550 480 450 Avg. Avg. oven- weight weight (kg/m3) dry 31.2 31.2 18.1 31.8 37.4 31.8 42.4 33.7 36.8 37.4 38.7 31.8 31.2 34.3 33.7 18.1 31.8 27.5 28.1 34.3 30.0 28.1 Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) oven- weight weight b b 14 14 10 14 10 10 13 10 10 14 14 14 14 30 10 10 14 10 30 Reference 10 weight of bark Green volume basis 0.50 0.50 0.29 0.51 0.60 0.51 0.68 0.54 0.59 0.60 0.62 0.51 0.50 0.55 0.54 0.29 0.51 0.44 0.45 0.55 0.48 0.45 gravity Specific gravity and oven-dry Specific Specific

wt. 705 817 929 860 849 849 892 977 657 849 Avg. Avg. 1217 1025 1025 1025 1009 1025 1025 1025 1009 1009 1009 1009 green (kg/m3) (kg/m3)

44 51 58 76 64 64 64 63 64 64 64 63 54 53 63 53 63 56 61 63 41 53 wt. Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) green b b 26 13 26 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 25 30 13 13 25 25 13 Reference 25 68 41 52 83 71 83 77 83 77 83 68 51 67 74 77 77 94 66 84 42 127 105 Avg. Avg. and green weight of wood * weight content content moisture moisture oven-dry oven-dry as a % of of % a as Average mositure content (MC) Average dry 420 360 660 800 560 600 560 570 560 580 560 600 570 510 580 480 570 460 590 550 320 600 Avg. Avg. oven- weight weight (kg/m3) dry 26.2 22.5 41.2 49.9 34.9 37.4 34.9 35.6 34.9 36.2 34.9 37.4 35.6 31.8 36.2 30.0 35.6 28.7 36.8 34.3 20.0 37.4 Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) oven- weight weight 1 1 1 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 30 Green volume basis 0.32 0.42 0.36 0.66 0.80 0.56 0.60 0.56 0.57 0.56 0.58 0.56 0.60 0.57 0.51 0.58 0.48 0.57 0.46 0.59 0.55 0.60 gravity Specific Specific dry 370 460 390 690 880 610 670 630 660 690 630 630 670 630 550 640 530 630 500 640 580 660 Avg. Avg. oven- weight weight (kg/m3) dry 23.1 28.7 24.3 43.1 54.9 38.1 41.8 39.3 41.2 43.1 39.3 39.3 41.8 39.3 34.3 39.9 33.1 39.3 31.2 39.9 36.2 41.2 Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) oven- weight weight 1 1 a 1 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 Specific gravity and oven-dry weight of wood 12% MC volume basis 0.37 0.46 0.39 0.69 0.88 0.61 0.67 0.63 0.66 0.69 0.63 0.63 0.55 0.67 0.63 0.64 0.64 0.53 0.58 0.63 0.66 0.50 gravity Specific FIA FIA 951 931 922 901 838 837 835 833 832 831 830 827 981 825 977 823 973 975 821 822 971 972 code americana albidum nigra pseudoacacia virginiana velutina stellata rubra prinus phellos palustris nigra californica michauxii thomasii macrocarpa crassifolia rubra lobata lyrata alata americana Species Tilia Sassafras Salix Robinia Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Umbellularia Quercus Ulmus Quercus Ulmus Ulmus Quercus Quercus Ulmus Ulmus Genus American basswood Sassafras Black willow Black locust Live oak Black oak Post oak Northern red oak Chestnut oak Willow oak Pin oak Water oak Water California-laurel Swamp chestnut oak Rock elm Bur oak Cedar elm Slippery elm Table 1A.—continued Table California white oak Overcup oak * Moisture content is extremely variable and the values shown are averages or estimates based on literature cited. a No reference source available, estimated based on similar species. b Based on green volume specific gravity and bark moisture content of similar species. Adapted from McCormack (1955) using supplemental data Forbes (1956) and Koch (1971) c Winged elm American elm 12 Common name Table 1B.—Average oven-dry and green weight of wood and bark when only wood volume is known for tree species in North America. Reference numbers in this table refer to numbered citations found in Literature Cited section of this report. Total oven-dry and green weight of wood and

Bark % reference bark per cubic foot of wood * Wood reference Bark reference Avg. Avg. Avg. oven- Avg. oven- green green dry weight dry weight weight weight (Tab 3) of wood of wood of wood of wood FIA and bark and bark and bark and bark Common name Genus Species code (lb/cf) (kg/m3) (lb/cf) (kg/m3) Pacific silver fir Abies amabilis 11 25 30 30 29 461 49 781 Balsam fir Abies balsamea 12 25 12 9 24 378 51 817 White fir Abies concolor 15 25 12 a 27 437 54 862 Grand fir Abies grandis 17 25 12 a 26 418 52 832 Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa 19 25 12 21 23 364 33 536 California red fir Abies magnifica 20 25 12 a 25 407 52 826 Noble fir Abies procera 22 25 12 a 26 423 35 567 Port-Orford-cedar Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 41 25 25 a 27 436 47 754 Alaska yellow-cedar Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 42 25 29 21 29 466 51 819 Atlantic white-cedar Chamaecyparis thyoides 43 25 29 a 22 356 42 669 Alligator juniper Juniperus deppeana 63 2 28 a 33 528 45 718 Utah juniper Juniperus osteosperma 65 3 b a 46 730 62 997 Southern redcedar Juniperus virginiana 67 2 b a 29 468 42 670 Eastern redcedar Juniperus virginiana 68 25 29 23 30 488 42 670 Tamarack (native) Larix laricina 71 25 12 23 33 532 52 836 Western larch Larix occidentalis 73 25 12 a 33 526 53 845 Incense-cedar Calocedrus decurrens 81 25 30 a 24 392 48 775 Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii 93 25 12 21 24 387 45 727 White spruce Picea glauca 94 25 12 a 26 421 41 650 Black spruce Picea mariana 95 25 12 a 27 434 42 665 Red spruce Picea rubens 97 25 12 a 26 411 39 618 Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis 98 25 12 21 25 399 41 653 Knobcone pine Pinus attenuata 103 30 b 30 27 435 55 878 Jack pine Pinus banksiana 105 25 12 9 29 457 57 911 Common or two-needle pinyon Pinus edulis 106 2 b a 35 553 45 727 Sand pine Pinus clausa 107 25 12 26 33 527 46 736 Lodgepole pine Pinus contorta 108 25 12 21 26 413 42 680 Shortleaf pine Pinus echinata 110 25 12 26 33 526 58 923 Slash pine Pinus elliottii 111 25 12 26 38 603 65 1047 Limber pine Pinus flexilis 113 2 b a 27 437 50 796 Spruce pine Pinus glabra 115 25 b a 29 470 50 796 Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi 116 30 12 a 29 462 55 876 Sugar pine Pinus lambertiana 117 25 25 a 27 429 59 950 Western white pine Pinus monticola 119 25 12 21 26 419 42 670 Bishop pine Pinus muricata 120 30 b a 34 549 54 862 Longleaf pine Pinus palustris 121 25 12 26 38 603 62 1000 Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa 122 25 12 21 29 469 52 840 Table Mountain pine Pinus pungens 123 2 b a 34 550 60 962 Monterey pine Pinus radiata 124 2 b a 28 454 55 887 Red pine Pinus resinosa 125 25 12 23 28 453 47 755 Pitch pine Pinus rigida 126 25 12 a 32 515 55 887

13 Table 1B.—continued Total oven-dry and green weight of wood and

Bark % reference bark per cubic foot of wood * Wood reference Bark reference Avg. Avg. Avg. oven- Avg. oven- green green dry weight dry weight weight weight (Tab 3) of wood of wood of wood of wood FIA and bark and bark and bark and bark Common name Genus Species code (lb/cf) (kg/m3) (lb/cf) (kg/m3) Gray or California foothill pine Pinus sabiniana 127 30 b 30 30 488 54 862 Pond pine Pinus serotina 128 25 b a 35 554 56 903 Eastern white pine Pinus strobus 129 25 b 9 26 415 43 689 Loblolly pine Pinus taeda 131 25 12 19 33 525 60 958 Virginia pine Pinus virginiana 132 25 b a 33 522 59 938 Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 202 25 12 21 33 526 47 753 Redwood Sequoia sempervirens 211 25 12 30 27 437 56 890 Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum 212 30 30 a 25 401 63 1017 Baldcypress Taxodium distichum 221 25 29 26 32 520 63 1016 Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia 231 2 30 30 39 623 58 928 Northern white-cedar Thuja occidentalis 241 25 23 9 22 349 43 689 Western redcedar Thuja plicata 242 25 12 21 22 349 31 493 Eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis 261 25 12 9 29 458 60 956 Western hemlock Tsuga heterophylla 263 25 12 21 31 499 51 816 Mountain hemlock Tsuga mertensiana 264 25 12 a 30 484 52 829 Bigleaf maple Acer macrophyllum 312 25 13 30 30 488 53 855 Boxelder Acer negundo 313 31 b a 29 463 55 884 Black maple Acer nigrum 314 25 b a 38 604 65 1041 Striped maple Acer pensylvanicum 315 1 b a 30 483 52 834 Red maple Acer rubrum 316 25 13 11 34 541 56 893 Silver maple Acer saccharinum 317 25 13 a 31 489 52 825 Sugar maple Acer saccharum 318 25 13 11 40 644 65 1041 Yellow buckeye Aesculus flava 332 1 13 a 25 405 59 943 Ailanthus Ailanthus altissima 341 1 b a 33 527 58 921 Red alder Alnus rubra 351 25 13 21 27 437 53 855 Serviceberry spp. Amelanchier spp. 356 1 26 a 44 703 65 1046 Pacific madrone Arbutus menziesii 361 1 26 a 42 670 69 1105 Yellow birch Betula alleghaniensis 371 25 25 21 38 611 65 1043 Sweet birch Betula lenta 372 25 25 a 41 661 71 1130 River birch Betula nigra 373 1 b a 34 544 62 992 Paper birch Betula papyrifera 375 25 25 c 34 550 59 940 Gray birch Betula populifolia 379 1 13 a 32 519 53 850 American hornbeam, musclewood Carpinus caroliniana 391 1 26 a 39 627 59 939 Water hickory Carya aquatica 401 25 25 a 44 706 80 1275 Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis 402 25 25 a 43 696 74 1179 Pignut hickory Carya glabra 403 25 13 a 47 756 78 1243 Pecan Carya illinoinensis 404 25 25 a 43 696 72 1147 Shellbark hickory Carya laciniosa 405 25 13 a 45 716 74 1179 Nutmeg hickory Carya myristiciformis 406 25 29 a 41 656 72 1147 Shagbark hickory Carya ovata 407 25 13 a 47 755 74 1179 Mockernut hickory Carya alba 409 25 25 a 46 736 75 1195 American chestnut Castanea dentata 421 25 25 a 30 475 64 1023

14 Table 1B.—continued Total oven-dry and green weight of wood and

Bark % reference bark per cubic foot of wood * Wood reference Bark reference Avg. Avg. Avg. oven- Avg. oven- green green dry weight dry weight weight weight (Tab 3) of wood of wood of wood of wood FIA and bark and bark and bark and bark Common name Genus Species code (lb/cf) (kg/m3) (lb/cf) (kg/m3) Giant chinkapin, golden chinkapin Chrysolepis chrysophylla 431 1 26 30 29 470 67 1073 Northern catalpa Catalpa speciosa 452 1 26 a 28 455 50 799 Hackberry Celtis occidentalis 462 25 29 23 35 563 59 940 Flowering dogwood Cornus florida 491 1 b a 45 727 63 1015 Pacific dogwood Cornus nuttallii 492 18 b a 42 667 63 1015 Common persimmon Diospyros virginiana 521 26 26 a 45 715 72 1151 American beech Fagus grandifolia 531 25 13 11 37 600 59 941 White ash Fraxinus americana 541 25 25 a 39 630 59 952 Oregon ash Fraxinus latifolia 542 25 b a 36 580 59 952 Black ash Fraxinus nigra 543 25 13 a 32 519 60 964 Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica 544 25 29 26 38 607 60 964 Pumpkin ash Fraxinus profunda 545 1 b a 34 552 58 937 Blue ash Fraxinus quadrangulata 546 25 b a 37 592 57 919 Honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos 552 25 26 a 42 675 69 1103 Kentucky coffeetree Gymnocladus dioicus 571 1 b a 38 605 58 921 Silverbell spp. Halesia spp. 580 1 26 a 31 495 53 847 American holly Ilex opaca 591 1 26 a 36 575 66 1055 Butternut Juglans cinerea 601 25 13 a 26 420 53 850 Black walnut Juglans nigra 602 25 13 a 35 559 63 1007 Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua 611 25 13 5 33 523 58 921 Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera 621 25 25 5 29 468 58 932 Tanoak Lithocarpus densiflorus 631 25 26 30 44 697 77 1230 Osage-orange Maclura pomifera 641 1 26 a 53 850 71 1137 Cucumbertree Magnolia acuminata 651 25 13 a 32 506 57 910 Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora 652 25 13 a 33 526 67 1070 Sweetbay Magnolia virginiana 653 1 b a 30 486 57 919 Mountain or Fraser magnolia Magnolia fraseri 655 1 b a 29 466 57 910 Apple spp. Malus spp. 660 26 25 a 43 685 76 1213 Water tupelo Nyssa aquatica 691 25 29 a 34 541 65 1045 Blackgum Nyssa sylvatica 693 25 25 26 33 521 64 1030 Eastern hophornbeam Ostrya virginiana 701 1 26 a 44 705 69 1103 Sourwood Oxydendrum arboreum 711 18 26 a 37 590 62 993 American sycamore Platanus occidentalis 731 25 13 23 32 508 58 921 Balsam poplar Populus balsamifera 741 25 13 a 26 420 53 845 Eastern cottonwood Populus deltoides 742 25 29 30 28 453 58 931 Bigtooth aspen Populus grandidentata 743 25 13 a 28 445 53 850 Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides 746 25 29 21 26 422 59 946 Black cottonwood Populus balsamifera 747 25 13 21 23 375 54 868 Fremont cottonwood Populus fremontii 748 30 b a 31 500 51 813 Mesquite spp. Prosopis spp. 755 31 b a 55 877 68 1082 Black cherry Prunus serotina 762 25 29 11 33 528 52 831 White oak Quercus alba 802 25 13 5 43 689 74 1178

15 Table 1B.—continued Total oven-dry and green weight of wood and

Bark % reference bark per cubic foot of wood * Wood reference Bark reference Avg. Avg. Avg. oven- Avg. oven- green green dry weight dry weight weight weight (Tab 3) of wood of wood of wood of wood FIA and bark and bark and bark and bark Common name Genus Species code (lb/cf) (kg/m3) (lb/cf) (kg/m3) Swamp white oak Quercus bicolor 804 25 13 a 45 728 73 1176 Canyon live oak Quercus chrysolepis 805 30 13 a 50 802 88 1412 Scarlet oak Quercus coccinea 806 25 13 a 47 756 79 1258 Southern red oak Quercus falcata 812 25 13 5 42 669 78 1247 Cherrybark oak Quercus pagoda 813 25 13 a 47 748 80 1289 Gambel oak Quercus gambelii 814 3 13 a 47 748 77 1238 Oregon white oak Quercus garryana 815 1 13 a 46 740 73 1176 California black oak Quercus kelloggii 818 18 13 a 38 609 76 1212 Laurel oak Quercus laurifolia 820 25 13 a 40 640 75 1202 California white oak Quercus lobata 821 30 13 a 40 638 73 1176 Overcup oak Quercus lyrata 822 25 13 a 43 682 76 1221 Bur oak Quercus macrocarpa 823 25 13 a 42 666 73 1173 Swamp chestnut oak Quercus michauxii 825 25 13 a 45 717 77 1230 Water oak Quercus nigra 827 25 13 a 41 659 75 1197 Pin oak Quercus palustris 830 25 13 a 44 712 80 1275 Willow oak Quercus phellos 831 25 13 a 41 654 75 1205 Chestnut oak Quercus prinus 832 25 13 5 43 694 75 1208 Northern red oak Quercus rubra 833 25 13 9 43 696 80 1285 Post oak Quercus stellata 835 25 13 a 44 712 77 1237 Black oak Quercus velutina 837 25 13 11 42 671 77 1236 Live oak Quercus virginiana 838 25 13 a 55 881 86 1371 Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia 901 25 26 a 44 703 63 1011 Black willow Salix nigra 922 25 13 a 27 440 61 976 Sassafras Sassafras albidum 931 25 26 a 31 495 53 847 American basswood Tilia americana 951 25 25 c 23 370 47 753 Winged elm Ulmus alata 971 1 b a 41 663 60 959 American elm Ulmus americana 972 25 25 a 33 521 63 1002 Cedar elm Ulmus crassifolia 973 1 25 a 41 653 68 1087 Slippery elm Ulmus rubra 975 25 b a 32 520 60 959 Rock elm Ulmus thomasii 977 25 25 a 40 640 61 970 California-laurel Umbellularia californica 981 1 30 a 37 592 60 967 * Moisture content is extremely variable and the values shown are averages or estimates based on the literature cited. a No reference source available, estimated based on similar species. b Based on green volume specific gravity and bark moisture content of similar species. c Adapted from McCormack (1955) using supplemental data from Forbes (1956) and Koch (1971)

16 Table 2A.—Double bark thickness (DBT) regression coeeficients, bark void factors and average bark percentage by species and d.b.h. (Equation: DBT = b0 + b1 x DIAMob). Reference numbers in this table refer to numbered citations found in Literature Cited section of this report.

DBT eq. coef. Reference d.b.h. class (inches)

Bark FIA void Species code EQ factor b0 b1 4 8 12 16 20 24 28+ AVG bark as percent of wood volume Subalpine fir 19 1 0.27 0.05 0.06 22 11.2 11.0 10.8 10.7 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.8 Alaska yellow-cedar 42 2 0.27 0.24 0.03 22 13.4 12.5 11.6 11.2 10.9 10.8 10.6 11.6 Engelmann/white spruce 93 3 0.27 0.15 0.04 22 12.3 11.8 11.2 11.0 10.8 10.7 10.6 11.2 Silka spruce 98 4 0.27 0.39 0.01 22 15.5 14.0 12.6 11.9 11.5 11.3 11.1 12.5 Lodgepole pine 108 5 0.20 0.07 0.04 22 9.4 9.2 8.9 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.9 Western white pine 119 6 0.27 0.11 0.05 22 11.6 11.2 10.9 10.7 10.5 10.5 10.4 12.6 Ponderosa pine 122 7 0.26 0.21 0.10 22 27.6 26.6 25.6 25.2 24.9 24.7 24.6 25.6 Eastern white pine 129 8 0.27 0.02 0.10 a 18.5 18.4 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.3 Loblolly pine 131 9 0.27 0.04 0.09 a 16.1 15.9 15.7 15.7 15.6 15.6 15.5 15.7 Douglas-fir, coastal 202 10 0.27 (0.23) 0.14 22 15.2 16.2 17.3 17.8 18.1 18.3 18.5 17.3 Douglas-fir, interior 202 11 0.27 (0.40) 0.17 22 14.5 16.2 18.1 19.0 19.6 20.0 20.3 18.3 W. redcedar, coastal 242 12 0.27 0.43 0.03 22 20.4 18.7 17.0 16.2 15.8 15.5 15.3 17.0 W. redcedar, interior 242 13 0.27 0.30 0.01 22 12.8 11.7 10.6 10.1 9.8 9.6 9.4 10.6 Eastern hemlock 261 14 0.27 0.18 0.08 a 21.5 20.7 20.0 19.6 19.4 19.2 19.1 19.9 W. hemlock, coastal 263 15 0.27 0.31 0.04 22 18.7 17.5 16.3 15.7 15.4 15.2 15.0 16.3 W. hemlock, interior 263 16 0.27 0.04 0.09 22 16.1 15.9 15.8 15.7 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.8 Red alder 351 17 0.23 0.16 0.04 22 13.3 12.7 12.1 11.8 11.6 11.5 11.4 12.0 Yellow birch 371 18 0.23 0.15 0.03 22 10.9 10.4 9.8 9.6 9.4 9.3 9.2 9.8 White birch 375 19 0.23 0.13 0.05 a 13.7 13.2 12.6 12.4 12.2 12.1 12.1 12.6 Ash 541 20 0.25 0.38 0.05 a 23.6 21.9 20.4 19.6 19.2 18.9 18.7 19.0 Trembling aspen 746 21 0.15 0.10 0.07 22 16.9 16.4 15.9 15.7 15.6 15.5 15.4 14.4 Black cottonwood 747 22 0.23 0.06 0.08 22 16.9 16.6 16.3 16.2 16.1 16.1 16.0 16.3 Red oak 806 23 0.20 0.19 0.07 a 19.7 18.8 18.0 17.6 17.4 17.2 17.1 18.0 Basswood 951 24 0.23 0.05 0.05 a 10.5 10.3 10.1 10.1 10.0 10.0 9.9 10.5 Softwoods, generic 25 0.27 0.30 0.02 13.8 12.7 11.6 11.1 10.8 10.6 10.4 13.4 Hardwoods, generic 26 0.23 0.12 0.06 15.0 14.5 14.0 13.8 13.6 13.5 13.5 15.0 a Adapted from McCormack (1955) using supplemental data from Forbes (1956) and Koch (1971) NOTE: Bark voids are estimated based on data in Bowyer, J.L.; et al. 2007.

Table 2B.—Diameter inside bark (DIB) regression coeeficients, bark void factors, and average bole bark as a percentage of wood volume by species and d.b.h. class (Equation: DIB = b0 * DOB + b1 DOB2/DBH). Reference numbers in this table refer to numbered citations found in Literature Cited section of this report.

DBT eq. coef. Reference D.b.h. class (inches)

Bark void Species FIA code EQ factor b0 b1 4 8 12 16 20 24 28+ AVG ------bark as percent of wood volume------Redmaple 316 27 0.23 0.92 0.05 11 7.2 7.9 8.6 8.9 9.1 9.3 9.4 8.6 Sugarmaple 318 28 0.23 0.87 0.06 11 13.4 14.4 15.5 16.1 16.4 16.6 16.8 15.6 Beech 531 29 0.05 0.93 0.04 11 4.7 5.3 6.0 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.0 Yellow-poplar 621 30 0.23 0.84 0.09 11 15.5 17.1 18.8 19.6 20.2 20.5 20.8 18.9 Blackcherry 762 31 0.23 0.93 0.02 11 8.7 8.9 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.4 9.5 9.2 Whiteoak 802 32 0.23 0.88 0.06 11 12.5 13.4 14.4 14.9 15.2 15.4 15.6 14.5 Southernredoak 812 33 0.23 0.89 0.04 11 13.7 14.4 15.1 15.4 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.1 Chestnutoak 832 34 0.23 0.77 0.15 11 18.7 21.7 24.9 26.7 27.8 28.5 29.1 25.3 Blackoak 837 35 0.23 0.83 0.10 11 14.5 16.4 18.3 19.4 20.0 20.4 20.7 18.5

17 Table 3.—Estimated average green bark volume as a percent of green wood volume. Reference numbers in this table refer to numbered citations found in Literature Cited section of this report. Reference Reference

FIA FIA Species code Bark % Species code Bark % Pacific silver fir 30 11 14.0 Bigleaf maple 30 312 10.0 Balsam Fir 9 12 12.0 Red maple 11 316 8.6 Subalpine fir 21 19 10.8 Sugar maple 11 318 15.6 Alaska yellow cedar 21 42 11.6 Red alder 21 351 12.0 Eastern redcedar 23 68 12.0 Yellow birch 21 371 9.8 Tamarack (native) 23 71 14.0 White birch a 375 12.6 Spruce 10 90 13.0 Hickory 9 400 16.0 Engelmann spruce 21 93 11.2 Giant chinkapin 30 431 12.0 Silka spruce 21 98 12.5 Hackberry 23 462 15.0 Knobcone pine 30 103 12.0 Beech 11 531 6.0 Jack pine 9 105 14.0 Ash 9 540 16.0 Sand pine 26 107 15.0 Green Ash 26 544 16.0 Lodgepole pine 21 108 8.9 Walnut 23 600 15.0 Shortleaf pine 26 110 16.0 Sweetgum 5 611 15.0 Slash pine 26 111 18.0 Yellow-poplar 5 621 18.0 Western white pine 21 119 12.6 Tanoak 30 631 19.0 Longleaf Pine 26 121 14.0 Blackgum 26 693 14.0 Ponderosa pine 21 122 25.6 Sycamore 23 731 8.0 Red pine 23 125 16.0 E. cottonwood 30 742 22.0 Digger pine 30 127 22.0 Trembling aspen 21 746 14.4 Eastern white pine 9 129 16.0 Black cottonwood 21 747 16.3 Loblolly pine 19 131 16.6 Black cherry 11 762 9.2 Douglas-fir, coastal 21 202 17.3 White oak 5 802 16.0 Douglas-fir, interior 21 202 18.3 S. red oak 5 812 22.0 Redwood 30 211 18.0 Chestnut oak 5 832 23.0 Baldcypress 26 221 20.0 N. red oak 9 833 20.0 Pacific Yew 30 231 4.0 Black oak 11 837 18.5 N. white-cedar 9 241 14.0 Willow 23 920 16.0 W. redcedar, coastal 21 242 17.0 Basswood a 951 10.5 W. redcedar, interior 21 242 10.6 Elm 23 970 14.0 Eastern hemlock 9 261 17.0 Hardwoods, generic 999 15.0 W. hemlock, coastal 21 263 16.3 W. hemlock, interior 21 263 15.8 Softwoods, generic 299 13.4 a Adapted from McCormack (1955) using supplemental data from Forbes (1956) and Koch (1971) NOTE: To express bark volume as a percentage of total volume, multiply the shown value by 1.0/(1.0 + shown value/100)

18 f f f f f f f f f c c c c c c c a a a a a a a a a 9 21 21 Reference 30 % 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.8 11.8 11.6 11.8 11.8 11.8 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 14.3 12.0 14.3 10.8 10.8 14.3 14.0 12.0 10.8 14.3 12.0 12.0 14.3 14.3 14.3 Bark Bark volume volume c c c c c c c a a a a a b b a a b a a 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 25 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.44 0.47 0.40 0.43 0.44 0.38 0.32 0.38 0.39 0.32 0.44 0.38 0.43 0.38 0.37 0.38 0.44 0.35 0.38 0.39 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 Wood Wood pct MC MC pct weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis gravity (12 (12 gravity c c c c c c c a a a a a b b a a b a 2 a 25 22 22 22 30 22 22 30 Reference 22 60 60 60 60 60 71 60 92 64 62 63 62 64 71 62 64 62 63 20 71 62 63 71 71 71 71 112 100 100 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture bark as a as bark content of dry weight % of oven- c c c c c c c a a a a a b b a a b a a 25 29 12 12 29 30 12 12 Reference 12 12 36 36 36 36 36 74 36 74 72 45 30 77 86 74 70 84 84 74 84 84 74 84 74 74 74 114 119 106 104 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture content of dry weight wood as a as wood % of oven- c c c c c c c a a a a a b b a a b a a 30 22 10 10 14 30 10 10 Reference 12 10 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.50 0.49 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.57 0.49 0.44 0.49 0.42 0.49 0.40 0.56 0.49 0.42 0.49 0.42 0.42 0.42 Bark Bark (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis c c c c c c c a a a a a b b a a b a a 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 25 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.41 0.45 0.39 0.42 0.31 0.37 0.37 0.31 0.41 0.40 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.41 0.36 0.33 0.37 0.36 0.41 0.36 0.41 0.41 0.41 Wood Wood (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis 11 62 61 60 59 58 56 57 41 42 19 22 40 43 50 17 18 20 21 51 10 12 15 16 52 14 53 54 55 FIA FIA Code californica ashei flaccida coahuilensis pinchotii macnabiana spp. lawsoniana nootkatensis lasiocarpa procera spp. thyoides spp. amabilis grandis arizonica lasiocarpa var. magnifica shastensis arizonica Species spp. balsamea concolor fraseri bakeri bracteata forbesii macrocarpa sargentii Juniperus Juniperus Juniperus Juniperus Juniperus Cupressus Juniperus Chamaecyparis Chamaecyparis Abies Abies Chamaecyparis Chamaecyparis Cupressus Abies Abies Abies Abies Abies Cupressus Genus Abies Abies Abies Abies Cupressus Abies Cupressus Cupressus Cupressus California juniper Ashe juniper Drooping juniper Redberry juniper Pinchot juniper MacNab’s cypress MacNab’s Redcedar/juniper spp. Port-Orford-cedar Alaska yellow-cedar Subalpine fir Noble fir White-cedar spp. Atlantic white-cedar Cypress Pacific silver fir Grand fir Corkbark fir California red fir Shasta red fir Arizona cypress Reference numbers in this table refer to numbered citations found in Literature Cited Cited in Literature citations found numbered to refer in this table numbers Reference species table. reference in FIADB for trees assignment percent and bark 4.—Specific gravity Table section of this report. Common name Fir spp. Balsam fir White fir Fraser fir Baker or Modoc cypress Santa Lucia or bristlecone fir cypress Tecate Monterey cypress Sargent’s cypress Sargent’s

19 f f f f f f f f f f f a a a a a a a a a a 9 30 21 21 10 23 23 26 Reference 21 % 8.9 11.2 16.1 12.0 16.1 12.6 12.6 16.1 12.6 13.0 12.5 12.6 13.0 13.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 17.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 16.1 13.4 15.0 12.0 14.0 Bark Bark volume volume f f a a a a b a b a b a 2 a a a 2 2 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 25 0.42 0.47 0.47 0.39 0.35 0.39 0.40 0.36 0.47 0.39 0.40 0.46 0.39 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.37 0.53 0.47 0.47 0.44 0.47 0.72 0.47 0.48 0.47 0.43 0.57 0.41 0.51 Wood Wood pct MC MC pct weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis gravity (12 (12 gravity e a a a 2 a e b a 2 b 2 a 2 b e a e a e a 2 a 2 e 2 e 22 30 Reference 30 69 68 68 81 79 81 75 81 68 81 77 91 81 98 82 65 28 82 60 60 60 60 60 60 89 68 92 60 64 60 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture bark as a as bark content of dry weight % of oven- e a a a a b a b a b a e a e a a e 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 30 29 12 12 12 Reference 28 76 76 89 47 60 59 52 48 59 76 59 54 60 59 57 35 57 36 41 36 35 32 36 64 34 76 28 105 106 100 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture content of dry weight wood as a as wood % of oven- a a a a b a b a b a e a e a e a e 30 12 14 10 12 12 23 12 10 23 14 Reference 12 12 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.51 0.32 0.55 0.44 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.40 0.44 0.30 0.33 0.25 0.44 0.32 0.40 0.32 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.45 0.40 0.41 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.40 Bark Bark (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis a a a a b a b a b a 2 a 3 a 2 a 2 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 25 0.39 0.43 0.43 0.33 0.37 0.33 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.36 0.43 0.36 0.49 0.48 0.35 0.36 0.49 0.44 0.49 0.45 0.42 0.45 0.68 0.46 0.45 0.40 0.38 0.48 0.43 0.50 Wood Wood (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis 93 97 98 92 94 95 96 91 71 73 81 90 72 68 70 69 67 66 65 64 63 FIA FIA 103 102 101 100 107 105 108 104 106 Code Species attenuata aristata albicaulis engelmannii rubens sitchensis breweriana glauca mariana pungens spp. abies laricina occidentalis decurrens spp. lyallii virginiana spp. monosperma virginiana scopulorum osteosperma clausa occidentalis banksiana contorta deppeana balfouriana edulis Genus Pinus Pinus Pinus Picea Picea Picea Picea Picea Picea Picea Pinus Picea Larix Larix Calocedrus Picea Larix Juniperus Larix Juniperus Juniperus Juniperus Juniperus Pinus Juniperus Pinus Pinus Juniperus Pinus Pinus Table 4.—continued Table Common name Knobcone pine Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine Whitebark pine Engelmann spruce Red spruce Sitka spruce Brewer spruce White spruce Black spruce Blue spruce Pine spp. Norway spruce Tamarack (native) Tamarack larch Western Incense-cedar Spruce spp. Subalpine larch Eastern redcedar Larch spp. Oneseed juniper Southern redcedar Rocky Mountain juniper Utah juniper Sand pine Western juniper Western Jack pine Lodgepole pine Alligator juniper Foxtail pine Common or two-needle pinyon

20 f f f f f f f f f f a a 9 a a a a a a a a a 19 23 30 21 26 21 26 Reference 26 % 16.1 16.1 16.0 16.6 13.4 16.1 13.4 16.0 22.0 13.4 16.1 12.6 22.0 14.0 13.4 13.4 16.1 16.1 13.4 25.6 25.6 25.6 16.1 16.1 16.1 13.4 16.1 16.0 16.1 18.0 Bark Bark volume volume f f a a a 2 a 2 a a a a a 2 a a 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 0.47 0.35 0.47 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.43 0.56 0.47 0.38 0.49 0.59 0.53 0.52 0.47 0.44 0.42 0.36 0.40 0.52 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.51 0.42 0.47 0.59 0.47 Wood Wood pct MC MC pct weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis gravity (12 (12 gravity a e a 2 e e e e a e 2 e 2 a e 2 2 2 e a a a a a e e a 2 a

Reference 22 68 70 68 99 90 90 60 94 68 84 42 89 60 89 68 25 34 88 33 60 68 68 68 68 68 60 12 68 88 68 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture bark as a as bark content of dry weight % of oven- a e a e e e a e e a e e a a a a a e a a 12 12 12 12 12 12 25 12 12 Reference 12 81 76 64 65 76 78 56 63 70 80 60 76 60 90 76 76 77 76 76 76 77 76 76 72 95 76 76 104 130 100 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture content of dry weight wood as a as wood % of oven- a a e e a a e a a a a a e a a 12 12 12 12 12 12 10 30 30 10 30 12 14 12 Reference 12 0.33 0.40 0.27 0.47 0.40 0.54 0.47 0.45 0.40 0.34 0.40 0.33 0.36 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.35 0.40 0.40 0.35 0.50 0.40 0.40 Bark Bark (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis a a 2 a a 2 a a a a a 2 a a 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 30 25 30 25 25 25 Reference 25 0.47 0.43 0.41 0.34 0.43 0.45 0.36 0.54 0.40 0.47 0.40 0.51 0.37 0.34 0.43 0.45 0.38 0.43 0.41 0.49 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.47 0.43 0.43 0.54 0.37 0.43 0.43 Wood Wood (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis FIA FIA 111 119 116 117 118 115 114 110 113 112 131 133 125 129 130 132 121 124 126 127 128 120 122 138 123 137 136 135 109 134 Code Species taeda monophylla resinosa strobus sylvestris virginiana monticola palustris radiata rigida sabiniana serotina jeffreyi lambertiana leiophylla muricata ponderosa quadrifolia glabra pungens washoensis strobiformis nigra echinata arizonica coulteri elliottii flexilis discolor engelmannii Genus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Table 4.—continued Table Common name Loblolly pine Singleleaf pinyon Red pine Eastern white pine Scotch pine pine Virginia Western white pine Western Longleaf pine Monterey pine Pitch pine Gray or California foothill pine Pond pine Jeffrey pine Jeffrey Sugar pine Chihuahua pine Bishop pine Ponderosa pine Four-leaf or Parry pinyon pine Spruce pine Mountain pine Table pine Washoe Southwestern white pine Austrian pine Shortleaf pine Arizona pine Coulter pine Slash pine Limber pine Border pinyon Apache pine

21 f f f f f f f c c c c 9 a a a a a a a a a a a 9 21 30 21 26 30 Reference 21 % 4.0 4.0 4.0 12.5 14.0 10.6 20.0 14.3 17.3 20.0 14.3 16.2 17.3 20.0 20.0 14.3 17.3 18.0 16.1 18.0 16.1 16.1 16.1 16.1 16.1 16.2 17.0 15.8 15.8 14.3 Bark Bark volume volume f c c c c b b 2 a a a a b b b a a a a a a a 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.44 0.46 0.44 0.48 0.48 0.46 0.46 0.44 0.43 0.38 0.46 0.48 0.38 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.45 0.44 Wood Wood pct MC MC pct weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis gravity (12 (12 gravity c c c c e b b a a a 2 e a b b b e a a a a a a 2 a e 22 30 30 Reference 22 91 74 56 98 98 98 71 99 71 89 89 99 99 71 98 16 99 89 18 68 68 68 68 68 68 99 98 92 71 102 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture bark as a as bark content of dry weight % of oven- c c c c b b a a a a b b b a a a a a a a 23 12 30 12 29 12 30 12 12 Reference 12 99 40 47 70 74 47 47 74 35 95 95 74 35 95 78 95 35 76 76 76 76 76 76 56 78 68 74 111 123 178 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture content of dry weight wood as a as wood % of oven- c c c c b b a a a a b b b a a a a a a a 10 12 30 26 10 10 30 10 26 Reference 10 0.42 0.37 0.59 0.40 0.42 0.59 0.59 0.42 0.44 0.50 0.50 0.42 0.44 0.43 0.50 0.46 0.34 0.50 0.44 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.46 0.50 0.46 0.41 0.42 Bark Bark (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis c c c c 2 b b a a a a b b b a a a a a a a 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 Reference 25 0.29 0.31 0.60 0.30 0.41 0.60 0.60 0.41 0.45 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.45 0.36 0.42 0.41 0.34 0.42 0.45 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.38 0.42 0.41 0.42 0.41 Wood Wood (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis FIA FIA 211 241 242 231 240 250 230 232 251 202 221 223 252 201 222 260 212 220 200 144 143 142 141 140 139 261 263 262 264 299 Code Species occidentalis plicata brevifolia spp. spp. spp. floridana californica menziesii distichum mucronatum taxifolia macrocarpa sempervirens ascendens spp. giganteum spp. spp. elliottii monophylla longaeva remota cembroides torreyana canadensis heterophylla caroliniana mertensiana evergreen Genus Thuja Thuja Taxus Thuja Torreya Taxus Taxus Torreya Pseudotsuga Taxodium Taxodium Torreya Pseudotsuga Sequoia Taxodium Tsuga Sequoiadendron Taxodium Pseudotsuga Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Pinus Tsuga Tsuga Tsuga Tsuga Tree Table 4.—continued Table Common name Northern white-cedar Western redcedar Western Pacific yew Thuja spp. (nutmeg) spp. Torreya Yew spp. Yew Florida yew California torreya (nutmeg) Douglas-fir Baldcypress Montezuma baldcypress Florida torreya (nutmeg) Bigcone Douglas-fir Redwood Pondcypress Hemlock spp. Giant sequoia Baldcypress spp. Douglas-fir spp. Honduras pine Arizona pinyon pine Great Basin bristlecone pine Papershell pinyon pine Mexican pinyon pine Torrey pine Torrey Eastern hemlock hemlock Western Carolina hemlock Mountain hemlock Unknown dead conifer

22 f f f f f f f f c c c c a d d d d d d a a a a a a a 11 11 Reference 30 21 % 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 11.5 11.5 11.5 15.0 10.9 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 10.9 15.0 10.9 10.9 10.9 15.6 10.9 15.6 15.2 10.0 15.2 12.0 15.2 10.9 15.2 Bark Bark volume volume c c c c 1 a d d d d d d a 1 a a 1 a a a b a b 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 31 25 0.53 0.52 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.52 0.36 0.52 0.52 0.46 0.54 0.47 0.63 0.52 0.57 0.41 0.58 0.52 0.48 0.46 0.58 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.58 0.58 0.52 Wood Wood pct MC MC pct weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis gravity (12 (12 gravity c c c c e a d d d d d d a e a a e 1 e 1 a 1 a a e b a b

Reference 22 22 78 91 89 89 89 89 89 89 91 89 91 91 89 79 80 90 91 90 75 80 91 92 80 75 75 75 80 80 91 114 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture bark as a as bark content of dry weight % of oven- c c c c e a d d d d d d a a a e a e a a e b a b 13 13 13 13 Reference 13 13 74 70 70 70 64 68 57 70 71 70 75 71 70 75 99 99 75 70 91 99 99 75 70 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture content of dry weight wood as a as wood % of oven- c c c c d d e d d d d e a a a a e a a a e b a b 13 13 13 Reference 10 14 26 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.45 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.60 0.57 0.54 0.53 0.50 0.53 0.53 0.48 0.54 0.53 0.56 0.56 0.53 0.53 0.50 0.56 0.56 0.53 0.53 Bark Bark (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis c c c c d d 1 d d d d 1 a a a a 1 a a a b a b 25 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 31 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.49 0.44 0.56 0.47 0.44 0.47 0.52 0.44 0.52 0.52 0.37 0.37 0.52 0.47 0.42 0.37 0.37 0.52 0.47 Wood Wood (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis FIA FIA 311 330 331 332 333 334 336 337 341 323 322 321 316 317 318 320 315 319 300 312 314 345 351 353 303 313 350 352 304 310 Code Species spp. glabra flava californica glabra pavia sylvatica altissima leucoderme grandidentatum glabrum rubrum saccharinum saccharum platanoides pensylvanicum spicatum spp. macrophyllum nigrum julibrissin rubra oblongifolia farnesiana barbatum negundo spp. rhombifolia greggii spp. Genus Aesculus Aesculus Aesculus Aesculus Aesculus Aesculus Aesculus Ailanthus Acer Acer Acer Acer Acer Acer Acer Acer Acer Acacia Acer Acer Albizia Alnus Alnus Acacia Acer Acer Alnus Alnus Acacia Acer Table 4.—continued Table Common name Buckeye, horsechestnut spp. Ohio buckeye buckeye Yellow California buckeye buckeye Texas Red buckeye Painted buckeye Ailanthus Chalk maple Bigtooth maple Rocky Mountain maple Red maple Silver maple Sugar maple Norway maple Striped maple Mountain maple Acacia spp. Bigleaf maple Black maple Mimosa, silktree Red alder Arizona alder Sweet acacia Florida maple Boxelder Alder spp. White alder Catclaw acacia Maple spp.

23 f f f f f f f f f f f f f f f c c 9 a a a d 8 d d a a a a

Reference 21 % 8.6 9.8 9.8 9.8 8.6 8.6 8.6 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.5 16.0 12.6 15.2 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 15.0 12.6 15.0 15.2 15.0 15.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 Bark Bark volume volume c c b a 1 1 a a d b 1 d d 1 a a a 1 a 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 25 25 0.58 0.68 0.62 0.66 0.75 0.66 0.58 0.51 0.70 0.58 0.55 0.58 0.65 0.58 0.58 0.62 0.56 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.79 0.79 0.41 0.79 0.68 0.72 0.69 0.60 0.72 Wood Wood pct MC MC pct weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis gravity (12 (12 gravity c c 5 e e e e a 1 e a a d b e e d 1 d e a a a e a e e e e

Reference 22 80 57 60 60 60 60 55 63 89 55 52 55 60 80 55 60 46 60 53 60 60 60 60 75 60 57 60 60 60 34 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture bark as a as bark content of dry weight % of oven- c c b a a a d b e d d a a a a 25 25 13 25 13 26 25 25 25 26 26 25 Reference 13 29 13 75 84 71 65 66 64 46 69 74 74 75 72 74 74 66 74 73 86 66 66 66 48 48 48 63 99 65 77 60 69 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture content of dry weight wood as a as wood % of oven- c c e e b a a a d b e e d d a e a a a 14 23 23 14 13 10 25 23 Reference 14 14 13 0.53 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.55 0.55 0.62 0.56 0.58 0.53 0.62 0.58 0.58 0.60 0.58 0.62 0.55 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.60 0.56 0.60 0.60 0.72 0.62 Bark Bark (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis c c 1 1 b a a a d b 1 d 1 d a 1 a a a 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 25 25 0.52 0.61 0.60 0.66 0.60 0.45 0.58 0.62 0.48 0.51 0.52 0.55 0.51 0.51 0.58 0.51 0.60 0.49 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.64 0.37 0.62 0.56 0.64 0.62 Wood Wood (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis FIA FIA 381 401 402 403 404 379 391 400 375 378 367 371 374 377 363 370 372 373 362 361 360 358 356 357 409 355 405 406 407 408 Code Species lanuginosum aquatica cordiformis glabra illinoinensis populifolia caroliniana spp. papyrifera x utahensis triloba alleghaniensis occidentalis uber xalapensis spp. lenta nigra arizonica menziesii spp. sanguinea spp. arborea alba glutinosa laciniosa myristiciformis ovata texana Genus Sideroxylon Carya Carya Carya Carya Betula Carpinus Carya Betula Betula Asimina Betula Betula Betula Arbutus Betula Betula Betula Arbutus Arbutus Arbutus Amelanchier Amelanchier Amelanchier Carya Alnus Carya Carya Carya Carya Table 4.—continued Table Common name Chittamwood, gum bumelia hickory Water Bitternut hickory Pignut hickory Pecan Gray birch American hornbeam, musclewood Hickory spp. Paper birch Northwestern paper birch Pawpaw birch Yellow birch Water roundleaf birch Virginia Texas madrone Texas Birch spp. Sweet birch River birch Arizona madrone Pacific madrone Madrone spp. Roundleaf serviceberry Serviceberry spp. Common serviceberry Mockernut hickory European alder Shellbark hickory Nutmeg hickory Shagbark hickory Black hickory

24 f f f f c c c c c c c c c c d d d d d d a d d d d a a a 23 Reference 30 % 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.2 15.0 15.0 15.2 15.0 15.2 15.2 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.2 15.0 16.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 12.0 16.0 15.0 16.0 16.0 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 Bark Bark volume volume f c c c c c c c c c c d d d 1 d d 1 d a d d d d 1 a a a 25 Reference 25 0.62 0.58 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.58 0.58 0.53 0.58 0.73 0.58 0.68 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.68 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.46 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 Wood Wood pct MC MC pct weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis gravity (12 (12 gravity c c c c c c c c c c e d e d d e d d e d a d e d d d e a a Reference a 91 80 90 90 90 80 80 90 80 91 80 91 89 89 89 57 89 89 89 89 89 91 57 57 57 80 80 80 80 80 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture bark as a as bark content of dry weight % of oven- c c c c c c c c c c e d d d e d d d a d d d d a a a 29 26 Reference 25 26 75 64 75 46 75 64 64 75 64 75 33 73 40 73 73 69 69 69 69 75 75 75 75 75 120 133 120 120 120 120 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture content of dry weight wood as a as wood % of oven- c c c c c c c c c c d d d e e d d d d d d d a a a a 23 18 Reference 14 30 0.53 0.49 0.53 0.58 0.53 0.49 0.49 0.53 0.49 0.53 0.58 0.50 0.58 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.42 0.50 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 Bark Bark (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis c c c c c c c c c c d d d 1 1 d d d d d d 1 d a a a a 25 18 Reference 25 0.52 0.49 0.52 0.58 0.52 0.49 0.49 0.52 0.49 0.52 0.64 0.38 0.61 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.38 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 Wood Wood (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis FIA FIA 411 500 462 471 492 501 461 463 475 460 481 491 452 490 451 420 421 422 423 424 431 450 413 412 410 502 503 504 505 506 Code Species spp. occidentalis canadensis nuttallii crus-galli laevigata laevigata ledifolius spp. kentukea florida speciosa spp. bignonioides spp. dentata pumila pumila mollissima chrysophylla spp. carolinae-septentrionalis ovalis floridana pallida mollis brainerdii calpodendron chrysocarpa dilatata Genus Crataegus Celtis Cercis Cornus Crataegus Celtis Celtis Cercocarpus Celtis Cladrastis Cornus Catalpa Cornus Catalpa Castanea Castanea Castanea Castanea Castanea Chrysolepis Catalpa Carya Carya Carya Carya Crataegus Crataegus Crataegus Crataegus Crataegus Table 4.—continued Table Common name Hawthorn spp. Hackberry Eastern redbud Pacific dogwood Cockspur hawthorn Sugarberry Netleaf hackberry Curlleaf mountain-mahogany Hackberry spp. Yellowwood Flowering dogwood Northern catalpa Dogwood spp. Southern catalpa Chestnut spp. American chestnut Allegheny chinkapin Ozark chinkapin Chinese chestnut Giant chinkapin, golden chinkapin Catalpa spp. Southern shagbark hickory Red hickory Scrub hickory Sand hickory Downy hawthorn Brainerd’s hawthorn Brainerd’s Pear hawthorn Fireberry hawthorn Broadleaf hawthorn

25 f f f f f f f f f c c c c c c c c c c c d d a a a d 9 d 11 Reference 26 % 6.0 15.0 15.0 16.0 15.0 15.2 16.0 15.0 15.2 15.0 15.2 16.0 15.2 15.2 15.2 16.0 15.2 16.0 15.2 15.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 15.2 15.0 15.2 16.0 15.2 15.0 Bark Bark volume volume f c c c c c c c c c c c d d a 1 a 1 a 1 d b d 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 26 25 0.65 0.65 0.58 0.55 0.65 0.58 0.45 0.58 0.55 0.58 0.60 0.58 0.55 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.55 0.49 0.56 0.52 0.58 0.74 0.58 0.55 0.60 0.58 0.74 0.74 0.64 Wood Wood pct MC MC pct weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis gravity (12 (12 gravity c c c c c c c c c c c d d a e e a e a e e e 5 e d b e Reference d e e 89 89 80 86 89 80 89 80 86 80 60 80 86 80 89 80 80 89 90 70 89 80 89 80 86 89 80 89 89 89 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture bark as a as bark content of dry weight % of oven- c c c c c c c c c c c d d a a e a e e e d b d 26 26 13 29 25 Reference 26 13 60 75 60 60 75 68 75 61 75 75 61 51 75 61 75 51 75 85 57 75 75 46 60 67 75 58 58 55 61 58 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture content of dry weight wood as a as wood % of oven- c c c c c c c c c c c d d e a a e a e e d b d 14 14 10 13 13 14 Reference 13 0.50 0.53 0.50 0.50 0.53 0.50 0.53 0.46 0.53 0.53 0.46 0.50 0.53 0.46 0.53 0.39 0.53 0.43 0.48 0.53 0.53 0.50 0.50 0.45 0.53 0.50 0.50 0.67 0.46 0.50 Bark Bark (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis c c c c c c c c c c c d d 1 a a 1 a 1 d b d 25 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 26 25 0.60 0.52 0.60 0.60 0.52 0.42 0.52 0.51 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.52 0.45 0.53 0.52 0.52 0.55 0.50 0.48 0.52 0.64 0.64 0.56 0.51 0.64 Wood Wood (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis FIA FIA 511 551 507 550 552 555 580 508 549 561 509 548 571 510 547 546 512 543 544 513 523 541 542 545 514 521 522 531 540 520 Code Species aquatica flabellata spp. triacanthos lasianthus spp. monogyna texensis biloba pedicellata caroliniana dioicus spp. velutina globulus quadrangulata camaldulensis nigra pennsylvanica grandis anacua americana latifolia profunda robusta virginiana texana grandifolia spp. spp. Genus Gleditsia Crataegus Gleditsia Gleditsia Gordonia Halesia Crataegus Fraxinus Ginkgo Crataegus Fraxinus Gymnocladus Eucalyptus Fraxinus Eucalyptus Fraxinus Eucalyptus Fraxinus Fraxinus Eucalyptus Ehretia Fraxinus Fraxinus Fraxinus Eucalyptus Diospyros Diospyros Fagus Fraxinus Diospyros Table 4.—continued Table Common name Waterlocust Fanleaf hawthorn Honeylocust spp. Honeylocust Loblolly-bay Silverbell spp. Oneseed hawthorn ash Texas Ginkgo, maidenhair tree Scarlet hawthorn Carolina ash Kentucky coffeetree Eucalyptus spp. ash Velvet Tasmanian bluegum Tasmanian Blue ash River redgum Black ash Green ash Grand eucalyptus Anacua knockaway White ash Oregon ash Pumpkin ash Swampmahogany Common persimmon persimmon Texas American beech Ash spp. Persimmon spp.

26 f f f f f f f f f f c c a a a a a a 5 a 5 a a a a a a a 30 Reference 23 % 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 18.0 15.0 19.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.2 15.0 15.0 15.2 Bark Bark volume volume f c c a a a 1 a 1 a a b a a 1 b a 1 a a a a a 26 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 25 0.67 0.47 0.67 0.47 0.44 0.47 0.46 0.47 0.52 0.48 0.50 0.47 0.42 0.47 0.47 0.62 0.47 0.85 0.47 0.38 0.55 0.45 0.57 0.67 0.58 0.45 0.67 0.58 0.45 0.67 Wood Wood pct MC MC pct weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis gravity (12 (12 gravity c c a a e a e a 1 a 1 e e a 5 b a e a e b e e a e a a a Reference a a 70 93 70 93 89 93 89 91 89 89 89 93 89 60 89 60 89 88 89 89 89 70 80 89 70 80 89 70 104 124 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture bark as a as bark content of dry weight % of oven- c c a a a e a e a a b a a b a a a a a a 25 13 13 13 25 26 26 13 13 Reference 26 78 78 92 92 96 92 74 78 87 92 95 92 80 92 92 31 79 92 92 83 75 68 78 75 68 78 68 78 106 105 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture content of dry weight wood as a as wood % of oven- c c e a a a e a e a a b a e a b e a a a a a a 13 14 14 13 10 Reference 14 10 0.50 0.50 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.42 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.37 0.38 0.37 0.62 0.44 0.37 0.60 0.40 0.33 0.37 0.37 0.50 0.53 0.50 0.50 0.53 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Bark Bark (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis c c a a a 1 a 1 a a b a 1 a b 1 a a a a a a 26 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 25 0.61 0.61 0.43 0.43 0.40 0.43 0.46 0.44 0.46 0.42 0.44 0.40 0.44 0.58 0.43 0.44 0.76 0.36 0.51 0.44 0.44 0.50 0.52 0.42 0.61 0.52 0.42 0.61 0.42 0.61 Wood Wood (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis FIA FIA 611 660 661 658 657 655 654 651 652 653 606 621 605 631 650 604 641 601 602 603 600 591 680 583 664 681 582 663 581 662 Code Species spp. fusca tripetala pyramidata fraseri macrophylla styraciflua acuminata grandiflora virginiana major tulipifera microcarpa densiflorus spp. californica pomifera cinerea nigra hindsii spp. opaca spp. parviflora ioensis alba diptera coronaria carolina angustifolia Genus Malus Malus Magnolia Magnolia Magnolia Magnolia Liquidambar Magnolia Magnolia Magnolia Juglans Liriodendron Juglans Lithocarpus Magnolia Juglans Maclura Juglans Juglans Juglans Juglans Ilex Morus Halesia Malus Morus Halesia Malus Halesia Malus Table 4.—continued Table Common name Apple spp. Oregon crab apple Umbrella magnolia Pyramid magnolia Mountain or Fraser magnolia Bigleaf magnolia Sweetgum Cucumbertree Southern magnolia Sweetbay Arizona walnut Yellow-poplar Texas walnut Texas Tanoak Magnolia spp. Southern California black walnut Osage-orange Butternut Black walnut Northern California black walnut Walnut spp. Walnut American holly Mulberry spp. Little silverbell Prairie crab apple White mulberry Two-wing silverbell Two-wing Sweet crab apple Carolina silverbell Southern crab apple

27 f f f f f f f f c c c c c c c a a d d a a a a a d 30 Reference 26 23 21 21 % 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 15.0 15.2 14.0 14.0 15.0 15.2 18.4 22.0 22.0 18.4 18.4 18.4 18.4 18.4 15.2 14.0 15.2 14.4 14.4 16.3 22.0 15.2 14.0 14.0 15.2 15.2 Bark Bark volume volume f c c c c c c c 1 a a 1 d d b a a a a a d b 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 0.58 0.55 0.58 0.34 0.40 0.58 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.70 0.58 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.35 0.45 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.58 0.50 0.58 0.49 0.58 0.50 Wood Wood pct MC MC pct weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis gravity (12 (12 gravity c c c c c c c e 1 e a 1 a e d 6 d b e a a e a a a 1 d b

Reference 22 30 80 60 80 86 56 80 77 71 77 89 80 84 84 84 88 90 88 88 92 88 88 88 80 82 80 84 80 77 102 100 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture bark as a as bark content of dry weight % of oven- c c c c c c c a a d d b a a e a a a d b 26 13 29 25 26 13 13 29 13 Reference 29 75 70 75 75 53 75 81 91 75 95 98 98 75 81 81 56 75 81 98 117 107 101 129 138 106 106 106 106 106 106 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture content of dry weight wood as a as wood % of oven- c c c c c c c e e b a a a a a a a d d d b 23 13 13 13 10 13 13 Reference 10 30 0.53 0.60 0.53 0.50 0.38 0.53 0.44 0.50 0.53 0.60 0.46 0.59 0.46 0.46 0.50 0.40 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.53 0.58 0.51 0.51 0.53 0.60 0.60 0.41 0.53 0.60 0.51 Bark Bark (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis c c c c c c c 1 b a a a a a a a d d d b 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 30 0.52 0.50 0.52 0.31 0.37 0.52 0.46 0.63 0.52 0.46 0.35 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.31 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.52 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.52 0.46 0.46 0.41 0.52 0.46 0.46 Wood Wood (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis FIA FIA 711 712 720 741 742 682 693 701 721 731 740 743 744 745 746 747 749 752 753 683 691 692 694 722 730 732 748 684 729 690 Code Species tomentosa arboreum spp. balsamifera deltoides rubra sylvatica virginiana borbonia occidentalis spp. grandidentata heterophylla deltoides tremuloides balsamifera angustifolia alba nigra microphylla aquatica ogeche biflora aquatica racemosa wrightii fremontii nigra spp. spp. Genus Paulownia Oxydendrum Persea Populus Populus Morus Nyssa Ostrya Persea Platanus Populus Populus Populus Populus Populus Populus Populus Populus Populus Morus Nyssa Nyssa Nyssa Planera Platanus Platanus Populus Morus Platanus Nyssa Table 4.—continued Table Common name Paulownia, empress-tree Sourwood Bay spp. Balsam poplar Eastern cottonwood Red mulberry Blackgum Eastern hophornbeam Redbay American sycamore Cottonwood and poplar spp. Bigtooth aspen Swamp cottonwood Plains cottonwood Quaking aspen Black cottonwood Narrowleaf cottonwood Silver poplar Lombardy poplar Texas mulberry Texas tupelo Water Ogeechee tupelo Swamp tupelo planertree Water-elm, California sycamore Arizona sycamore Fremont cottonwood Black mulberry Sycamore spp. Tupelo spp. Tupelo

28 f f f f f f a a 5 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a

Reference 11 % 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 19.1 19.1 16.0 16.0 16.0 22.0 19.1 15.0 19.1 15.0 19.1 15.0 19.1 19.1 15.0 19.1 Bark Bark volume volume f a a b a a a a a a a a a a a a b a a a a a a a 1 a 25 25 25 Reference 25 0.66 0.68 0.66 0.72 0.74 0.67 0.66 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.82 0.66 0.82 0.66 0.82 0.66 0.66 0.82 0.66 Wood Wood pct MC MC pct weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis gravity (12 (12 gravity a a e e 6 b a a a a a a a a a a a a e b a a a a a a a e a

Reference 17 83 89 83 89 90 49 83 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 41 83 41 83 41 83 83 41 83 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture bark as a as bark content of dry weight % of oven- a a b a a a a a a a a a a a a b a a a a a a a e a 13 13 13 13 Reference 29 68 58 74 71 75 75 75 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 21 75 21 75 21 75 75 21 75 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture content of dry weight wood as a as wood % of oven- e a a b a a a a a a a a a a a a b a a a a a a a e a 13 14 10 Reference 10 0.56 0.55 0.64 0.71 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.65 0.58 0.65 0.58 0.65 0.58 0.58 0.65 0.58 Bark Bark (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis a a b a a a a a a a a a a a a b a a a a a a a a 25 25 30 25 25 Reference 31 0.60 0.64 0.70 0.60 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.78 0.59 0.78 0.59 0.78 0.59 0.59 0.78 0.59 Wood Wood (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis FIA FIA 811 802 804 805 806 801 803 800 774 773 772 771 770 769 768 766 765 764 762 763 761 760 758 757 810 756 809 808 755 807 Code Species alba bicolor chrysolepis coccinea agrifolia arizonica spp. mahaleb domestica cerasus avium angustifolia alleghaniensis emarginata americana nigra persica serotina virginiana pensylvanica spp. pubescens engelmannii velutina emoryi glandulosa ellipsoidalis sinuata spp. douglasii Genus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Prunus Prunus Prunus Prunus Prunus Prunus Prunus Prunus Prunus Prunus Prunus Prunus Prunus Prunus Prosopis Quercus Prosopis Quercus Prosopis Quercus Quercus Prosopis Quercus Table 4.—continued Table Common name White oak Swamp white oak Canyon live oak Scarlet oak California live oak Arizona white oak Oak spp Mahaleb cherry, domesticated Mahaleb cherry, European plum, domesticated Sour cherry, domesticated Sour cherry, Sweet cherry, domesticated Sweet cherry, Chickasaw plum Allegheny plum Bitter cherry American plum Canada plum Peach Black cherry Chokecherry Pin cherry Cherry and plum spp. Screwbean mesquite Engelmann oak Velvet mesquite Velvet Emory oak Honey mesquite Northern pin oak Durand oak Mesquite spp. Blue oak

29 f f f f f f f f f f f f f f a a a 5 a a 9 a a a a a a a 5

Reference 11 % 19.1 19.1 19.1 22.0 16.0 23.0 19.1 19.1 20.0 22.0 19.1 16.0 19.1 23.0 19.1 16.0 16.0 22.0 16.0 19.1 19.1 22.0 19.1 19.1 22.0 16.0 18.5 22.0 22.0 16.0 Bark Bark volume volume f f f a a a a a a a a a a a a 1 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 25 0.66 0.63 0.69 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.63 0.66 0.67 0.66 0.63 0.66 0.67 0.66 0.63 0.58 0.63 0.64 0.66 0.55 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.59 0.61 0.66 0.69 0.63 0.72 0.88 Wood Wood pct MC MC pct weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis gravity (12 (12 gravity a e 6 a a a a 5 a e a 5 e e e a e a a a 6 a e e e 17 17 17 17 Reference 17 83 90 90 60 83 83 91 83 89 83 73 83 89 83 89 89 90 83 89 83 83 83 48 90 83 91 66 65 89 121 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture bark as a as bark content of dry weight % of oven- a a a a a a a a a a a a 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Reference 13 13 13 13 77 83 77 75 83 71 75 83 75 75 68 75 83 84 77 74 75 75 75 75 97 75 83 75 68 66 58 52 75 101 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture content of dry weight wood as a as wood % of oven- a a a a a e a a a a a a e a 14 10 10 13 10 14 14 30 14 10 14 10 10 Reference 14 30 14 0.60 0.59 0.54 0.58 0.68 0.51 0.58 0.62 0.58 0.58 0.51 0.58 0.50 0.55 0.51 0.54 0.58 0.45 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.68 0.58 0.60 0.58 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.51 0.58 Bark Bark (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis a a a a a a a a a a a 3 1 a 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 18 25 25 Reference 25 25 0.58 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.56 0.60 0.59 0.56 0.59 0.59 0.60 0.59 0.56 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.51 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.52 0.59 0.56 0.59 0.61 0.61 0.64 0.80 0.59 Wood Wood (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis FIA FIA 830 831 832 829 833 835 836 827 828 834 825 826 820 821 822 823 824 818 819 817 841 812 816 837 840 813 814 815 838 839 Code Species palustris phellos prinus oblongifolia rubra stellata similis nigra texana shumardii michauxii muehlenbergii laurifolia lobata lyrata macrocarpa marilandica kelloggii laevis imbricaria minima falcata ilicifolia velutina margarettiae pagoda gambelii garryana virginiana wislizeni Genus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Table 4.—continued Table Common name Pin oak Willow oak Chestnut oak Mexican blue oak Northern red oak Post oak Delta post oak Water oak Water red oak Texas Shumard oak Swamp chestnut oak Chinkapin oak Laurel oak California white oak Overcup oak Bur oak Blackjack oak California black oak oak Turkey Shingle oak Dwarf live oak Southern red oak Scrub oak Black oak Dwarf post oak Cherrybark oak Gambel oak Oregon white oak Live oak Interior live oak

30 c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c a a a a a a Reference a % 19.1 19.1 15.2 19.1 15.2 19.1 15.2 19.1 15.2 19.1 15.2 19.1 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 Bark Bark volume volume c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c a a a a a a Reference a 0.66 0.58 0.66 0.58 0.66 0.58 0.66 0.58 0.66 0.58 0.66 0.58 0.66 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 Wood Wood pct MC MC pct weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis gravity (12 (12 gravity c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c a a a a a a Reference a 83 80 83 80 83 80 83 80 83 80 83 80 83 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture bark as a as bark content of dry weight % of oven- c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c a a a a a a Reference a 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture content of dry weight wood as a as wood % of oven- c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c a a a a a a Reference a 0.53 0.58 0.53 0.58 0.53 0.58 0.53 0.58 0.53 0.58 0.53 0.58 0.53 0.58 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 Bark Bark (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c a a a a a a Reference a 0.52 0.59 0.52 0.59 0.52 0.59 0.52 0.59 0.52 0.59 0.52 0.59 0.52 0.59 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 Wood Wood (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis FIA FIA 852 851 853 847 854 846 855 845 856 844 857 843 858 842 859 874 860 876 863 877 864 882 865 883 866 867 868 869 870 873 Code Species elemifera graciliformis glabra rugosa simaruba grisea spp. prinoides glauca oglethorpensis lepidophloia hypoleucoides camphora incana fruticosum paniculata spp. aurea diversifolia citrifolia elliptica discolor sebestena mancinella anacardioides hookeri ebano pulverulenta affinis rhombea Genus Amyris Quercus Annona Quercus Bursera Quercus Casuarina Quercus Casuarina Quercus Casuarina Quercus Cinnamomum Quercus Citharexylum Exothea Citrus Ficus Coccoloba Ficus Colubrina Guapira Cordia Hippomane Cupaniopsis Condalia Ebenopsis Leucaena Sophora Eugenia Table 4.—continued Table Common name Sea torchwood Chisos oak Pond-apple Netleaf oak Gumbo limbo Gray oak Sheoak spp. Dwarf chinkapin oak Gray sheoak Oglethorpe oak Belah Silverleaf oak Camphortree Bluejack oak Florida fiddlewood Butterbough, inkwood Citrus spp. Florida strangler fig Tietongue, pigeon-plum Tietongue, Wild banyantree, shortleaf fig Soldierwood Beeftree, longleaf blolly Largeleaf geigertree Manchineel Carrotwood Bluewood Blackbead ebony Great leucaene Texas sophora Texas Red stopper

31 f f c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c a a a a a d a

Reference 23 % 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.0 15.2 15.2 15.0 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 16.0 16.0 16.0 Bark Bark volume volume c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c a a a a a d b a 25 Reference 25 0.58 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.69 0.58 0.69 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.39 0.39 0.39 Wood Wood pct MC MC pct weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis gravity (12 (12 gravity c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c a a a a a d e Reference b a 1 80 99 99 99 99 99 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 88 80 88 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 99 99 99 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture bark as a as bark content of dry weight % of oven- c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c a a a a a d b a 26 Reference 13 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 41 41 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture content of dry weight wood as a as wood % of oven- c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c a a a a a d b a 10 Reference 14 0.53 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.29 0.29 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.50 0.50 0.50 Bark Bark (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c a a a a a d b a 25 Reference 25 0.52 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.66 0.66 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.36 0.36 0.36 Wood Wood (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis FIA FIA 911 884 923 924 925 926 927 885 886 887 888 890 891 895 896 897 906 901 902 907 908 909 912 913 914 915 919 920 921 922 Code Species latisiliquum bebbiana bonplandiana caroliniana pyrifolia alba indica toxiferum piscipula actinophylla foetidissimum salicifolium glauca cumini indica wrightii pseudoacacia neomexicana argentata nucifera spp. mexicana palmetto morrisii radiata not listed above saponaria spp. amygdaloides nigra Genus Lysiloma Salix Salix Salix Salix Salix Mangifera Metopium Piscidia Schefflera Sideroxylon Sideroxylon Simarouba Syzygium Tamarindus Acoelorraphe Robinia Robinia Coccothrinax Cocos Roystonea Sabal Sabal Thrinax Thrinax Family Arecaceae Family Sapindus Salix Salix Salix Table 4.—continued Table Common name False tamarind Bebb willow Bonpland willow Coastal plain willow Balsam willow White willow Mango Florida poisontree Fishpoison tree Octopus tree, schefflera False mastic White bully, willow bustic White bully, Paradisetree Java plum Tamarind Everglades palm, paurotis-palm Black locust New Mexico locust Florida silver palm Coconut palm Royal palm spp. Mexican palmetto Cabbage palmetto Key thatch palm Florida thatch palm Other palms Western soapberry Western Willow spp. Peachleaf willow Black willow

32 f f f f f f f f c c c c c c c c c c c c c c a a a a 8 a a

Reference 23 % 14.0 15.0 15.2 14.0 15.2 16.0 16.0 14.0 14.0 15.2 15.0 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 14.0 15.2 15.2 14.0 14.0 15.2 15.2 14.0 15.2 15.2 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 15.2 Bark Bark volume volume c c c c c c c c c c c c c c a 1 a a a 1 1 b b a a 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 0.58 0.59 0.63 0.55 0.58 0.53 0.58 0.39 0.39 0.46 0.58 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.50 0.64 0.58 0.58 0.66 0.58 0.58 0.37 0.59 0.58 0.37 0.37 0.37 Wood Wood pct MC MC pct weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis gravity (12 (12 gravity c c c c c c c c c c c c c c a e e e a a e a e e e e 6 Reference b a a 80 91 57 43 80 80 99 99 89 80 91 80 80 80 80 80 78 75 80 80 75 80 80 90 91 80 90 90 90 171 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture bark as a as bark content of dry weight % of oven- c c c c c c c c c c c c c c a e a a a e b b a a 25 30 26 25 25 Reference 25 75 51 67 75 66 75 68 75 77 75 75 75 66 75 75 94 66 75 75 75 75 42 75 66 127 127 105 105 105 105 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture content of dry weight wood as a as wood % of oven- c c c c c c c c c c c c c c a a a a e e b a a b 14 30 14 10 10 Reference 10 0.53 0.50 0.55 0.53 0.43 0.53 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.53 0.29 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.43 0.53 0.53 0.44 0.45 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.48 0.45 0.53 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.43 Bark Bark (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis c c c c c c c c c c c c c c 1 a a a a 1 1 b a a b 25 25 25 25 Reference 25 0.52 0.57 0.51 0.52 0.54 0.52 0.36 0.36 0.42 0.52 0.48 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.54 0.52 0.52 0.46 0.59 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.32 0.60 0.52 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.54 Wood Wood (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis FIA FIA 982 977 981 986 976 987 928 929 931 934 975 988 989 935 974 990 936 972 973 991 937 992 940 951 971 993 950 952 953 970 Code Species brevifolia thomasii californica germinans serotina erectus scouleriana sepulcralis albidum spp. rubra racemosa mangle americana pumila tesota aucuparia americana crassifolia spp. decora quinquenervia mahagoni americana alata azedarach spp. americana americana spp. Genus Yucca Ulmus Umbellularia Avicennia Ulmus Conocarpus Salix Salix Sassafras Sorbus Ulmus Laguncularia Rhizophora Sorbus Ulmus Olneya Sorbus Ulmus Ulmus Tamarix Sorbus Melaleuca Swietenia Tilia Ulmus Melia Tilia Tilia Tilia Ulmus Table 4.—continued Table Common name Joshua tree Rock elm California-laurel Black-mangrove September elm Buttonwood-mangrove Scouler’s willow willow Weeping Sassafras Mountain-ash spp. Slippery elm White-mangrove American mangrove American mountain-ash Siberian elm Desert ironwood European mountain-ash American elm Cedar elm Saltcedar Northern mountain-ash Melaleuca West Indian mahogany West American basswood Winged elm Chinaberry Basswood spp. White basswood Carolina basswood Elm spp.

33 c c c c c c c c c c c a a a Reference a a % 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 19.1 15.2 19.1 15.2 15.2 19.1 15.2 16.0 19.1 15.2 15.2 Bark Bark volume volume c c c c c c c c c c c a a a Reference a a 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.66 0.58 0.58 0.66 0.58 0.66 0.58 0.55 0.58 0.66 Wood Wood pct MC MC pct weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis gravity (12 (12 gravity c c c c c c c c c c c a a a Reference a a 80 80 80 80 80 80 83 80 80 83 80 83 80 86 80 83 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture bark as a as bark content of dry weight % of oven- c c c c c c c c c c c a a a Reference a a 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 61 75 Avg. Avg. moisture moisture content of dry weight wood as a as wood % of oven- c c c c c c c c c c c a a a Reference a a 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.58 0.53 0.58 0.53 0.53 0.58 0.46 0.58 Bark Bark (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis c c c c c c c c c c c a a a Reference a a 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.59 0.52 0.59 0.52 0.52 0.59 0.51 0.59 Wood Wood (green (green gravity gravity weight) volume volume Specific Specific basis dry dry basis FIA FIA 994 995 996 997 998 999 7211 8511 8651 5091 8514 5092 8513 5093 8512 5491 Code Species sebifera fordii obovatus angustifolia broadleaf unknown boissieri phaenopyrum laceyi succulenta buckleyi uniflora americana polymorpha berlandieriana gravesii Genus Triadica Vernicia Cotinus Elaeagnus Tree Tree Cordia Crataegus Quercus Crataegus Quercus Crataegus Persea Quercus Fraxinus Quercus Table 4.—continued Table Common name Chinese tallowtree 1A Table Assigned average value of the trees same genus in a 5 Table Assigned genus value from b 1A Table Assigned the average value of softwood trees or hardwood from c 1A Table Assigned value of the tree same genus in d e Based on green volume specific gravity and bark moisture content of similar species f No reference source available, estimated based on similar species Tungoil tree Tungoil Smoketree Russian-olive Unknown dead hardwood Other or unknown live tree Olive Texas Anacahuita Washington hawthorn Washington Lacey oak Fleshy hawthorn Buckley oak Dwarf hawthorn Avocado Mexican white oak Berlandier ash Graves oak

34 Bark wood volume volume volume as % of Avg. bark Avg. Avg. Avg. (kg/m3) green wt. Avg. Avg. bark * (lb/m3) green wt. (MC) and green weight of Average mositure content Average weight Avg. MC Avg. oven-dry as a % of Avg. Avg. weight (kg/m3) oven-dry Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) weight oven-dry weight of bark c gravity and oven-dry c gravity Speci fi speci fi Average Average Avg. Avg. (kg/m3) green wt. Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) wood * green wt. Avg. Avg. (MC) and green weight of Average mositure content Average weight content moisture oven-dry as a % of Avg. Avg. weight (kg/m3) oven-dry Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) weight oven-dry c gravity speci fi Average Average Avg. Avg. weight (kg/m3) oven-dry c gravity and oven-dry weight of wood Avg. Avg. (lb/cf) weight oven-dry Speci fi c 12% MC volume basis Green volume basis Green volume basis 0.39 24.6 394 0.36 22.2 356 59.22 35.2 564 0.44 27.3 438 80.51 49.4 791 12.55 gravity speci fi Average Average 5 0.59 36.9 592 0.54 33.7 540 65.84 55.3 886 0.43 26.6 426 91.07 49.0 785 14.00 6 0.39 24.0 385 0.35 21.9 352 106.31 44.8 718 0.46 28.9 463 87.64 54.5 873 18.52 2 0.50 31.2 500 0.46 28.7 460 98.04 56.8 911 0.51 31.8 510 76.77 56.5 905 14.00 4 0.47 29.3 470 0.43 26.8 430 91.83 51.5 825 0.44 27.5 440 93.03 53.0 849 15.00 2 0.47 29.0 465 0.44 27.1 435 91.95 51.5 825 0.37 22.8 365 88.85 43.0 689 15.00 6 0.55 34.3 550 0.51 31.6 506 61.08 50.7 812 0.46 28.6 458 86.05 53.2 852 16.00 2 0.68 42.1 675 0.61 38.1 610 39.58 53.0 849 0.58 36.2 580 90.66 69.0 1,105 15.00 8 0.68 42.3 677 0.62 38.5 616 68.93 64.9 1039 0.62 38.4 615 56.91 60.0 961 16.00 5 0.58 36.1 578 0.51 32.1 514 73.75 55.8 893 0.58 36.2 580 54.66 56.0 897 10.94 7 0.52 32.2 515 0.47 29.5 473 70.16 50.0 801 0.53 33.3 533 90.54 63.1 1,011 10.81 3 0.43 27.0 433 0.41 25.4 406 78.40 45.0 721 0.46 28.5 456 97.35 56.3 902 16.18 2 0.32 19.7 315 0.30 18.7 300 69.26 31.5 505 0.40 24.6 395 73.35 43.0 689 12.28 5 2 0.53 32.8 525 0.49 30.3 485 56.98 47.5 761 0.32 19.7 315 81.38 35.5 569 14.00 4 0.54 33.4 535 0.51 31.5 505 36.11 42.9 687 0.40 25.0 400 60.25 40.0 641 12.00 3 0.40 24.8 396 0.37 23.3 373 77.27 41.1 659 0.40 25.0 400 92.32 48.0 769 11.58 7 0.38 23.4 376 0.36 22.2 356 83.79 40.8 653 0.49 30.3 485 62.51 49.1 787 11.76 56 0.44 27.8 445 0.41 25.7 411 74.28 44.1 707 0.42 26.0 417 70.51 44.5 712 14.47 22 0.66 41.2 661 0.59 37.1 594 75.30 64.7 1036 0.58 36.1 579 82.95 65.7 1,053 19.12 24 0.47 29.3 469 0.43 26.8 429 76.22 46.8 749 0.40 25.0 401 68.37 41.9 671 16.13 100 0.58 36.0 577 0.52 32.6 523 75.12 56.1 899 0.53 32.9 527 80.64 58.8 942 15.32 No. of species Quercus Ulmus Populus Nyssa Magnolia Juglans Fraxinus Cornus Carya Betula Acer Tsuga Pinus Thuja Picea Larix Juniperus Chamaecyparis Abies Softwood Hardwood Oak Elm Poplar Tupelo Magnolia Walnut Ash Dogwood Hickory Birch Maple Hemlock Common name Genus Corrected Table 5.—Average specifi c gravity, dry weight, green weight, and moisture content for tree Genus groups found in North America. America. found in North groups Genus for tree content and moisture weight, green weight, dry c gravity, specifi 5.—Average Table Corrected 2010.) 10, on Feb. corrected were lb/cf and kg/m3 in the columns with unit measurements (The values Pine Aborvitae * Moisture content is extremely variable and the values shown are averages or estimates based on literature cited. Spruce Larch Juniper Cedar Fir 35 Miles, Patrick D.; Smith, W. Brad. 2009. Specific gravity and other properties of wood and bark for 156 tree species found in North America. Res. Note NRS-38. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 35 p.

This paper reports information for the estimation of biomass for 156 tree species found in North America for use in national forest inventory applications. We present specific gravities based on average green volume as well as 12 percent moisture content volume for calculation of oven-dry biomass. Additional information is included on bark thickness, bark voids, and bark percentages by species and green and dry weight of wood and bark.

KEY WORDS: bark percentage, bark thickness, biomass, tree volume, dry weight, green weight

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