2016 State of Our Watersheds Report Queets – Chehalis Basins
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2016 State of Our Watersheds Report Queets – Chehalis Basins he evidence is abundantly clear. We know how Tto manage our fish. We understand sustain- ability. The problems fish are facing are not of our making. But we are definitely a big part of the solution, with the work we do in habitat res- toration and protection, good management and education. – FAWN SHARp, PRESIDENT QUINAULT INDIAN NATION Quinault Indian Nation The Quinault Indian Nation (QIN) consists of the Quinault and Queets tribes and descendants of five other coastal tribes: Quileute, Hoh, Che- halis, Chinook and Cowlitz. Quinault ancestors lived on a major physical and cultural dividing line. Beaches to the south are wide and sandy, while to the north, they are rugged and cliff- lined. Quinault people shared in the cultures of the people to the south as well as those to the Seattle north. Living in family groups in longhouses up and down the river, they were sustained by the land and by trade with neighboring tribes. Salmon runs, abundant sea mammals, wildlife and forests provided substantial material and spiritual wealth. A great store of knowledge about plants and their uses helped provide for the people. The western red-cedar, the “tree of life,” provided logs for canoes, bark for clothing, split boards for houses and more. The Quinault are the Canoe People, the people of the cedar tree. Tribal headquarters are located in Taholah, Washington. 190 Quinault Indian Nation Queets – Quinault – Chehalis Basins The Quinault Indian Nation’s Area of Interest for this report covers three Water Resource Inventory Areas (WRIAs) includ- ing the Queets-Quinault basin (WRIA 21) and Chehalis basin (WRIAs 22 and 23). WRIA 21 contains the tributaries to the Pacif- ic Ocean from Kalaloch Creek in the north to near Grays Harbor in the south. Major watersheds include the Queets and Quinault, which originate from the Olympic Mountain range, as well as the Raft, Moclips and Copalis rivers and other independent drainages that head at the foothills of this range. All these streams provide suitable spawning and rearing habitat for salmon.1 The Lower Chehalis (WRIA 22) comprises mainly the lower portion of the Chehalis River drainage, with major tributaries like the Wishkah, Wynoochee and Satsop rivers, as well as a number of independent streams like the Humptulips, Hoquiam and Johns rivers which drain into Grays Harbor. The Upper Chehalis (WRIA 23) includes the upper reaches of the Chehalis river drainage and a number of major tributaries such as the South Fork Chehalis, Newaukum, Black and Skookumchuck rivers. The three WRIAs in this report support Chinook, chum and coho salmon, as well as steelhead and Debbie Preston, NWIFC Debbie Preston, cutthroat trout, and char. WRIA 21 also supports sockeye salmon. A tree planting crew seeds Sitka spruce as part of the Quinault The Queets, Quinault and Chehalis basins have known bull trout Indian Nation's work to restore native vegetation to the upper use but in the Chehalis, the documented use is limited to foraging. Quinault river valley floodplain to help improve production of Bull trout were listed as threatened under the federal Endangered blueback (sockeye) salmon. Crews planted 12,000 spruce seed- Species Act in 1999. The salmon and steelhead runs in the Che- lings at about 170 trees per acre, similar to the densities in natu- halis basin are significantly degraded from their historic levels. rally developing forests of the Hoh and Queets river bottoms. Modeling of salmon populations by the Governor’s Chehalis Ba- sin Workgroup shows spring-run Chinook populations reduced by 78%, Fall-run Chinook by 45%, coho by 69%, and steelhead by 44%.2 The majority of the area is forestland owned by corporations and government and includes the Capitol State Forest and Quinault In- dian Reservation, as well as portions of Olympic National For- est, Gifford Pinchot National Forest and Olympic National Park. Although salmonids in this area have fared better than in Puget Sound,3 several habitat factors limit salmonid production in the basin. These include channel incision, sedimentation, riparian loss or conversion, loss of large woody material, reduced channel complexity, water quality problems and reduction in streamflow.4,5 Most of these problems are caused and or exacerbated by human activity. Recovery Efforts Lagging A review of key environmental indicators for the Queets to Che- (e.g., federal, state, tribal, county) needed to address the issues and halis basins area shows that priority concerns continue to be deg- implement actions to restore and protect habitat and to monitor and radation of water quantity and quality, degradation of floodplain enforce compliance of existing regulations. In addition, funding and riparian processes, loss of forest cover conditions and habitat shortfalls for large-scale projects contribute to the slow pace of blocked to fish access. Improvement has been observed in forest progress. roads (RMAPs). In general, there is a shortage of staff at all levels Quinault Indian Nation 191 Review of the trend for these key environmental indicators since the 2012 State of Our Watersheds report shows an improvement for one indicator and a steady loss for others in habitat status: Trend Since Tribal Indicator Status SOW 2012 Report Between 2011 and 2013, there were widespread water temperature impairments in the Queets River watershed that exceeded Washington State numeric water quality standards. These violations, likely Water Quality caused by forest practices activities and glacier loss, will have an impact on salmonid production in the Declining watershed. Water Quantity - Peak Flows Peak flows have shown an increasing trend for both the Queets River and Chehalis River. Declining Low flows on the Chehalis River have experienced an increasing trend. Concerns Water Quantity - Low Flows Low flows on the Queets River have experienced a decreasing trend. Declining About 61% of the RMAP culverts have been repaired and 39% are scheduled to be completed by 2021. Forest Roads Improving Approximately 90% of the Quinault Area of Interest had road densities of greater than three miles/square mile, the level at which streams cease to function properly. Road crossings were highest in the East Fork Road Densities & Crossings Satsop River and Black River watersheds with values of greater than one per mile of stream. The Chehalis Declining Basin Salmon Habitat Restoration and Preservation Strategy (2010 Update) calls for a reduction of sediment loading by reducing road densities in the basin. Between 2006 and 2011, there was an overall negative trend (1- 14%) in forest cover conditions in Forestland Cover watersheds on State and Private forestlands. Declining Between 1980-2009, 9,991 wells were completed at a rate of about 344 new wells per year. Between 2009- Water Wells 2014, 580 wells have been added at a lower rate of about 116 wells per year. Declining From 2006 to 2011 watersheds in the Chehalis River basin showed deteriorating impervious surface conditions with increases ranging from 1% to over 5%. Areas near the cities of Aberdeen, Centralia, and Impervious Surface Chehalis have impervious surface conditions that were impacting (7-12%) or degrading (12-40%). Rest of Declining area have impervious surface area 0-4%. The Quinault Indian Nation continues to work toward the protection and restoration of healthy and functional nearshore, estua- rine and river habitat, restoring those areas that are degraded, and conducting research to understand the organisms and the habitats they occupy. Looking Ahead Pressure from population growth, agricultural practices and Basin Salmon Habitat Restoration and Preservation Strategy for timberland use within the Chehalis River basin will continue to WRIA 22 and 23 relies almost exclusively on restoration to ad- present challenges to salmon conservation and recovery efforts. dress limiting factors within the basin. Land-use management and forest practice regulations continue However, we are still witnessing the continued loss and frag- to allow the further degradation of floodplain and riparian habitat mentation of habitat through barrier culverts, high road densities throughout the watershed. and crossing, forest cover removal and wells. The lack of progress Current trends indicate that land-use regulation reform is re- on the protection of existing habitat remains the biggest impedi- quired and continued funding of habitat restoration activities is ment to salmon recovery. necessary in order to achieve salmon recovery goals. The Chehalis 192 Quinault Indian Nation er Riv ets Que er Riv ets Que iver ult R ina ¤£101 Quinault Indian Nation Qu iver n ts R The Queets, Quinault, and Chehalis Watershedse a Que ver e t Ri aul ¤£101 c uin r Q e r O v e i v i R R c e n s e i p i h l a c f u t o i p o r e ve n Ri m y t c u ul ¤£1c 01 a W uin r H a Q e r O v e i v P i iver R R R ets c e n s ue e Q i p i h l >1% Aberd3%een a c 9% Land f u 10%Grays t o ¤£12 i p o e n Harbor m y Jurisdictionc u c W C H r h a e 8% r e O v e i h v P i a R l R i c e s s e R i p i h l Aberdeen 5 c iv r f e u ¨¦§ v t Grays e Ri o ¤£12 r t i p ul ¤£101 o na Harbn or 14% ui m y Q er c u iv C R H W ts h ee a Qu ´e h P a n 0 10 Miles l is r a ive R ts R Aberdeen 5 uee e iv ¨¦§ Q Grays e ¤£12 r c r Harbor 56% e r C O v e i Chehalis h v i R e ´ S R h c e r a F ve s 0 10 Miles i e l i R p lt i h i C u l ¤£101 s a c n f i u R h Qu t o e i p o iv 5 n ¨¦§ h m e r y a e c r iv u R l lt W i au £101 H s n ¤ a ui n Q Chehalis R i v a P e ´ S r e 0 10 Miles F n C c Aberdeen a r Grays h e ¤£12 r e O e v He arbor i h v i a R c C l R r i s c e h s e r e O e R v i p e i i h h Chehalis v l i i v R c f u a t e R o l S c e i p o i r s s F e n i p i m Jurisdiction h R l y c u c C f u i 5 t H o W v § h i ¨¦ p e a o n r e m y c u h P Tribal Reservation Other Federal Wilderness a H W l a i s R P ´ Aberdeen City/UGA/Municipal County National Park Service i v Grays 0 1¤£012Miles e Harbor r Grays JSutaritsediction Military U.S.