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Desafiarlas Prácticas Estado de la Población Mundial 2020 Contra mi voluntad Contra mi voluntad Desafiar las prácticas que perjudican a mujeres y niñas e impiden la igualdad DESAFIAR LAS PRÁCTICAS QUE PERJUDICAN A LAS MUJERES Y NIÑAS E IMPIDEN LA IGUALDAD ISSN 2518-671X ISBN 978-0-89714-051-5 United Nations Population Fund 605 Third Avenue New York, NY 10158 Tel. +1 212 297 5000 www.unfpa.org Sales No. S.20.III.H.5 @UNFPA S/50/2020 Impreso en papel reciclado. Estado de la Población Mundial 2020 AGRADECIMIENTOS El UNFPA agradece a las personas siguientes por compartir con El presente informe ha sido elaborado bajo los auspicios nosotros algunos aspectos de su vida de cara a la elaboración de de la División de Comunicaciones y Alianzas Estratégicas este informe: del UNFPA. Janoghlan Ilyasov (Azerbaiyán); Arelis Cortés (Colombia); Randa Diaa, Dra. Hania Sholkamy (Egipto); Abebech Kabla, REDACTOR JEFE Boge Porre (Etiopía); Jasbeer Kaur, Mandeep Kaur, Pardeep Arthur Erken, Director, División de Comunicaciones y Kaur, Sandeep Kaur (India); Suci Maesaroh (Indonesia); Alianzas Estratégicas Youngsook Cho, Dr. Eun Ha Chang, Kyung-Jin Oh (República de Corea); Rhobi Samwelly (Tanzanía); Angeli Gajadhar, EQUIPO EDITORIAL Brenda Gopeesingh, Dra. Gabrielle Hosein, Dr. Peter Douglas Editor: Richard Kollodge Weller, Kevin Liverpool, Marcus Kisson (Trinidad y Tabago); Redactora: Rebecca Zerzan Sherry Johnson, Donna Pollard, Sara Tasneem (Estados Editora adjunta: Katie Madonia Unidos de América). Directora de la edición digital: Katie Madonia Asesor de la edición digital: Hanno Ranck Las personas a continuación —compañeros del UNFPA Diseño y producción de la edición impresa y y otros colaboradores de todo el mundo— brindaron el sitio web interactivo: Prographics, Inc. orientación técnica o contribuyeron a la preparación de artículos y demás contenidos: Kamran Aliyev, Liliana Arias, ASESORA EN INVESTIGACIÓN Y AUTORA Esther Bayliss, Nilanjana Bose, Shobana Boyle, May El Sallab, Gita Sen Ingrid Fitzgerald, Rose Marie Gad, Abraham Gelew, Celeste Hibbert, Sina Jones, Diego Muñoz, Meron Negash, Lucky ASESORES TÉCNICOS DEL UNFPA Putra, Dalia Rabie, Aurora Noguera-Ramkissoon, Samidjo, Satvika Chalasani Casey Swegman, Jeanne Smoot y Bright Warren. Nafissatou Diop Mengjia Liang El UNFPA también expresa su agradecimiento a las mujeres Kathrin Weny y niñas de todo el planeta que, en calidad de supervivientes de prácticas nocivas, aportaron sus ideas y dibujos, con los INVESTIGADORES Y AUTORES que nos hicieron partícipes de sus vivencias y opiniones al Daniel Baker respecto. Estas contribuciones aparecen a lo largo Stephanie Baric del informe. Christophe Z. Guilmoto Gretchen Luchsinger Los editores agradecen a la Subdivisión de Población y Kathleen Mogelgaard Desarrollo del UNFPA los datos regionales agregados que Bruce Rasmussen aparecen en la sección dedicada a los indicadores en este Mindy Roseman informe. La División de Población del Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales de las Naciones Unidas, la ILUSTRACIONES Y COMPOSICIONES Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Diseño de portada y composiciones de las páginas 8, 14, 40, Ciencia y la Cultura, UNICEF y la Organización Mundial de 64, 94 y 115 por cortesía de Tina Larson. Estas la Salud facilitaron los datos de origen para los indicadores composiciones incluyen ilustraciones y fotografías de: contenidos en el informe. Cynthia Oningoi (Kenya); Daniel Quesada-Rebolledo, Horizontes de Amistad; Dashni Murad, artista y activista MAPAS Y DESIGNACIONES (Iraq); Elizabeta, de 15 años (Bosnia y Herzegovina); Las designaciones utilizadas y la presentación de material Fatma Mahmoud Salama Raslan (Egipto); Lightfield Studios; en los mapas de este informe no entrañan la expresión por Sandra Al Moussa, Y-Peer Siria; Sufian Abdul-Mouty, UNFPA parte del UNFPA de ningún tipo de opinión con respecto a Sudán; Plan International; Maia Bobo, organización de la situación jurídica de ningún país, territorio, ciudad o zona derechos de las mujeres y asociada de TackleAfrica ni de sus autoridades, ni con respecto a la delimitación de (Burkina Faso). sus fronteras. Una línea punteada marca aproximadamente la Línea de Control de Jammu y Cachemira acordada por la Logotipo y rotulación del eslogan por cortesía de Joe India y el Pakistán. Las partes no han acordado todavía la Nasatka. situación definitiva de Jammu y Cachemira. Ilustraciones originales de las páginas 24, 58, 88, 104, 117, © UNFPA 2020 126 y 128 por cortesía de la artista egipcia Fatma Mahmoud Salama Raslan. Contra mi voluntad DESAFIAR LAS PRÁCTICAS QUE PERJUDICAN A LAS MUJERES Y NIÑAS E IMPIDEN LA IGUALDAD Si bien pueden haber grandes DIFERENCIAS entre ellas, TODAS son violaciones de los DERECHOS de las niñas y las mujeres. ÍNDICE OBLIGADA REPUDIADA MUTILADA Las prácticas nocivas: una crisis silenciosa y endémica PÁGINA 6 NEGADOS INVALIDADOS VULNERADOS Sufrimiento y derechos humanos PÁGINA 14 DESDEnADA DESAMPARADA ANULADA La preferencia por los hijos varones atenta contra múltiples derechos PÁGINA 40 MUTILADAS RASPADAS SUTURADAS La mutilación genital femenina: violencia de género con la aprobación de la sociedad PÁGINA 64 COMPROMETIDAS ENTREGADAS COMERCIALIZADAS VENDIDAS El matrimonio infantil socava 33.000 vidas cada día PÁGINA 94 DESAFIANTEs Acciones para un mundo libre de daño PÁGINA 114 TOMAR MEDIDAS para poner fin al UF IMIE T Día tras día, a decenasS de Ra la mutilación queN se le practicóO como miles de niñas se les arrebata parte de un rito iniciático pernicioso. la salud, los derechos y En 1994, durante la Conferencia su futuro. Algunas son Internacional sobre la Población y el víctimas de la mutilación Desarrollo (CIPD), los gobiernos de genital femenina. A algunas todo el mundo propugnaron el acceso universal a la salud sexual y reproductiva las obligan a contraer y reivindicaron con firmeza la erradicación “matrimonio” en su infancia, de las prácticas nocivas. Al año siguiente, y otras sufren desamparo en la Cuarta Conferencia Mundial sobre la Mujer, los gobiernos reiteraron y pasan hambre solo por su que dichas prácticas han de cesar. condición femenina. Se ha conseguido reducir la persistencia de ciertos hábitos dañinos; sin embargo, Es posible que, en muchos casos, los debido al crecimiento demográfico, progenitores que someten a sus hijas la realidad es que la cifra de niñas a prácticas nocivas tengan buenas damnificadas ha aumentado. Está claro intenciones. Se equivocan al asumir que las promesas y las resoluciones que, en las comunidades en las que no han bastado para acabar con las la mutilación genital femenina es una prácticas nocivas de una vez por todas. costumbre generalizada, se trata de Lo que necesitamos ahora es que haya un algo inevitable para lograr la aceptación auténtico cambio y resultados tangibles. de los demás. Tienen la idea errónea de que casar a una menor servirá para El año pasado, en la Cumbre de Nairobi asegurar su porvenir. Algunos no están sobre la CIPD25, los representantes de los al tanto de los riesgos para la salud gobiernos, las organizaciones comunitarias, física y mental que esto entraña. los organismos de desarrollo y el sector privado fueron más allá de las promesas y Sin embargo, las buenas intenciones no las resoluciones, comprometiéndose a son de mucha ayuda para la niña que tiene cubrir la necesidad insatisfecha de que abandonar sus estudios y separarse anticonceptivos, atajar la mortalidad de sus amigos porque van a casarla a la materna evitable y erradicar la fuerza, o para la niña que va a padecer violencia por razón de género problemas de salud de por vida debido y las prácticas nocivas. 4 Este año marca el comienzo de una de disolver la institución del matrimonio “década de acción” encaminada a infantil. Sabemos lo que da resultado. alcanzar para 2030 los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, que abarcan en Además, ahora sabemos a cuánto su meta 5.3 la eliminación de este tipo ascendería el costo de poner fin a de prácticas. Si queremos conseguir la mutilación genital femenina y el nuestro propósito y proteger la integridad matrimonio infantil, las dos prácticas física de millones de mujeres y niñas en nocivas más habituales: 3.400 millones peligro, ha llegado el momento de poner de dólares de los Estados Unidos al año, todavía más empeño. Es imperativo como promedio, entre 2020 y 2030. Un que avancemos con más celeridad. dinero bien empleado para acabar con el sufrimiento de unos 84 millones de niñas. Los gobiernos han de cumplir con su deber de salvaguardar a las mujeres Contamos con los conocimientos y las niñas. Los tratados de derechos necesarios, el respaldo de los acuerdos humanos como la Convención sobre los internacionales en materia de derechos Derechos del Niño guían a las autoridades humanos y el aliento de los nuevos para que adopten “todas las medidas compromisos que han asumido los eficaces y apropiadas posibles para abolir gobiernos y la sociedad civil. Esto las prácticas tradicionales que sean nos faculta para hacer frente a las perjudiciales para la salud de los niños”. fuerzas que perpetúan el dolor y crear un mundo en el que todas y cada una Suprimirlas por completo puede resultar de las mujeres y las niñas tengan la difícil, pero no me cabe duda de que es libertad de escribir su propio destino. factible. Al fin y al cabo, algunas de ellas han sobrevivido al paso de los siglos. Desde principios de 2020, el mundo Aun así, las cosas deben cambiar, y afronta una pandemia inaudita. El cambiarán. Para transformar la mentalidad coronavirus, que se extiende por todo el y las normas sociales, el primer paso planeta, está causando estragos sociales es informar a los progenitores acerca y económicos y cobrándose muchas vidas. de las consecuencias que acarrean En estos momentos difíciles, el Fondo para sus hijas estas prácticas nocivas de Población de las Naciones Unidas y sobre las ventajas para las familias y (UNFPA) no va a dejar de defender la las comunidades que se derivan de que salud y los derechos de las niñas y las las niñas estén sanas, se fomente su mujeres en los países y comunidades en autonomía y se respeten sus derechos.
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