FGC Healthcare Fact Sheet FINAL V2
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Clitoridectomy, Excision, Infibulation- Female Circumcision Ritual and Its Consequences for Women's Health
Rogala Dorota, Kornowska Joanna, Ziółkowska Mirosława. Clitoridectomy, excision, infibulation- female circumcision ritual and its consequences for women's health. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2018;8(11):583-593. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2533136 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/6451 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/896357 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26/01/2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2018; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 26.11.2018. Revised: 30.11.2018. Accepted: 30.11.2018. Clitoridectomy, excision, infibulation- female circumcision ritual and its consequences for women's health Dorota Rogala ¹, Joanna Kornowska 2, Mirosława Ziółkowska3 1 Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Gynecologic Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland. -
Status of the Crusade to Eradicate Female Genital Mutilation: a Comparative Analysis of Laws and Programs in the United States and Egypt, the Elizabeth A
Penn State International Law Review Volume 22 Article 11 Number 4 Penn State International Law Review 5-1-2004 Status of the Crusade to Eradicate Female Genital Mutilation: A Comparative Analysis of Laws and Programs in the United States and Egypt, The Elizabeth A. Syer Follow this and additional works at: http://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr Recommended Citation Syer, Elizabeth A. (2004) "Status of the Crusade to Eradicate Female Genital Mutilation: A Comparative Analysis of Laws and Programs in the United States and Egypt, The," Penn State International Law Review: Vol. 22: No. 4, Article 11. Available at: http://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol22/iss4/11 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by Penn State Law eLibrary. It has been accepted for inclusion in Penn State International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Penn State Law eLibrary. For more information, please contact [email protected]. I Comment I The Status of the Crusade to Eradicate Female Genital Mutilation: A Comparative Analysis of Laws and Programs in the United States and Egypt Elizabeth A. Syer* John F. Kennedy once said, "[O]ur progress as a nation can be no swifter than our progress in education. The human mind is our fundamental resource."' This notion still holds true today. Throughout the course of history, education has proven to be an explosive technique in battling against human rights violations. 2 Female Genital Mutilation (hereinafter "FGM") or female circumcision is a battle that must be fought using education as its cannon;3 only then will this cruel and * Elizabeth A. -
Forced Marriage in Immigrant Communities in the United States
Forced Marriage in Immigrant Communities in the United States 2011 National Survey Results Forced marriage is a pernicious global problem order” in family court; made changes to the visa threatening the freedom, safety, health, and sponsorship process; promoted extensive education of women and girls. UNICEF estimates community education, outreach and training; and that in developing countries, over 60 million supported thousands of individuals trying to avoid women now aged 20-24 were married as girls.i or escape forced marriages. The reasons for forced marriage are complex and The United States, however, lags far behind – varied—parents may use a forced marriage to and until now, has done little to recognize or ensure a young woman will adhere to conservative address the problem of forced marriage. morals and gender roles, or to otherwise protect Domestically, there are very few laws and family honor. Forced marriages may also be used policies specifically to help forced marriage to enhance a family’s status, or to gain economic victims, leaving young women (and some men) security. Whatever the rationale, the result may in crisis with few resources and options.iv subject a young woman to severe and sustained abuse, including domestic violence, marital rape, THE TAHIRIH JUSTICE CENTER’S and other forms of violence, decreased levels of REASONS FOR CONDUCTING A education, health complications, and a life of NATIONAL SURVEY ON FORCED submission and dependence. MARRIAGE Western countries with large populations coming The Tahirih Justice Center (Tahirih) is one of the from regions of the world where forced marriage nation’s foremost legal defense organizations is common are beginning to realize that immigrant protecting women and girls fleeing human rights families may persist in such traditions and beliefs abuses. -
Tahirih Justice Center Is a National Non-Profit That Protects Courageous
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE | September 27, 2018 CONTACT: Tania Stewart [email protected], 202-478-6174 STATEMENT ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN ACT As the deadline to reauthorize the Violence Against Women Act fast approaches, various reports indicate that VAWA will be extended through December 7th as part of the government funding bill. However, modest, yet critical improvements to the Act will likely not be a reality. This Congress will push through only a simple, short-term extension to VAWA without a meaningful and thoughtful approach to protecting survivors of violence. “The Tahirih Justice Center is disappointed at the lack of reauthorization by Congress, putting women who endured horrific brutality in a vulnerable position without the vital support they need from the federal government,” said Archi Pyati, Chief of Policy at the Tahirih Justice Center. “Protecting survivors of violence should not be a partisan issue.” Without robust enhancements to VAWA, immigrant women are especially susceptible as they navigate an already-complex and ever-changing immigration process. Three out of four advocates report that immigrant survivors have concerns about going to court for a matter related to their abuser. In the first two quarters of FY2018, there were 1,869 approvals and 1,067 denials of VAWA self-petitions; of the cases that were adjudicated, 36% were denied. Domestic battery problems can be terribly exacerbated in marriages where one spouse is not a citizen, and the non-citizen’s legal status depends on her marriage to her abuser. “Immigrant survivors of violence are currently living in a climate of fear created by increased deportations and growing restrictions on protections for immigrants fleeing horrific violence,” added Pyati. -
Female Genital Cutting: Breaking the Silence, Enabling Change
Synthesis Paper Female Genital Cutting: Breaking the Silence, Enabling Change Julia M. Masterson Julie Hanson Swanson Photos courtesy of: Julia Masterson Design: Manu Badlani Copyright© 2000 International Center for Research on Women and The Centre for Development and Population Activities Female Genital Cutting: Breaking the Silence, Enabling Change Julia M. Masterson Julie Hanson Swanson Table of Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................. 4 Executive Summary............................................................................................................................ 5 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 7 What is FGC? ....................................................................................................................................... 8 Applying Global Rights at the Local Level: Three Approaches to Ending FGC ........................... 12 Enabling Change: Lessons and Recommendations....................................................................... 23 Next Steps .......................................................................................................................................... 31 Appendix .......................................................................................................................................... -
Violence Against Women in Africa: a Situational Analysis
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa African Centre for Gender and Social Development (ACGSD) VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN AFRICA: A SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Table of Contents Background Methodology Common Abbreviations Situation Analysis of Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Cote D’Ivoire Djibouti Democratic Republic of Congo Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Bissau Guinea Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Background Violence against women is perhaps the most widespread and socially tolerated of human rights violations, cutting across borders, race, class, ethnicity and religion. The impact of gender-based violence (GBV) is devastating. The individual women who are victims of such violence often experience life-long emotional distress, mental health problems and poor reproductive health, as well as being at higher risk of acquiring HIV and intensive long-term users of health services. In addition, the cost to women, their children, families and communities is a significant obstacle to reducing poverty, achieving gender equality and ensuring a peaceful transition for post-conflict societies. This, in conjunction with the mental and physical health implications of gender-based violence, impacts on a state or region’s ability to develop and construct a stable, productive society, or reconstruct a country in the wake of conflict. Gender-based violence in Africa, as elsewhere in the world, is a complex issue that has as its root the structural inequalities between men and women that result in the persistence of power differentials between the sexes. -
NATIONWIDE SURVEY: a Window Into the Challenges Immigrant Women and Girls Face in the United States and the Policy Solutions to Address Them
NATIONWIDE SURVEY: A Window Into the Challenges Immigrant Women and Girls Face in the United States and the Policy Solutions to Address Them January 31, 2018 This survey was conducted through the generous support of the Ford Foundation, through a contract from NEO Philanthropy. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 INTRODUCTION 3 FINDINGS 4 The Most Urgent Challenges Confronting Immigrant Women and Girls in the U.S. 4 Prevalence of Challenges Faced by Immigrant Women and Girls in the U.S. 8 Policy Solutions to Address the Most Urgent Challenges Confronting Immigrant Women and Girls 10 CONCLUSION 12 WORKS CITED 13 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Tahirih Justice Center is the largest multi-city direct service and policy advocacy organization focused on assisting immigrant women and girls in the United States. Over the last 20 years, Tahirih has provided free legal and case management assistance to more than 22,000 immigrant women and children fleeing human trafficking, domestic abuse, rape, and other gender-based violence. At the request of the Ford Foundation, Tahirih issued a nationwide survey in October 2017 asking immigration advocates, immigrant women, and legal and social service providers what they see as the most urgent systemic challenges facing immigrant women and girls. Over 150 individuals, representing 108 entities in 23 states, provided input in English and Spanish through the online survey and telephone interviews conducted by Tahirih. Survey participants were asked to identify and rank challenges facing immigrant women in order of urgency and impact, and to provide suggestions for policy solutions. While the survey sought to document the experience of immigrant women and girls generally, participants overwhelmingly discussed the experiences of immigrant women who have endured domestic or other gender-based violence. -
How Culture Is Affecting Women's Health
Canadian Open Nursing and Midwifery Journal Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2016, pp. 1-13 http://crpub.com/Journals.php Open Access Open Access Research article How Culture is Affecting Women’s Health Angela Bedard, RN, BScN E-mail: [email protected] This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ______________________________________________ Abstract Women’s health and the importance placed on it has been an ongoing global issue for many years. The laws of basic human rights for some reason have left women in a very vulnerably and unhealth state which is directly caused by certain societal standards, cultural practices, and religious beliefs. Women’s health and life’s value in certain areas of the world are not as highly regarded as that of a man. Some of the women’s health violations that are having a large effect on women’s health today are: female genital mutilation, gavage, eating disorders, and female feticid. These violations have arisen from partrichial religious favoritism, societal pressures that have been established through media and law, and ideologies surrounding family honor. In countries like North Amerca across to Asia, traditions and the value on women are causing serious global health issues that are burdening the health care system and further more increasing the amount of preventable diseases and deaths accounted for every year. In health care it is important to identify these challenges women are facing globally and how organizations can provide a safer and healthier future for women worldwide. Education is the most effective way to promote health and prevent the reoccurence of current health issues women are facing today. -
July 15, 2020 Submitted Via
July 15, 2020 Submitted via https://www.regulations.gov/ Re: Comments in Response to the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) and Department of Justice (DOJ) Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) (the Departments) Joint Notice of Executive Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM or the rule): Procedures for Asylum and Withholding of Removal; Credible Fear and Reasonable Fear Review; RIN 1615-AC42 / 1125-AA94 / EOIR Docket No. 18-0002 / A.G. Order No. 4714-2020 The Tahirih Justice Center1 (Tahirih) submits the following comments to DHS USCIS and DOJ EOIR in response to the above-referenced NPRM issued by the Departments on June 15, 2020.2 Tahirih opposes the rule as both a matter of public policy and because it patently violates numerous laws, including the Immigration & Nationality Act (INA), the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), and the international obligations of the United States as a State party to the United Nations (UN) Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and 1967 Protocol (collectively, the Convention). See generally UNHCR, The 1951 Refugee Convention.3 While we condemn the rule in its entirety, in light of our particular mission, experience, and expertise, our comments highlight the devastating impact the rule will have on a uniquely vulnerable population of asylum seekers: immigrant survivors of gender-based violence. See generally U.S. Dep’t of State, Gender and Gender-Based Violence.4 I. Introduction Tahirih is a national, nonpartisan policy and direct services organization that has answered calls for help from nearly 29,000 survivors of gender-based violence since its inception twenty-three years ago. -
Female Genital Cutting Facts
FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING FACTS What is Female Genital Cutting? FGC IS AGAINST THE LAW Female genital cutting (FGC) means cutting, If you agree to have FGC done to a girl removing, or sewing closed some or all of a girl’s under the age of 18, you may: or woman’s private parts. FGC can also be called female circumcision, female genital mutilation, • Be arrested, charged with a crime, “khatna” or “khafd”, or “tahor”. FGC can go by many and go to prison for up to 15 other names not listed here. years, • Be reported to Child Protective Many Countries Oppose and Ban FGC Services and have your child(ren) The World Health Organization (WHO) considers taken away, FGC a human rights violation because: • Be sued by your daughter (up to • It violates the rights to health and bodily integrity. the age of 28). • It is a form of violence and torture against If you take a girl out of the United women. States or Michigan to get FGC, it is • It violates the rights of children who undergo still a crime. the practice without agreeing to it. Who does FGC and why? HEALTH RISKS OF FGC FGC may be part of the culture in some countries. Physical harm includes: FGC was practiced before most major religions • Severe pain began. FGC is not required by any religion; however, some religious sects have adopted the • Serious bleeding procedure. • Infections and diseases • Difficulty urinating or painful menstrual periods There is no medical reason for FGC. FGC has no • Problems during or after childbirth health benefits and causes harm to girls and • Death as a result from some of these problems women. -
Female Genital Mutilation De-Infibulation
ETHICS/EDUCATION with the most significant morbidity and mortality. Type 3 FGM is Female genital mutilation experienced by about 10% of all affected women. fi de-in bulation: antenatal Type 4: This includes all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes. E.g. Pricking, piercing, or intrapartum? scratching etc. There are no health benefits with FGM. There are immediate Sushama Gupta and lifelong health effects including, obstetric, sexual, psycho- Pallavi Latthe social, and economic impacts associated with FGM. Obstetric complications are: Difficulty in vaginal examination and catheterisation Abstract Prolonged and Obstructed labour Perineal tears Women who have had female genital mutilation (FGM) often experi- A high cesarean section rate due to difficulty in fetal ence adverse short and long term health effects. Owing to increasing monitoring and lack of adequately trained obstetric staff international migration FGM has become a global concern. Health pro- Increased incidence of PPH fessionals involved in the care of these women need to be aware of the Increased still birth and early neonatal death rates complications that it may present during labour as well as the sensi- Increased neonatal morbidity from hypoxia and brain tivity of the matter. This review summarises the studies available look- damage ing into the ideal time for deinfibulation. Keywords deinfibulation; female genital mutilation; FGM Deinfibulation Deinfibulation refers to the practice of surgically opening the Introduction sealed vaginal opening in a woman who has been infibulated. It has been shown to improve health and well-being as well as FGM is defined as all procedures that intentionally alter or obstetric outcomes. -
Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting and Forced Marriage: Services and Advocacy
www.tahirih.org www.preventforcedmarriage.org FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION/CUTTING AND FORCED MARRIAGE: SERVICES AND ADVOCACY Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) Forced Marriage FGM/C is a term used to describe practices that involve the A forced marriage is a marriage which takes place without the complete or partial removal of, or other injury to, the external full and free consent of one or both parties. It may be a female genitalia. These procedures have no health benefits, threatened marriage, or one that has already taken place. and the United Nations and the World Health Organization Forced marriages can happen to people of any gender, age, classify FGM/C as a human rights violation. religion, cultural background, or economic status. Intersection of FGM/C and Forced Marriage While not all individuals who face forced marriage are also at risk of FGM/C, and not all survivors of FGM/C will experience forced marriage, the two harms can intersect in several ways: FGM/C is often considered a prerequisite for getting girls ready to marry — so risk/experience of FGM/C may also indicate risk of future forced marriage. Likewise, forced marriage can at times precipitate FGM/C — some individuals may be at imminent risk of FGM/C in preparation for a marriage that they do not want. A victim or individual at risk of forced marriage may have already experienced FGM/C in her lifetime and require specialist health services with respect to medical or mental health problems she’s experiencing due to the FGM/C. A survivor of FGM/C may be in a forced marriage and in need of specialized social or legal services with respect to abuse or other problems she’s experiencing in the marriage or for help to leave the marriage.