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sa.it http://pos.sis , and will cover the

adioAstron 1982, the study stage from 1983

cannot cannot do justice to all parts of the ShareAlike ShareAlike Licence. -

NonCommercial - from 1977 to HALCA and R - ution esses. This short paper and succ

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two two successful missions, VSOP Radio Interferometry: Past, Present andFuture

-

tages of space VLBI: the early days

12 , and will pick out a few highlights from my perspective. The story is mainly that of the 20, 20 - [email protected] 1988, stage and the 1989mission from topresent day. the

to Space VLBI has a long and exchanges, rich disappointment history involving many innovative ideas, story studies, cultural lead up to the three main s mail: Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons the ofCommons author(s) the terms the Attrib Creative owned by Copyright under -

 Resolving the Sky Manchester, UK April 17

Richard Schilizzi University of Manchester Manchester, UK E A short history of space VLBI space historyof short A

PoS(RTS2012)010

, - . (see

y the VLBI era, VLBI - Speaker Name It was not was a It The original The original n.

adioAstron to purely space purely to .

to escape the the to escape for attempts to be attempts for

No mention was was mention No ] based - , 2 . Even in the pre in the . Even ] [3 e “Tzar”) for R for “Tzar”) e the step that has, in practice, practice, in has, that step the

was published in Russian in in Russian published was .

(VSOP stands for VLBI Space VLBI for stands (VSOP . lines interferometer based - (right) The “Tzar”, Nikolay Kardashev, Kardashev, Nikolay The “Tzar”, (right) e long after the first successful detection of of detection successful first after the e long ase

b

gives us images and physical information on information and physical us images gives 2 , but this section was removed from the from removed was section this but ,

adioAstron. olay Kardashev (th Kardashev olay

long k adioAstron continental baselines baselines continental - HALCA. HALCA. Ni - d R with with

ry based interferometers to surpass the restrictions posed by by posed restrictions the surpass to interferometers based baselines of 100s of km in 1967 [1 of km of 100s baselines - s on inter two missions but what went before, and in betwee in and went before, what but missions two by L. I. Matveenko, N. S. Kardashev, and G. B. Sholomitsk and G. B. S. Kardashev, N. Matveenko, L. I. by

HALCA an HALCA Hisashi Hirabayashi, Masaki Morimoto, and Minoru Oda (the (the Oda Minoru and Morimoto, Masaki Hirabayashi, Hisashi HALCA and HALCA , -

- –

these these The success of these missions owes a great deal to the vision and vision to the deal a great owes missions these of success The speculation about a purely space a purely about speculation adiointerferomet r n, VSOP n, space VLBI missions have been proposed over the succeeding years succeeding the over proposed been have missions VLBI space dy turned to space turned dy ground interferometry as an intermediate step, step, intermediate as an interferometry ground

- n of any form of astronomy and of astronomy form any n of Radiophysics rime movers behind VSOP behind movers rime to

- .

twenty included a included

. (left) The “Three Samurai”, Hisashi Hirabayashi, Masaki Morimoto, and Minoru Oda Minoru and Morimoto, Masaki Hirabayashi, Hisashi Samurai”, The “Three . (left) journal, . This set out how interferometers with independent elements might work might elements independent with interferometers how This out set .

ground interferometers as an intermediate step from purely ground purely from step intermediate an as interferometers ground - Prologue Introduction

his is not only a tale of of a tale only is not his published version to as discussed by Leonid Gurvits in these Proceedings. Proceedings. these in Leonid Gurvits by as discussed to version published of space made taken. been on 1965, a paper In Soviet Fig.2) mauscript the Earth by imposed restrictions length baseline 1 Figure the p were who behind R mover the prime is, still and was, who 2. T process linear More than than More and pad launch to the way the all it made have two only but communication), private (Gurvits, operatio successful Program.) Observatory leaders their of persistence VSOP for Samurai”) “Three made with interferometer element with interferometer made alrea had thoughts of studies serious fringes, first after a decade than less and Prologue), (see the Earth of the size space made. being based were 1. the highest with us provides at wavelengths radio (VLBI) interferometry baseline long Very resolutio angular tak did not It galaxies. and stars in small scales very on stations independent with fringes Short title PoS(RTS2012)010

2554) NASA NASA - 5

-

Speaker Name Burke, Burke, bound VLBI VLBI bound - to deploy a deploy to The final report report finalThe

goals. goals. of a 50m antenna a 50m of was was

submitted a proposal a proposal submitted

successful, but successful, ) initiative initiative

16 by Preston, dated 2 November November 2 Preston, dated 16 by included a speculation about a purely a purely about a speculation included - Investigation and Technical Plan for a for Plan Technical and Investigation “ 1982 an artist’s conception conception an artist’s -

#315

BI as we now know it. The other “father” is “father” it. other The know now as we BI . This proposal was was This proposal .

” right ion to other communications communications other to ion 3 VL

-

mission shortly thereafter. The next next The thereafter. shortly less ambiguity and more efficiency than earth than efficiency more and ambiguity less The original mauscript mauscript The original Bernie Burke, Burke, Bernie

. y participated in a conference on VLBI techniques in Toulouse, Toulouse, in techniques VLBI on conference in a participated borne VLBI terminals could be used to provide maps of compact of compact maps to provide used be could terminals borne VLBI - itle and abstract of the 1965 paper by L. I. Matveenko, N. S. N. Matveenko, L. I. by paper 1965 the of abstract and itle

middle , but this was not included in the final version. the in included was not this but , 1983 SpaceLab 1983 SpaceLab (JPL) (JPL) - this, Burke, Preston and colleagues (Tom Clark, Marshall Cohen, Ken Ken Cohen, Marshall Clark, (Tom colleagues and Preston Burke, this,

rometer ground interferometry, or space or interferometry, ground - Bob Preston, Preston, Bob The early daysThe early of VLBI: 1977 space 78) to NASA on 15 November 1978 called 1978 called on 15 November 78) to NASA

- - ranslation of the t the of ranslation 2 left left T -

tion on the 1981 on tion

its involvement in SpaceLab SpaceLab in involvement its September, early in report final the of submission before weeks six About

Following up on Following

three the oftwo be called justly can Burke, and Bernard Bob Preston astronomers, US

based interfe based - OSS - Stage 1 Stage

Preston and Frank Jordan Jordan Frank and Preston 3. Figure shuttle space the to attached on the Mission Definition Study for a VLBI station utilizing the Space Shuttle (NAS Shuttle the Space utilizing station a VLBI for Study Definition Mission on the 1982. October on 12 collaborators and Burke by submitted was Johnston, Ken Kellermann, Jim Moran, Alan Rogers, and Irwin Shapiro Irwin and Rogers, Moran, Alan Jim Kellermann, Ken Johnston, (AO sta VLBI stopped 3). Figure (see shuttle the to attached time this orbit, in earth antenna parabolic Nikolay Kardashev. JPL Engineering Memorandum JPL Engineering Kardashev. Nikolay “satellite how 1977, explored resolution, finer with sources radio a large putting for reasons scientific sound were there show that to was The aim techniques.” in addit orbit earth orbit low in relatively antenna 3. 3.1 USA space of fathers 2. Figure Sholomitsk B. and G. Kardashev space Short title PoS(RTS2012)010

t

was was ank. ank. orbital orbital

. The . 1982. 6 st of st - [8]

SAT could SAT could

Speaker Name - August. This August.

-

son to believe believe to son good good

. e that L e that me QUASAT, which which QUASAT, me our , James Campbell, James Campbell, , recording VLBI, and VLBI, recording - [5]

in June in of students and postdocs postdocs and students of ellites for VLBI. In 1979, In VLBI. for ellites

in the Prologue, Nikolay Nikolay Prologue, the in linked VLBI in Europe in Europe VLBI linked

s - via Giancarlo Setti, at that that Setti, at Giancarlo via USA and Europe and USA - in 1977 ricans came calling in Sept in calling came ricans generation

me measurements by other stakeholders may may stakeholders other by measurements including Roy Booth Roy including

in Canada in 10) was deployed on the Salyut the on deployed 10) was

developed at Haystack Observatory. Observatory. at Haystack developed

- the A the

orders operating at their limits. The attractions The attractions limits. their at operating orders Other experiments on phase transfer via via transfer on phase experiments Other 4

, and a series of experiments in phase transfer transfer in phase experiments of series and a ,

oriented - Not surprisingly, given the early thoughts abou thoughts the early given surprisingly, Not and carried out experiments experiments out carried and rking Group. A Mission Definition Study [6] Study Definition Mission A Group. rking

pioneered the use of the Hermes communications communications the Hermes use of the pioneered results were obtained, but there is rea is there but obtained, were results

based interferometers noted interferometers based

continued for a few more years a few more continuedfor ] -

linked VLBI linked Soviet Union Soviet - [4

B, SAT [7] - - uropean radio astronomers in an effort to seek international international seek to an effort in astronomers radio uropean Figure 4. As far as radio astronomy was concerned, no concerned, was astronomy radio asfar 4. As Figure useful Earth that beensuccessful. have 3.3 space program their own developed colleagues and his Kardashev sat on antennas parabolic to deploy dish (KRT a 10m station shown in stamp commemorative in the celebrated was

up by European scientists European by up an operational system. system. an operational US program, for VLBI between Algonquin Park and Green B and Park Algonquin between for VLBI program, US - show: satellite show: , the pioneers of VLBI and several and several VLBI of , the pioneers - in Stage 2 of this story. story. 2 of this in Stage

70s - and myself, and an approach made to ESA ESA to made an approach and and myself,

observational bandwidth. In 1977, Allen Yen, Ken Kellermann, Benno Rayhrer, Rayhrer, Benno Kellermann, Ken Yen, Allen 1977, In bandwidth. observational in space in 1979. in space

a Phase A Study using L using Study A a Phase idea was taken taken was idea

10 - Soviet Union stamp commemorating the successful deployment of a 10m diameter of a 10m deployment successful the commemorating stamp Union Soviet

The one lasting positive effect of the involvement in satellite involvement the of effect positive lasting one The The The the mid By , KRT , hough successful, these experiments were not pursued due to the expected high co high the expected to due pursued not were experiments these successful, hough ollowed by ollowed

4. Figure dish

proved too high a financial hurdle, and the idea quietly faded away, helped by the promise of promise the by helped away, faded quietly idea the and hurdle, a financial high too proved being system recording III Mark bandwidth the wide to zero high; from in ESA astronomy radio for in visibility change the was when invaluable proved the agency in connections Ken Kellermann Ken Wo Astronomy ESA the of Chairman time f Test Satellite Orbiting European the Ardenne using van Arnold by and led designed to decid led ESA measurements transfer phase the and studies the of results This stations. the ground for paid stations VLBI European that the provided VLBI for be used satellite, a joint Canadian a satellite, Alt for bandwidth commercial ANIK satellite, geostationary another had learnt the hard way about the vicissitudes of Mark I and Mark II tape Mark and II I Mark of vicissitudes the about way the hard had learnt rec tape by experienced problems of the multitude not obvious, data were VLBI for channel a communications as satellite a geostationary of using the through the measurements of the sensitivity of increasing means as a but operationally only a wider use of collaborators their and Knowles Steve support for the Shuttle mission concept. From the results of that meeting ca meeting that of the results From concept. mission the Shuttle for support at briefly look will we side important 3.2 An Short title of E number a met there and France, PoS(RTS2012)010

-

an and low – An An

a were were

Oda, Oda,

imes in in imes ned out ned the the Masaki Masaki of these these of brought brought

realised realised one joint study jointstudy aboratory

rapid tur , Speaker Name L ] and

1982 1982

[10 in Europe in

it was it was proposing a large large a proposing

tracks from the two from tracks esearch esearch high orbit space space orbit high -

QUASAT + QUASAT . Fortuitously, a call a call . Fortuitously, R

based telescopes. This This based telescopes. - on an ISAS rocket rocket on an ISAS adio 1988 rometer projects rometer - satellite space VLBI array. array. VLBI space satellite Roald Sagdeev Roald Sagdeev -

flyer - on 1 September the other a other the ground

22, 5 and 1.6 GHz in an orbit in an orbit 1.6 GHz 22, 5 and a small antenna in space to do space in antenna a small , 1983

described the work of a of work the described : he Japanese Institute for Space Space for Institute Japanese he adioAstron or or adioAstron an increase of more than three t three than of more an increase plane given by given

- space interfe space 1 and 3.2 together. There was There was together. and 3.2 1 - on a 15m diameter inflatable antenna antenna inflatable diameter a 15m on

]

rovide 5 [9 . Morimoto Morimoto . p these projects. projects. these for VLBI with VLBI for

adioAstron 5 ground round array, and the uv gold round array,

ane coverage (white) comes from the ground the from comes (white) ane coverage as a single interferometer. a single as as the most exciting concept exciting most the as coverage with a substantial jump in angular in angular jump substantial with a coverage

g QUASAT + R QUASAT - pl 198 posium in Tokyo in October 1982 in October in Tokyo posium - als for a Japanese free Japanese a for als plane coverage of a two of a plane coverage coverage of uv coverage - otential otential uv main square in Toulouse Toulouse in square main

satellite satellite

This was to This was

he , to study the possibility of possibility the study , to cribed in sections 3. in sections cribed wo p wo VSOP, and R and VSOP, t based network frequencies of frequencies based network focussed on focussed - based VLBI. So why not combine forces and simultaneously fly fly and simultaneously forces not combine So why based VLBI. on Space Station Station Space on ven added weight for the QUASAT team when when team QUASAT the for added weight ven des - y complete complete y d angular resolution d angular Figure 5. Figure uv central The two the of the lower from coverage blue the only, array based the higher from coverage red the array, the ground with satellites the and satellite telescopes space , when propos , when scientific scientific

ver apanese space VLBI concepts VLBI space apanese J TDRSS, TDRSS, bservatory

O

with with , and was important in engaging the interest and support of Minoru Minoru of support and interest the in engaging important was , and and and the first opportunity for most European and US scientists to hear to scientists and US European for most opportunity first the

flying very goo very

General One of the conclusions of the Workshop was that it was desirable to find find to desirable it was was that Workshop the of the conclusions of One -

- to continue the discussion on discussion the continue to

adio . complementary orbits, and achieve “perfect” uv coverage out to 60 000 km? km? 000 to 60 out coverage uv “perfect” achieve and orbits, complementary R centred thinking centred thinking . From its inception, QUASAT was studied as a joint ESA/NASA project with with project joint ESA/NASA as a studied was QUASAT inception, its . From - Institute for Space and Astronomical Science (ISAS), R (ISAS), Science Astronomical and Space for Institute . Sagdeev discussed . Sagdeev QUASAT, QUASAT, the standard ground standard the Study took place from 1983 to from place took Study

on a free on a –

providing providing the

gi was This conclusion in Austria Enzersdorf in Gross June 1984 in on QUASAT workshop A Discussions over coffee in t in coffee over Discussions by in a paper resulting and 1982, 1981 Japan in place in taking were discussions Similar on the Soviet the Soviet on ment

obeyama obeyama rs th an apogee height of 25000 km. 25000 of height apogee th an Stage 2 Stage 2 4 Japan

i he QUASAT he ape resolution compared to ground compared resolution in satellites two T satellite Japanese and N experiments. VLBI means appropriate uv superb to combine impossible was it that P provided Morimoto, ideas project telescope orbit space telescope in group baseline length baseline effort. the of coordination close to ensure period study in the joint meetings three space with to be done science the showcasing from Apart VLBI. space for event a major to be sown. were cooperation of global seeds first the development, on technology and progress VLBI the US and European interests interests European and the US agreement forward route a provided this and in ESA, imminent was proposals for mission Assess at operating w then ISAS Director then ISAS later. a few years made 4. Hirabayashi et al in the Space Station Sym Station Space in the al et Hirabayashi dish astronomy radio diameter t ISAS, and astronomers radio between contact first the was Science Aeronautical Short title 3. PoS(RTS2012)010

of

ed The 089

- .

amma

G - so far so . The . exchange exchange

Speaker Name

tr X tr k was establish was HALCA and HALCA f the US Tracking Tracking US the f

- for the for

adioAstron , and measured , and R

under the chairmanship chairmanship the under

ing ground arrays meant meant arrays ground ing (IACG, comprising NASA, NASA, comprising (IACG, a 10m diameter telescope telescope diameter a 10m 130 (NRAO530), 1510 130 (NRAO530), of the of - as

observ -

the establishment in October 1985 1985 October in establishment the ].

This proved to be somewhat somewhat to be This proved on 1730 [11 forum for discussions on the ESA/NASA ESA/NASA the on for discussions forum on Space VLBI on Space limit limit , the forerunner forerunner , the The meetings also served served also meetings The

in 1986 1986 in . K 6

Panel

- 12 hoc Committee on Space VLBI on Space hoc Committee ma and Usuda in Japan). Japan). and in Usuda ma

- the only one of the three to be launched to be three the one of only the sub

requirement for co for requirement launch in 1988. 1988. in launch makers is to provide a to provide -

was approved for launch for approved was Agency Consultative Group Group Consultative Agency adioAstron

-

with fringes fringes with m diameter dishes, one of which was used to observe the observe to used was which one of dishes, diameter m . ans of the space agencies informing themselves of themselves informing agencies space the ans of involvement; this led to led this involvement;

on baselines up to 2.16 Earth diameters Earth to 2.16 up on baselines

the first the 4.9 COSPAR Ad COSPAR for for adioAstron (RISC)

as me a adioAstron R , R

above the canonical 10 the canonical above

I concepts so that dual satellite missions might, in principle, be possible. be possible. in principle, might, missions satellite concepts dual that so I international , after considerable discussion complicated by political considerations considerations political by complicated discussion considerable after , PL, under the leadership of Gerry Levy, was spearheading a space VLBI VLBI a space spearheading was Levy, of Gerry leadership the under PL, one of the Tracking and Data Relay System Satellites (TDRSS) System Relay and Data Tracking the one of In addition, the Inter the addition, In y 1980s, y , and ISAS) established a established , and ISAS) . in July 1986 1986 July in

ing came of the dual satellite idea, but individually both VSOP both individually but idea, satellite the dual of came ing cience Council cience satellite carried two carried satellite Soviet relations, a relations, Soviet . Both bodies were influential in keeping the profile of the various mission mission various the of the profile in keeping influential were bodies . Both

owed something of their design philosophy to the QUASAT legacy. to the QUASAT philosophy of their design something owed -

UV. The hope was was The hope UV. efforts - the earl

038, detected at 2.3 GHz at 2.3 038, detected relatively high amongst decision amongst high relatively - tr

. A schematic of the first space VLBI experiment in 1986 using one o using in 1986 experiment VLBI space first the of schematic . A It was one of three competing Spectrum missions, the others being Spe being others the missions, Spectrum competing three one of was It n

Meanwhile, J Meanwhile, I In March 1985 In k source and the other to transfer the data to a tracking station where it was recorded on a recorded was it where station tracking a to data the transfer to other the and source

adioAstron Figure 6 Figure transmit then and the sources radio from signals receive to satellites System Relay and Data the from signals the with correlation later for the US in Whitesands at station to a tracking them Nobeya Australia, in (Tidbinbilla array ground VLBI data acquisition unit for later correlation with the data from the ground array. This clever Thisclever array. the ground from data the with correlation later for unit data acquisition VLBI successful brilliantly was experiment and 1741 temperatures brightness International S International using demonstration geostationary radio 000 km. 000 km. and Spe interestingly but, optimistic the and mission in the interest international be to have would there on R Group Working international of an ideas on the space VLB space the on ideas the end noth In R of 100 height apogee an with an orbit in 22 GHz 5 and 0.3, 1.6, frequencies, at four operating related to US related Smith Graham of chairmanship the under and Soviet ESA, Intercosmos Jordan of Frank developments concepts Short title PoS(RTS2012)010

for for to

) – y before before 21 600 VSOP VSOP There is is There

ARISE it was it was Speaker Name of the of the

The eventual eventual The and in more in more and

chaired b chaired ts . - al of approval of approval al f both mission mission f both height of height The final report final The based VLBI based VLBI - . 8m diameter diameter 8m legiance to the Three Three the to legiance Astro Space Center Center Space Astro in these Proceedings Proceedings these in

gee gee until September 1999 until September well after the end of the the of the end after well 350 000 km was taken taken was 000 km 350

which lasted until June until lasted which

, apo

alone mission. The adjustments that took took that The adjustments -

t have the se the t have o 1986

was initially co initially was n

nt day nt ect which of several competing competing several of which ect from other perspectives other from , to add to the excitement, to add , to still did still February The concept was an an was concept The Interestingly, ground Interestingly,

prese

- . n and Leonid Gurvits Gurvits and Leonid the final value of of value final the

established with representation from all the the all from representation with established was tempered by the approval of the approval by tempered was QUASAT was disqualified two days days two disqualified was QUASAT . The VISC The VISC . etry between Space and Earth ( Earth and between Space etry

in an orbit with an orbit with in an

. ] 7

: 1988 were were

on the first launch of the new ISAS M5 rocket. M5 rocket. new ISAS the of on the launch first

adioAstro (IVS) studied by ESA and the and ESA by studied (IVS) for the RISC and 1992 for the VISC the for and 1992 RISC the for

the 1990s the B, 22 GHz 6 - continued to meet until 2006 meet to continued he Tzar, participating in advisory committee meetings meetings committee advisory in participating Tzar, he starting with Dave Jauncey. Jauncey. Dave with starting at will have to wait for another occasion. occasion. another for wait to have will at t Yuri Kovalev Yuri s and provide advice on the space and ground segments. and ground space on the advice and provide s affected the flow of funds to space science and this and this science space to of funds flow the affected , and and 198 out” in Oct 1988 to sel 1988 out” in Oct

- Huygens mission. Huygens - adioAstron in December 1988 December in 92

considerably. The RISC met regularly met The RISC considerably.

1.6, 5, Science Councils Science …So the QUASAT team all took an oath of al an oath took all team the QUASAT …So

, called Muses , called . chaired by Nikolay Kardashev and a member of the international international of the member and a Kardashev Nikolay chaired by - Advanced Radio Interferom Radio Advanced ,

ygens to Cassini failed [13 failed ygens to Cassini apogee height from 100 000 to from height apogee were drawn from Europe, USA, Canada and Australia Canada Europe, USA, drawn from were the Soviet Union on R Union Soviet the . for the decade thereafter until the launch date firmed up. The decision to decision up. The firmed date launch the until thereafter decade the for

adioAstron to review progres review to year rotating basis, basis, rotating year

was the Cassini the was - HALCA and R and HALCA - went into a Phase A study in ESA in in ESA A study a Phase into went e Center in the course of of course the in e Center m Hu m because it was judged to be too expensive as a stand as a expensive too to be judged was it because a few months later, a few months

International VLBI Satellite VLBI International

d go on to Phase C/D and launch. But launch. and C/D Phase on to d go - Soviet Russia from 19 from Soviet Russia VSOP -

ers by Hisashi Hirabayashi Hisashi by ers higher authorities higher – adioAstron

while continuing to work with work to continuing while

.

The RISC was co was RISC The The VLBI arrays in the US, Europe and Australia were key elements o elements key were and Australia Europe US, the in arrays VLBI The Pap There were some last gasps by ESA and NASA in the area of space VLBI in the decade VLBI space of area in the and NASA ESA by last gasps some There were QUASAT QUASAT i, of this round round this of by ISAS by so the remainder of this section will focus more on the international aspec international on the more focus will section this of remainder the so Team members members Team

to come to come some some . was issued in time for the for “shoot time in issued was

RISC and VISC and RISC ] . This was designated an engineering mission because mission engineering an . This designated was

Soviet Union/Russia Soviet Stage 3 Stage 3

slowed progress on R progress slowed sporadically and then the R raise the Spac Astro by and Zensus and Anton Morimoto Masaki 2005 November in mission stakeholders in order order in stakeholders in starting a year, twice met ISCs The on a two community post inplace missions 5.1 International and so concepts Samura receivers and building development their and concepts two mission the describe detail, unfurlable antenna operating at operating antenna unfurlable km payload the to be scheduled with closely Working from name three of the most prominent concepts. None made it past the feasibility stage. stage. feasibility the past it None made concepts. prominent the most of three name 5. team the QUASAT by felt disappointment great The launch radio channel fro channel radio or so in NASA by studied again (ALFA) Array Frequency Low and Advanced NASA, by studied 1988 [12 woul missions the presentation th but process, the to about be said much winner the nominal when experiment Probe important an saved Probe actually Huygens of the tracking Short title PoS(RTS2012)010

The

ight: r Speaker Name 1990s, but due due 1990s, but -

a chance chance a

: ight r the Netherlands the Netherlands .

esign and construction of and construction esign delivered, actually went actually delivered,

d ultural exchanges formed an formed exchanges ultural the four There was considerable overlap in overlap considerable There was

to greater mutual understanding. understanding. mutual to greater working with NRAO, and CSIRO in and CSIRO with NRAO, working

Similarly, a consortium of Indian of Indian a consortium Similarly, ssions, c ssions, u c

8

Planck Institute for Radioastronomy on behalf of on behalf for Radioastronomy Institute Planck -

tensify in 1993, it became clear that the ground ground the that clear it became in 1993, tensify of Technology of , in most cases, , in most Flight models were delivered by the mid by were delivered models Flight

an in November 1992. in November an n.

and Paul Vanden Bout initiated the Global VLBI Working Working VLBI Global the initiated Bout Vanden and Paul ive engineering and science dis and science engineering ive proceedings leading proceedings provided a level of continuity between the two missions. the between continuity of a level provided RISC meeting in Dwingeloo, The Netherlands in April 1988. 1988. in April The Netherlands in Dwingeloo, meeting RISC Ron Ekers Ekers Ron

th October Revolution Parade in Leningrad, November 1988 November in Leningrad, Parade Revolution October The 6 The

in collaboration with Russian institutes undertook undertook institutes Russian with in collaboration

s left: left: left: Roy Booth, Roy

. As preparations for VSOP began to in began VSOP for preparations As During the late 1980s, a number of the IACG agencies encouraged, and provided provided and encouraged, agencies IACG of the a number 1980s, late the During

Global VLBI Working Group Working VLBI Global 327 MHz receiver for RadioAstro receiver MHz 327 kan.

5.2 use space of the optimum to make scale on a global availability their plan to needed arrays resource. the European VLBI Consortium, while the Finnish Space Agency supported a similar effort on effort a similar supported Agency Space Finnish the while Consortium, VLBI the European University Helsinki by receiver the GHz 22 receiver. 1.6 GHz the and constructed designed Australia organisation the original the of receiver, 1.6 GHz the only launch in delay to the operation. successful and space into ryo ESA Europe, In telescope. orbiting the for receivers construct to observatories radio for, support by constructed and receiver designed 5 GHz a for test facilities provided Max and the Astronomy Radio for Foundation 8. Figure Japanese a in and the author Levy Gerry Burke, Bernie with Hirabayashi of Hirax meeting intens the additionto In the ISC of part integral 7 Figure Jap in Sagamihara, meeting VISC first which the membership Short title PoS(RTS2012)010

.

can can and and .

by the the by observed observed array Speaker Name at 5 and 1.6 at 5 and

(Fig. 10) (Fig. the launch site the site launch

VSOP launchVSOP period - HALCA. The HALCA. - in 1993. The prime aim of aim prime The 1993. in The jet in 3C 273 in jet 3C The

HALCA - right: named VSOP named -

throughout the pre the throughout based observatories and national or or and national based observatories . Transverse structure is seen in the jet for for jet in the seen is structure Transverse . - ] 5

assembled a few km from from a few km assembled , and re , and 9 [1 Agreements were also made on the format format the on made were also Agreements

VSOP Program Committee was established established was Committee Program VSOP HALCA in orbit. HALCA - joint “V” for victory and VSOP and victory for “V”

observed compact radio sources successfully successfully sources radio compact observed .

February 1997 February

, and a 12 , with one of the most interesting results from the increased increased the from results interesting most the one of , with ] itol bar in Socorro, New Mexico, USA USA Mexico, New in Socorro, itol bar 4 international partners partners international

[1

Roy Booth chaired the GVWG the GVWG Booth chaired Roy In this, it was eminently successful. Agreements guaranteeing guaranteeing Agreements successful. eminently it this, was In made were of the of ALCA mission ALCA years A much fuller account of this magnificent achievement can be found in the in found can be achievement magnificent this of account fuller much A

H 6 - o serve as a liaison between ground between liaison a as serve o Artist’s depiction of VSOP of depiction Artist’s ssions.

HALCA and the VLBA+Effelsberg and the HALCA for VSOP VSOP for left: - meeting in the Cap in the meeting

After the successful launch successful the After

VSOP The VSOP was launched on launched was VSOP to review and select observing proposals. proposals. observing select and to review for more than for more VSOP in orbit VSOP

10. Figure VSOP with time. firstthe angular resolution being the measurement of transverse structure in the 3C273 jet jet 3C273 the in structure transverse of measurement the being resolution angular Figure 9. Figure GHz contribution by Hirax Hirabayashi in these Proceedings. in these Hirabayashi Hirax by contribution 5.3 excitement collective 9. Figure in be seen the GVWG was t was the GVWG in telescopes radio ground by of participation coordination for agencies, space international mi VLBI Space availability arrays data. the of correlation Short title a at Group PoS(RTS2012)010

. After a . After

of radio radio of Yuri Yuri

Speaker Name Bob Preston, Preston, Bob

nged. nged. raft was 100 000 km 000 km 100 raft was

First fringes with fringes First Using a Geostationary

can be sampled with the with sampled be can p443 Leonid Gurvits, Gurvits, Leonid

, a superb achievement superb , a

VLBI right:

CNES, 153, L29

July 2011 July Study of

in orbit. in our understanding of the physics physics the of our understanding

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ness temperatures of up to 10 of temperatures ness adioAstron SCI( Satellite, R [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [1] [2]

adioAstron adioAstron adioAstron References Acknowledgements have benefit I Ken and Jauncey David Hirax Hirabayashi, paper. this in included of figures the some for Figure 11. 11. Figure R 0121+735 observing Earth, from Bright R challe be will galaxies massive in holes black central the to close emission R a record at detected were fringes first which during months several of period commissioning leng baseline physical planned. being are studies detailed more and place, taking now are andpulsars masers account fuller a much gives Kovalev Short title 5.4 PoS(RTS2012)010

2: -

213 - SCI(85)5 459 p SCI(88)4 Speaker Name ESA SP ESA

CNES, CNES, , , a SpaceSatellite, VLBI a Space VLBI Satellite,

, VLBI Techniques Arcsecond Resolution with VSOP - QUASAT

QUASAT

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Study on

QUASAT, a VLBI Observatory in Space,

Approaching Micro 281, 1825

438, 800

234,187 , Nature Science, p189 ESA Phase ESA A Study of

, ESA ESA Assessment , Proceedings of Proceedings of , 1998, Science Editor 2009, Proceedings of in , ashi et al, P. Lebreton et al., 2005, - J.

P.Burke, 1984, et G.al, Levy 1986, R. T. et al,Schilizzi 1988, H. Hirabay A. Lobanov

A. A. van Ardenne, J. D. 1983,O’Sullivan, Proceedings of in R. T. et al Schilizzi 1985,

Astrophysics and Technology [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [8] [9] Short title