FINE WOODWORKING’S BUILDING FURNITURE 2007 FURNITURE BUILDING WOODWORKING’S FINE THE BEST OF furniturebuilding How to make: Bookcases • Tables • Chairs Cabinets • Chests • Bureaus Beds • Sideboards
$8.99/Canada $9.99 A Taunton Publication
Display until Oct. 31, 2007 www.finewoodworking.com
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LEFT-TILT BLADE INTEGRATED DUST PORT MOBILE BASE THE BESTw OF furniturebuilding contents Bookshelves Tables Beds 18 Three Bookcases 30 Table Design 48 Anatomy of a Bed From simple to elegant, A well-proportioned table Construction details that work three approaches to building offers both comfort and style with almost any design a home for your books BY GRAHAM BLACKBURN BY JEFF MILLER BY PHILIP C. LOWE 34 Strong Joints Chairs 24 Sturdy Shelves Build sturdier tables How to build shelves by beefing up the basic that won’t wilt under load mortise and tenon 54 Chairmaking Basics BY JEFF MILLER BY GARRETT HACK The right approach combines efficiency, comfort, 38 Attaching Tabletops strength, and beauty BY KEVIN RODEL Four ways to secure a top to its base BY MARIO RODRIGUEZ Cabinets 42 Tables With Drawers 62 Chest of Drawers Build tables with Build a strong case and then one or more drawers change details to suit the style to last for generations BY WILL NEPTUNE BY WILL NEPTUNE 70 Classic Sideboard Common-sense approach to joinery in complex cabinets BY WILL NEPTUNE
DESIGNING 78 DRAWERS
Cover photo: Thomas McKenna BED 48 BASICS
CHEST OF 62 DRAWERS
88 Side-Hung Drawers Drawer Slides No-nonsense approach 78 Illustrated Guide keeps drawers running to Drawers straight and smooth From simple to refined, B Y MARK EDMUNDSON drawer options for the furniture maker BY MATTHEW TEAGUE Doors
82 Dovetailed Drawer 94 Doors for Furniture Departments An illustrated guide Learn to build traditional 6 Editor’s Letter drawers that stand to door construction the test of time BY GRAHAM BLACKBURN 8 Quick Tips BY JANET A. COLLINS ■ Jig makes it easier 99 Handmade Catches to cut keys in miters ■ Hold a drawer securely and Latches for planing Four elegant ways ■ Improved tabletop button to keep doors in place 14 Getting Started BY ANDY RAE, CHRISTIAN Managing moisture BECKSVOORT, DOUG NOYES, AND MICHAEL PEKOVICH 112 Q&A ■ Basics of breadboard-end 104 Installing construction Butt Hinges ■ How to size and space dovetails Traditional hinge ■ Securing a wide table apron will look and work great for decades BY GARRETT HACK Pp
STURDY FineWoodworking.com 24 SHELVES editor’s letter
Building Furniture ISSUE EDITOR DISCOVER THE JOY Thomas McKenna ISSUE ART DIRECTOR OF FURNITURE MAKING Michael Pekovich CONTRIBUTING COPY EDITOR When I started at Fine Woodworking magazine 10 Katy Zirwes Scott years ago, I had well-honed editing skills but only CONTRIBUTING DESIGNER Susan Lampe-Wilson basic woodworking knowledge. Back then, I was making very simple projects, things I needed to Fine Woodworking magazine keep my house organized, such as basic bookcases, EDITOR Asa Christiana ART DIRECTOR Michael Pekovich tables, and shelves. But after reading and editing hundreds of articles on furniture design and construction, I know how to build MANAGING EDITOR Mark Schofield furniture that’s sound both structurally and aesthetically, and I have the confidence MANAGING EDITOR, ONLINE Matt Berger ASSOCIATE EDITORS to tackle more complex pieces. I’d like to pass along what I’ve learned at Fine Tom Begnal, Steve Scott, Woodworking in one inclusive magazine: Building Furniture. This special collection Thomas McKenna, David Heim, Charlie Reina of Fine Woodworking’s best articles on furniture construction and anatomy comes ASSISTANT EDITOR Anissa Kapsales ASSISTANT EDITOR, ONLINE Gina Eide from some of the country’s foremost woodworking experts. Lessons learned here SENIOR COPY/PRODUCTION EDITORS can be applied to a broad range of furniture types and styles from various periods. Elizabeth Healy, Julie Risinit You’ll learn how to build bookcases, tables, chairs, cabinets, chests of drawers, ASSOCIATE ART DIRECTOR Kelly J. Dunton and beds in dozens of styles. You’ll also get in-depth information on building doors ASSISTANT ART DIRECTOR John Tetreault and drawers. If you want to build stylish furniture that will last generations, dive in, SHOP MANAGER John White ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT Betsy Engel explore, and enjoy the journey. CONTRIBUTING EDITORS —Tom McKenna Christian Becksvoort, Gary Rogowski, Building Furniture editor Garrett Hack, Roland Johnson, Steve Latta METHODS OF WORK Jim Richey
PUBLISHER FineWoodworking.com/BuildingFurniture Anatole Burkin MARKETING MANAGER Melissa Robinson For more inspiration and advice on handmade furniture, ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT Christina Glennon visit our Web site to explore photos, video tutorials, and CIRCULATION DIRECTOR Dennis O’Brien audio slide shows. Also, browse more than 1,500 SENIOR SINGLE COPY SALES MANAGER Jay Annis images of custom furniture submitted by readers ADVERTISING SALES MANAGER Peter Badeau around the world. SENIOR NATIONAL ACCOUNT MANAGER VIDEOS: Linda Abbett NATIONAL ACCOUNT MANAGER John Lagan •Furniture maker Matthew Teague goes step-by-step CORPORATE ACCOUNTS MANAGER Judy Caruso through the process of making a drawbored mortise and tenon. SENIOR AD SALES SUPPORT ASSOCIATE Marjorie Brown •Graham Blackburn shares practical tips and design inspiration for designing frame-and-panel furniture parts. WOODWORKING BOOKS & VIDEOS EXECUTIVE EDITOR Helen Albert •Fine Woodworking contributing editor Gary Rogowski shares his favorite Building Furniture: (ISSN: 1936-8127) is published by The Taunton Press, Inc., Newtown, CT 06470-5506. technique for laying out dovetails with a ruler and simple math. Telephone 203-426-8171. Canadian GST paid registration #123210981. Printed in the USA
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how to contact us:
Fine Woodworking The Taunton Press, 63 S. Main St., PO Box 5506, Newtown, CT 06470-5506 203-426-8171 www.finewoodworking.com
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Copyright 2007 by The Taunton Press, Inc. No reproduction without permission of The Taunton Press, Inc. quick tips edited and drawn by jim rich e y Ss Narrow side I NDEPENDENT PUBLISHERS SINCE 1 9 7 5 Sled for cutting 90° Wide side TAUNTON, INC. key-miter slots Founders, Paul and Jan Roman THE TAUNTON PRESS President Suzanne Roman Mitered Executive Vice President & picture Chief Financial Officer Timothy Rahr frame Cleat Runner Executive Vice President & Fence Publisher, Magazine Group Jon Miller Chief of Operations Thomas Luxeder
DIRECTORS Creative & Editorial Director Susan edelman Human Resources Director Carol Marotti Technology Services Director Jay hartley Controller Wayne Reynolds Advertising Director David Gray Fulfillment Director Patricia Williamson Financial Analysis Director Kathy Worth Circulation Director Dennis o’Brien
T h e Tau n To n P R e SS Books: Marketing: Melissa A. Possick, Audrey Locorotondo. Publicity: Nicole Salvatore, Janel Noblin. Adding solid-wood keys to mitered picture frames or mitered boxes not only makes Editorial: Helen Albert, Kathryn Benoit, Peter Chapman, the joint stronger, but it also adds interest. Typically, I use only one key per joint when Steve Culpepper, Pamela Hoenig, Courtney Jordan, Carolyn Mandarano, Nicole Palmer, Jennifer Russell, Erica making a picture frame. When making a box, I’ll add several keys to each joint. Sanders-Foege, Kathleen Williams. Art: Alison Wilkes, A key miter is made in three steps. First, the frame or box is glued up. Then a slot is Nancy Boudreau, Amy Griffin, Sandra Mahlstedt, Wendi cut in the miter joint. After that, the key is made and glued into the slot. Once the glue Mijal, Lynne Phillips, Carol Singer. Manufacturing: Thomas Greco, Laura Burrone. dries, the key is trimmed flush. Business office: Holly Smith, Gayle Hammond, Patricia No matter how many key miters I add to a joint, the sled shown here always makes Marini. Legal: Carolyn Kovaleski. Magazine Print it easier to cut the slots. In use, it slides front to back while Production: Philip Van Kirk, Nicole Anastas, Jennifer bearing against the fence of a tablesaw or router Kaczmarcyk. Miter joint Circulation: David Pond, Andrew Corson, Catherine table. The location of the slot is set by Hansen. moving the fence toward or away from Distribution: Paul Seipold, Walter Aponte, Frank Busino, the blade or router bit. David DeToto, Leanne Furlong, Deborah Greene, Frank The sled is made of plywood or Melbourne, Reinaldo Moreno, Raymond Passaro, Alice Saxton. medium-density fiberboard (MDF). It Finance/accounting: Finance: Brett Manning. consists of a V-shaped trough made up Accounting: Patrick Lamontagne, Lydia Krikorian, Judith of two sides—one wide, one narrow— O’Toole, Elaine Yamin, Carol Diehm, Dorothy Blasko, that meet at 90°. The ends of the trough Susan Burke, Lorraine Parsons, Larry Rice, James Tweedle, Slot Priscilla Jennings. extend to runners, where a pair of cleats, Fulfillment: Diane Goulart. Fulfillment Systems:Jodi some wood glue, and a few wood screws Klein, Kim Eads, Nancy Knorr, Thomas Kuzebski. join everything together. When connected to Solid-wood key, Customer Service: Kathleen Baker, Bonnie Beardsley, trimmed flush Deborah Ciccio, Katherine Clarke, Alfred Dreher, Paula the runners, the sides of the trough intersect after glue has set Ferreri, Eileen McNulty, Patricia Parks, Deana Parker, the saw or router table at 45°. Patricia Pineau, Betty Stepney. Data Entry: Melissa To cut a slot, the work is nestled into the trough and butted against the inside run- Youngberg, Anne Champlin, Mary Ann Colbert, Caryne- Lynne Davis, Maureen Pekar, Debra Sennefelder, Andrea ner. As a result, I can hold the frame (or box) securely in place (keeping my fingers Shorrock, Marylou Thompson, Barbara Williams. away from the path of the sawblade) as the work is passed over the blade or bit. human Resources: Linda Ballerini, Christine Lincoln, —Gary roGowski, contributing editor to Fine Woodworking Dawn Ussery.
F I N E WOODWO r k IN g
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Information Technology Services: Applications CENTER for FURNITURE Development: Heidi Waldkirch, Jun Lu, Frank Miller, Using Robert Nielsen, Linda Reddington, John Vaccino, Daniel CRAFTSMANSHIP Woodhouse. Desktop and Network Support: Kenneth Jones, Petre Cotofana, Paul DelPadre, Gabriel Dunn, Michael Lewis, Teaching Quality Jay Ligouri. Creative Excellence Operations: Joseph Morits, Roberta Calabrese, Kevin DeGroate, Leah Flynn, John Gedney, Marc Imbimbo, Hardware Jennifer Licursi, Susan Nerich, Jeannette Pascal, Amy WORKSHOPS Reilly. T Room: Michael Louchen, Geraldine Benno, Anna STUDIO FELLOWSHIPS Pendergast, Anne Scheurer, Norma-Jean Taylor. Maintenance: Good hardware means differ- Lincoln Peters. TWELVE-WEEK INTENSIVES ent things to different people. No Promotion: Jane Weber, Promotion Creative: Jennifer NINE-MONTH COMPREHENSIVE matter the style, there are three Wheeler Conlon, Kristen Coons, Michele Mayernik, Sandra Motyka, Nicole Pallatto, William Sims. Promotion Operations: elements to consider: Diane Flanagan, John Cavallaro, Sandra Hannan, Kate Rockport, Maine Krentsa. www.woodschool.org Material: You chose your wood Taunton Creative: Michael Amaditz, Sarah Opdahl. Video: Gary Junken. carefully. Choose the hardware just Publishing Services: Deborah Cooper. Publishing as carefully. We use solid brass. It Technologies: Mark Merritt, Tracy Goodpaster. Photography: lasts forever. Scott Phillips. Prepress: Richard Booth, William Bivona, David Blasko, Richard Correale, William Godfrey, Brian Leavitt, Chansam Thammavongsa.Advertising Production: Construction: Good construc- Laura Bergeron, Lisa DeFeo, Steven Molnar, Patricia Petro, tion is a must. Hardware reflects Kathryn Simonds, Martha Stammer. the countless hours spent building Tau n TO n D I R E C T your masterpiece. Details make the Donna Capalbo, Keri DeGross, Michele Ladyko, Kathleen difference. McGreevy, Michael Valanzola. Tau n TO n I n TER aCTIVE Jodie Delohery, Robert Harlow, David Hall, Christopher Finish: You’ve strived to get Casey, Mark Coleman, Trish Dardine, Ruth Dobsevage, Lisa your wood to glow. The brasses Durand, Erika Foreman, Geoff Krajeski, Steve Lombardi, need to accentuate that effort. A Victoria North, Michael Stoltz, Dawn Viglione. beautiful finish is the final step. Tau n TO n T R a DE Kevin Hamric, Director; John Bacigalupi, Brett DeMello, Allison Hollett, Elizabeth Quintiliano, Rebecca Shafton. Single Copy Sales: Jay Annis, Mark Stiekman, Valerie Droukas.
TaunTOn MaGaZInES SHAKER The Fine Woodworking • Fine Homebuilding A fine collection of reproduction Horton Brasses Threads • Fine Gardening • Fine Cooking Shaker furniture, oval boxes and Our magazines are for people who are passionate more. Available as do-it-yourself Difference about their pursuits. Written by practicing experts in kits or custom finished. Large selection of replacement the field, Taunton Press magazines provide authentic, chair tapes. reliable information supported by instructive and inspiring visuals. Call now for free catalog TaunTOn BOOKS 1-800-840-9121 We have been making brass hard- Our books are filled with in-depth information and SHAKER WORKSHOPS ware for 70 years. We think we’ve - creative ideas from the finest authors in their fields. Box 8001 FW Ashburnham, MA 01430 learned a few things about making Whether you’re practicing a craft or engaged in the and delivering hardware. creation of your home, Taunton books will inspire you www.shakerworkshops.com/fw to discover new levels of accomplishment. • We have no minimum order WWW.TaunTOn.COM Our website is a place where you can discover more size about the interests you enjoy, converse with fellow enthusiasts, shop at our convenient on-line store or • Hardware is always in stock contact customer service. EMPLOYMEnT InFORMaTIOn ! • Substantial quantity To inquire about career opportunities, please visit our discounts website at careers.taunton.com. You may also write to The Taunton Press, Human Resources, 63 S. Main St., Please call or visit us online. Box 5506, Newtown, CT 06470. CuSTOMER SERVICE www.horton-brasses.com We are here to answer any questions you might have and to help you order our magazines, books and 800-754-9127 videos. Just call us toll-free at 800-477-8727. 49 Nooks Hill Road Cromwell, CT 06416 The Taunton Press, Inc., Taunton Direct, Inc., Taunton Trade, Inc., and Taunton Interactive, Inc., are all subsidiaries of Taunton, Inc.
building furniture 2007 quick tips continued
Jig makes it easier to plane sides of drawers
It usually is necessary to plane the sides of an assembled drawer The yoke is a rectangular piece of 3⁄4-in.-thick plywood. A to get a perfect fit in the drawer pocket. But it can be a chore to 1-in.-wide slot cut in the yoke accepts either the drawer front or hold the drawer in place for that task. back. Attaching a hardwood cleat to the underside of the yoke The typical routine requires that you clamp the drawer to allows it to be clamped in the vise. the side of a bench, take a pass with the plane, unclamp the The support board has slots on each side to accommodate drawer, check the fit, reclamp, take another pass with the plane, drawers of different depths. I hold it in place by sliding a clamp and so on. through one of the benchdog holes, which keeps the clamp This simple jig saves time and effort. It consists of two main clear of the planing area. A bench hook also would work. By parts: a yoke that mounts in the end vise and a flipping the piece end support board that clamps to the workbench. Plywood yoke, 3/4 in. thick Cleat, 1 in. thick for end and moving Once the jig is set up, you simply slide by 2 in. wide by the clamp to different 16 in. long the drawer in place and plane. benchdog holes, I can Slide the drawer out to fit drawers of almost any check the fit. The jig width or length. If I provides support can’t, I just cut a so that the sides new slot in the stay flat. It also plywood. holds the drawer —Mark in such a way that EdMundson, I don’t feel like sandpoint, Idaho I’m stressing the corner joinery.
Slots to accept drawer
Plywood support board, Extra 3/4 in. thick by 16 in. sq. A lot of woodworkers fill smallish dings, dents, and splits with homemade Front screw applies putty made from sanding improved tabletop button pressure to apron slot. dust and wood glue. fits slot every time Back screw holds button in place. To make the putty less visible, I go a half-step An apron slot that’s a little too high further and use dust from or low won’t make a difference to the same species of wood this tabletop button. A kerf under the that’s getting filled. To working end of the button gives it the ensure a ready source of flexibility to bend up or down as needed different types of sawdust, to slip into the slot. I store dust from several —PEtEr WallIn, Malmö, sweden common wood species in Tabletop individual containers. A Slot in apron sawdust source is never a problem; I just empty the dust-collection canister on my random-orbit sander after using it on a particular species of wood. —Michael Wilson, Tuscaloosa, ala.. Button Kerf
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www.finewoodworking.com building furniture 2007 13 getting started Living with wood movement
Shop environment iS the key
by Garrett Hack Step 1: let new Stock adjuSt to your Shop hen I was still wet behind the ears as a furniture maker, I once built a tabletop that When bringing wood into the shop, allow the moisture content shrank so much against the breadboard ends to balance with shop condi- that it cracked. tions. The easiest way is to I hadn’t taken into account the amount of stack boards vertically (above) shrinkage the top would experience in the dry or horizontally on racks in the air of the first winter. As it tried to shrink against the pegs of the shop for a few weeks. A moisture W meter can be used to check the breadboard ends, two fine cracks opened up. It didn’t matter how old the wood was or if it was kiln- or air-dried, it was seasoning process by compar- ing readings from newly arrived doing what wood forever will do—shrink and swell as it loses stock (top right) with an average or absorbs moisture from the atmosphere. reading from boards that have Despite modern glues, well-engineered joinery, and sealing already acclimated to the shop finishes, wood’s moisture content demands attention if you want (bottom right). Finally, mill stock your work to last. Out of necessity, I’ve developed strategies in stages. Leave extra material for dealing with moisture content as I’m seasoning the stock, when ripping boards to width milling the wood, and building my furniture. (below) or surfacing them with the jointer and planer. Varia- tions in moisture content within Seasoning and milling the stock boards can cause them to warp When lumber arrives in my shop, I stack it loosely on end against after milling. Excess material a wall or on horizontal racks with stickers between the layers allows room to correct this later. so that air can move through the pile. Then I leave it alone. The simplest way to reduce potential moisture problems is to let the wood acclimate to the shop well in advance of starting a project. In the winter, softwoods can acclimate in a week, and dense hardwoods in a few weeks. If I need to speed the process, I rough- cut parts and stack them in the gentle warmth above my shop heater. Even in the summer, when the atmosphere is at its most humid, the wood dries further. The longer it adjusts, the better. For a long time I have relied on empirical methods that I’m sure past cabinetmakers also used. Dry wood feels warm, and produces more crumbly plane shavings than wetter wood. For thick stock, I drill into a waste section to see if the borings seem dry. Only recently have I also begun to use a moisture meter to know exactly how quickly the final drying is progressing. A simple meter that uses two pins inserted into the wood surface costs about $125. My milling strategy is aimed at producing stable parts with the same moisture content inside as on the surface. Wood not fully acclimated, especially thick stock, can be wetter inside than out. A few days of rain, however, and very high humidity, can leave
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