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(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,753,498 B2 Chuang Et Al USOO8753498B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,753,498 B2 Chuang et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jun. 17, 2014 (54) OPEN OPTOELECTROWETTING DROPLET (56) References Cited ACTUATION DEVICE AND METHOD U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS Inventors: Han-Sheng Chuang, Taipei (TW); (75) 3,801.317 A 4, 1974 Tanaka et al. Aloke Kumar, Kolkata (IN); Steven T. 6,911,132 B2 * 6/2005 Pamula et al. ................ 204f600 Wereley, West Lafayette (IN) 6,958,132 B2 10/2005 Chiou et al. 7,508,566 B2 3/2009 Feenstra et al. (73) Assignee: Purdue Research Foundation, West 2006, O146099 A1 7/2006 Wang et al. Lafayette, IN (US) 2006/0165565 A1 7/2006 Ermakov ...................... 422/130 2007/0095669 A1 5/2007 Lau et al. ...................... 204,547 2008.003881.0 A1 2/2008 Pollack et al. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 2009,0170186 A1* 7, 2009 Wu et al. .................... 435/286.1 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (21) Appl. No.: 13/380.256 WO WO 2005/OOO970 A1 1, 2005 WO WO 2005/OO1120 A1 1, 2005 PCT Fled: Jun. 25, 2010 WO WO 2005/OO1121 A1 1, 2005 (22) WO WO 2006/094356 A1 9, 2006 (86) PCT NO.: PCT/US2O10/040O31 OTHER PUBLICATIONS S371 (c)(1), G. J. Shah, Electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) for Biochemical (2), (4) Date: Dec. 22, 2011 Applications: Particle Manipulation for Separation in Droplet (87) PCT Pub. No.: WO2O10/151794 Microfluidics, University of California (2008).* PCT Pub. Date: Dec. 29, 2010 (Continued) (65) Prior Publication Data Primary Examiner — Luan Van US 2012/OO910O3 A1 Apr. 19, 2012 Assistant Examiner — Maris R. Kessel (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Maginot, Moore & Beck Related U.S. Application Data LLP (60) Provisional application No. 61/220,392, filed on Jun. 25, 2009. (57) ABSTRACT An open optoelectrowetting (o-OEW) device for liquid drop (51) Int. C. let manipulations. The o-OEW device is realized by coplanar BOLD 57/02 (2006.01) electrodes and a photoconductor. The local switching effect (52) U.S. C. for electrowetting resulting from illumination is based on the USPC ........................................... 204/600; 204/450 tunable impedance of the photoconductor. Dynamic virtual (58) Field of Classification Search electrodes are created using projected images, leading to free USPC ................. 204/450 470,546–550, 600-621, planar movements of droplets. 2047641–645 See application file for complete search history. 15 Claims, 9 Drawing Sheets islator rs, : Principle waltage Drop Cy -- AAA ins s h S, US 8,753.498 B2 Page 2 (56) References Cited Wu, J. et al., “Design, Simulation and Fabrication of Electrowetting Based Actuators for Integrated Digital Microfluidics.” Proceedings OTHER PUBLICATIONS of the IIEEE International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems, Jan. 18-21, 2006, Zhuhai, China, pp. 1097 Zeng, J. et al., “Principles of Droplet Electrohydrodynamics for 1100. Lab-On-A-Chip.” Lab. On a Chip, No. 4, 2004, pp. 265-277. Yi. U. et al., “Characterization of Electrowetting Actuation on Velev, O. et al., "On-Chip Manipulation of Free Droplets.” Nature, Addressable Single-Side Coplanar Electrodes,” Journal of vol. 426, No. 6966, Dec. 4, 2003, pp. 515-516. Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol. 16, No. 10, Oct. 2006, Kotz, K. et al., “Optically Addressed Droplet-Based Protein Assay.” pp. 2053-2059. Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 127, No. 16, pp. Chiou, P-Y. et al., “Light Actuation of Liquid by Optoelectrowet 5736-5737. ting.” Sensors and Actuators A. Physical, vol. 104, No. 3, May 15, Sun, R. et al., “Photoinduced Surface Wettability Conversion of ZnO and TiO2 Thin Films.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. vol. 105, 2003, pp. 222-228. No. 10, Mar. 15, 2001, pp. 1984-1990. Australian Biotechnology, Director of Australian Biotech, online Beyssen, D. et al., “Microfluidic Device Based on Surface Acoustic (C)Ausbiotech, retrieved Jun. 21, 2010. Retrieved from the Internet: Wave.” Sensors and Actuators B. Chemical, vol. 118, No. 1-2, Oct. http://www.ausbiotech.org/directory details. 25, 2006, pp. 380-385. asp?companyid=%7BBOF855AC-C807-43B4-AADB Moon, H. et al., “Low Voltage Electrowetting-On-Dielectric,” Jour 6AC54143197B%7D&returntour1=%2Fdirectory%2Fsearch. nal of Applied Physics, vol. 92, No. 7, Oct. 1, 2002, pp. 4080-4087. asp%3Fpg%3D36, 3 pgs. Cho, S. et al., “Particle Separation and Concentration Control for Park, S. et al., “Light-Driven Microfluidic Platforms for Droplet Digital Microfluidic Systems.” IEEE The Sixteenth Annual Interna Based Biochemical Analysis. Optical Trapping and Optical tional Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, Jan. 19-23, Micromanipulation VI., Dholakia, Kishan; Spalding, Gabriel C. 2003, Kyoto, Japan, pp. 686-689. Eds. Proceedings of the SPIE. Aug. 2-6, 2009, San Diego, CA. vol. Fan, S-K. et al., “Manipulation of Multiple Droplets on NXM Grid by 7400., pp. 74000U-1-74000U-10. Cross-Reference EWOD Driving Scheme and Pressure-Contact International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Sep. 10, Packaging.” IEEE The Sixteenth Annual International Conference on 2010, in PCT Application No. PCT/US2010/040031 (8 pgs). Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, Jan. 19-23, 2003, Kyoto, Japan, Cho, S. et al., “Creating, Transporting, Cutting, and Merging Liquid pp. 694-697. Droplets by Electrowetting-Based Actuation for Digital Microfluidic Chiou, P-Y et al., “Droplet Manipulation With Light on Circuits,” Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, vol. 12, No. 1, Optoelectrowetting Device.” Journal of Microelectromechanical Feb. 2003, pp. 70-80. Systems, vol. 17, No. 1, Feb. 2008, pp. 133-138. Pollack, M. et al., “Electrowetting-Based Actuation of Liquid Drop Inui, N., “Relationship Between Contact Angle of Liquid Droplet and Light Beam Position in Optoelectrowetting.” Sensors and Actuators lets for Microfluidic Applications.” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 77. A. Physical, vol. 140, No. 1, Oct. 1, 2007, pp. 123-130. No. 11, Sep. 11, 2000, pp. 1725-1726. U.S. Appl. No. 12/261,622, filed Oct. 30, 2008, Williams et al. Teh, S. et al., “DropletMicrofluidics.” Lab. On a Chip, No. 8, 2008, pp. U.S. Appl. No. 12/404.866, filed Mar. 16, 2009, Kumar et al. 198-220. Chuang, H. et al., “Open Optoelectrowetting Droplet Actuation.” Wang, K-L. et al., “Dynamic Control of DEP Actuation and Droplet Applied Physics Letters, vol. 93, No. 6, Aug. 14, 2008, pp. 064104 Dispensing.” Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol. 1-064104-3. 17, No. 1, Jan. 2007, pp. 76-80. Kotz, K., et al., “Optical Microfluidics.” Applied Physics Letters, vol. Sukhanova, A. et al., “Lab-In-A-Drop: Controlled Self-Assembly of 85, No. 13, Sep. 27, 2004, pp. 2658-2660. CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots and Quantum Rods Into Polycrystalline Lee, M., et al., “Development of a Non-Continuous Micro-Flow Nanostructures With Desired Optical Properties.” Nanotechnology, Opto-Wetting DropletManipulation Technology.” Biomedical Engi vol. 18, No. 18, May 9, 2007, 8 pgs. neering. Applications, Basis and Communications, vol. 17. No. 6, Chang, Y-H. et al., “Integrated Polymerase Chain Reaction Chips Dec. 25, 2005, pp. 293–299. Utilizing Digital Microfluidics.” Biomedical Microdevices, vol. 8, Cooney, C., et al., “Electrowetting Droplet Microfluidics on a Single No. 3, Sep. 1, 2006, pp. 215-225. Planar Surface.” Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, vol. 2, No. 5, Sep. 1, Chiou, P-Y. et al., “Massively Parallel Manipulation of Single Cells 2006, pp. 435-446. and Microparticles Using Optical Images.” Nature, vol. 436, No. Torkkeli. Altti, “DropletMicrofluidics on a Planar Surface.” Doctoral 7049, Jul 21, 2005, pp. 370-372. Dissertation, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland, 2003, 214pgs. * cited by examiner U.S. Patent Jun. 17, 2014 Sheet 1 of 9 US 8,753,498 B2 –:S X as a FIG. 1 U.S. Patent Jun. 17, 2014 Sheet 2 of 9 US 8,753,498 B2 itsuiator E3 light it mination Principle Wottage fog FIG 2 U.S. Patent Jun. 17, 2014 Sheet 3 of 9 US 8,753,498 B2 dropies is w X g 23 2.2 --> Bright FIG.3 U.S. Patent Jun. 17, 2014 Sheet 4 of 9 US 8,753,498 B2 siegist X : 2:3 23 Dark Sight , , , , , , , , , , , , l , , , , , , , , , s FIG. 4 U.S. Patent Jun. 17, 2014 Sheet 5 Of 9 US 8,753,498 B2 25 20 > CD Oit 15 D s ti 10 5 O O 500 1OOO 1500 2000 2500 3000 Frequency (Hz) FIG. 5 FIG. 6 U.S. Patent Jun. 17, 2014 Sheet 6 of 9 US 8,753,498 B2 SSS U.S. Patent Jun. 17, 2014 Sheet 7 Of 9 US 8,753,498 B2 U.S. Patent Jun. 17, 2014 Sheet 8 of 9 US 8,753,498 B2 S S yS U.S. Patent Jun. 17, 2014 Sheet 9 Of 9 US 8,753,498 B2 Illumination Insulator PhotoConductor Substrate DC Voltage DC Voltage FIG 11 US 8,753,498 B2 1. 2 OPEN OPTOELECTROWETTING DROPLET pattern of reference electrodes and driving electrodes. The ACTUATION DEVICE AND METHOD interdigitated edges are used to decrease the discontinuity due to the gap. From the bottom to the top, the materials are glass CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED Substrate, titanium (Ti) electrodes, amorphous silicon (a-Si) APPLICATION photoconductor, silicon dioxide (SiO) insulator, and Teflon hydrophobic coating. This application claims the benefit of Provisional Patent FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the mechanism of Application No. 61/220,392, filed Jun. 25, 2009, which appli the open OEW. FIG. 2A shows the initial state before illumi cation is hereby incorporated by reference. nation. The droplet maintains a high contact angle and the 10 principal Voltage drop falls within the photoconductive layer. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS FIG. 2B shows the excited state after illumination. The impedance of the photoconductor is significantly reduced, This invention was made with U.S.
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