When Transhumanism

Home , Cyberattack, TechnoCalyps

12 This research also aimed is at integratingknowledge into singular model and raisingscholarly debates the development. on new and Philosophy of Human Future edited by Max More and Natasha Vita-More in2013including other literatures as we them. need Schnappfrey published in2012and The TranshumanistContemporary Classical and Essays Reader: Science. the on Technology, ofmethod reading two e-literatures: Digital_Humanities by Anne Burdick, Johanna Drucker, Peter Lunenfeld, Todd Presner &Jef parative lens from conceptual the theoretical Knowledge framework Digital called Integration (DKI) using hypothetic-deductive Intelligence (AI) Society, Internet, Artificial Big Data, Digitalization, HumanitiesDigital (DH), Transhumanism (H+), Integration (DKI), KnowledgeDigital Keywords: 1239 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.4456 cyber-literaturesThe arethus: of H+and the DH the respectively to narrow our findings but not to stopwithintheir circumferences alone. and other technologies? To answer enigmatic these questions, we have chosen two e-literatures, one for each factors linking their and divergences? As to what extent influence can they the human world using DataBig as fields the of influencestudieswhich will the a whole.future One may what ofask, human beings as are rolesthe of Transhumanism the (>Hor H+)and Humanities Digital the (DH) movements as digital as well it forcalled we ourselves have native, become digital Prensky lens (2001).Critical may to inquire begin into ulty with diverse complex departments moving towards establishing citizenship digital the (2016) as Bearden entific research questions thatall studies theon e-academia in maylater be summed up into only single fac 2013). Uniting Transhumanism Humanities with Digital answer and will wholesocio-cultural sci the new conceptions for its key roles—the innovation change and social we which are always yearning for (Ho, W.W.S., knowledge Integration clarity needs to foster on perspectives merging the new of duo human-technological humanbetween and being computers). the They are now the at verge of entering intotheir golden age. Digital emanatedthem from twentieth the century human-computational studies (i.e. study the of interaction the ities. Even though,Transhumanism the movement is older than humanities Digital the movement, of both In era,Transhumanism digital this and Humanities Digital the are most the pronounced of human the aspect Motivations1. Introduction, andGoals

CONTACT: Waliya, Yohanna Joseph Humanities(H+) Meets Digital (DH) Integration Knowledge Digital (DKI): When Transhumanism Calabar-Nigeria, E-mail: Waliya, Yohanna Languages ofModern andTranslation Department Joseph, Studies, ofCalabar, University International Journal ofPedagogyInternational Journal Innovation andNew Technologies journal homepage:http://www.ijpint.comjournal

ISSN: 2392-0092, is channeled towards breaking two the through between barriers help the the of com critical the sharethey same the perceptions on future the of digitalization the and humanpaper This beings. technological thoughts have hoofing been at a distance eachto other whereasfor innately decades Humanitieswith Digital the (DH) may threats minimizethose but dual the evolving human- of humanity and its endeavors, threats posing as well as benefits. Merging Transhumanism (H+) has made life paradoxically both appreciative and problematic as it nature increases global the Transhumanthem and allowing integration the of of our aspect into digital the daily life every human endeavors and life. However, process the of digitalizing human themselves, beings making To extent, world the has come to embrace a large digitalization currentlywhich permeates all Digital_Humanities

Abstract: [email protected] 10.5604/23920092.1134790 10.5604/01.3001.0014.4456

Vol. 7, written by of a team contributors; Anne Burdick, Johanna No. 1, 2020 , [email protected]

Vol. 7,No. 1,2020, pp. 39-49 - - - - -

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) 40 Waliya, Yohanna Joseph • Digital Knowledge Integration (DKI): When Transhumanism (H+) Meets Digital Humanities (DH) Drucker, Peter Lunenfeld, Todd Presner and Jeffrey Schnapp from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, published in 2012, in order to answer the role of humanities and creativities of human beings in the digital era. It comprises 153 pages (pp. xi, 142) whereas The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science. Technology, and Philosophy of Human Future is an e-book of 509 pages edited by Max More and Natasha Vita-More and published in 2013 in Oxford by the Wiley Blackwell publisher. Its major purpose is tracing the history of the Transhumanism philosophical development from the antiquities to present day and its influence on the future of the human beings. Having skimmed through many other transhumanist and digital humanist e-literatures. Curiosity must set in one’s heart to canvas for integrating all digital knowledge into a singular notion because of the enormous promising benefits they will offer to humanity but not without menaces. Transhumanism and Digital Humanities are grounded on the computational turn in regard to humanities and all that involves human findings. The preliminary aspect of this paper covers the characterization of the terms, literature review and proposed theoretical framework called Digital Knowledge Integration (DKI). Whilst our discussion deals with the comparative studies on Transhumanism (>H or H+) and the Digital Humanities (DH), the objective is to spurt out towards synthetizing the two thoughts as well as concluding with an open argument on the subject.

2. Characterisation of the Key terms

Digital Knowledge Integration

Knowledge Integration as it implies is not new for management, environmental, mathematics, computer, engineering and robotic scientists. In this study, it is not dealing with how to integrate technology into an environment in order to get maximum performance but bringing two digital knowledge sources together to form new knowledge in the digital planet which is called Digital Knowledge Integration. Nevertheless, Ho, W.W.S in the rich paper titled Tools and Methods: .Guidelines for knowledge integration: navigating a myriad of perspectives (2013) cited an international organization based in Netherlands called Hivos, defined Knowledge Integration (KI) as “a knowledge development methodology that integrates various forms of (new) knowledge – academic, practitioner, educational and cultural expressions of knowledge – from which new insights can be created and strategies formulated that contribute to the development of new policies and practices for the development sector (Hivos 2012, p.190).” Hivos is talking about the general knowledge integration but we are focusing on harmonizing the digital knowledge i.e. integrating knowledge into another knowledge.

Transhumanism

Transhumanism, at its development was called Eupraxsophy (More & Vita-More, 2013, p. 21). It is an international, political, intellectual, socio-cultural, philosophical, and scientific movement that establishes the pos- sibility and desirability of improving or enhancing the human race by technology to eliminate the ravages of aging and add superhuman abilities to the human body to function beyond biological abilities (idem; Bostrom, 2011; Marrs, 2013; Transhumanism, 2017; Ferrando, 2013; Coenen, 2014; Jousset-Couturier, 2016; Various, 2003; Baumann, 2010; Sirius & Cornell, 2015; Nedervelde, 2015). Transhumanists affirm in theTranshuman - ism Declaration 2.0 that “positive transhumanist ideas and ideals need to be infused into public life at all levels, from popular culture and art to politics and religion (Bruere, 2014).” An expert cited the Troy Anderson’s definition of Transhumanism by Istvans who defines it as literally meaning beyond human. Transhumanists Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) BY-NC (CC 4.0 International Attribution-NonCommercial Commons Creative consist of life extensionists, techno-optimists, Singularitarians, biohackers, roboticists, AI (Artificial Intelli- gence) proponents, and futurists who embrace radical science and technology to improve the human condi- tion. The most important aim for many transhumanists is to overcome human mortality, a goal some believe is achievable by 2045’ (Olago, 2016) . DH tools enhance human’s ability to analyze Big Data.

Digital Humanities

This work is licensed under a is licensed work This Before the Second World War in the 1940s to earliest 21st century, the Digital Humanities had many meta- phoric and substantive nomenclatures such as Humanities Computing, Humanist Informatics, Literary and Linguistic Computing and Digital Resources in the Humanities, Gates of Hell, eHumanities etc. (Nyhan,

DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.4456 Vol. 7, No. 1, 2020, pp. 39-49 Waliya, Yohanna Joseph • Digital Knowledge Integration (DKI): When Transhumanism (H+) Meets Digital Humanities (DH) 41 Terras, & Edward, 2013; Rockwell, 2013; Vanhoutte, 2013; Daniel, Claire, & Philippe, 2014; Dalbello, 2011). Ross sees DH as the field of studies that is “embracing all those scholarly activities in the humanities that involve writing about digital media and technology and being engaged in processes of digital media produc- tion, practice, and analysis (2009, p. 168).” Digital Humanities is viewed as “new modes of scholarship and institutional units for collaborative, transdisciplinary, and computationally engaged research, teaching, and publication (Burdick A., Drucker J., Lunenfeld P., Presner T. & Schnapp J., 2012, p. 122).” This means Digital Humanities is complex discipline with spiral of collaborative researches using computer to count texts, read and min complex texts from Big Data which are beyond human capabilities. Burdick A, et al(2012) suggested that the Digital Humanities will function expediently in our 21st century as core curriculum. It means for every course to be studied or relevant, it must be wholly lost into digital humanities because human beings are addicted to the digitalization of the universe... The analysis which could have taken human beings donkey years is just done in seconds with DH tools. DH is an extension of H+.

3. Literature Review

Digital Humanities is extending her scope to inculcate herself into the Digital Knowledge Integration singularity. Digital humanities’ aim is enhancing human knowledge socially, culturally, cognitively and religiously through computer or digital information technologies. Comparing transhumanist thought with digital humanist concept instigates debates. Hall argued categorically in The Pirate Philosophy that there’s nothing like Digital Humanities but rather Digital Post-Humanities (Hall G. , 2016, p. 86), in another word there is only digital Transhumanism not Digital Humanities for Transhumanism is a subset to the Post-Humanism (Ferrando, 2013, p. 26). It is not looking only into cyborgization or digitalization of human beings as data but also enhancing human capacity to surpass their weak nature through an epigenetic process (Weber, 2016). Cyborgization is happening even in Digital Humanities’ researches whereby the social scientists use supercomputer intelligence to minimize Big Data (Burdick A., Drucker J., Lunenfeld P., Presner T. & Schnapp J., 2012; Schreibman, Ray, & John, 2016). We do acknowledge the existence of both fields as two individual human-computational and cultural movement poising at enhancing human beings and their endeavors now and in the generation to come. Transhumanism has become the favorite ideology of parts of the digital upper class, as criticisms suggest themselves, but the fact that a certain imbalance between social and techno-scientific progress…human corporeality is re-defined and re-designed with a view to finding new ways to merge humans and technologies (Coenen, 2014, pp. 51,53). In this case whereby Transhumanism has become a favorite ideology of the digital upper class, as argued by Coenen, it thus shares similar attributes as Digital Humanities. As Digital Humanities is aiming at merging humanities and technology, Transhumanism is busy doing likewise. Consequently, they are of the same family for without humans there is not humanities vice versa. Both of these disciplines offer better opportunities now and in the future (Joost, 2015; Pink, S; Ardèvol, E. & Lanzeni D., 2016) that is the reason we need to use our cyber-utopianism to establish this epistemic unison. Digital humanities currently brings together a range of epistemic traditions, disciplines, and perspectives. The lively dialog in and about the field is partly a consequence of this multivocal situation, and the variety of positions makes institutionalizing efforts difficult. Bringing together different traditions requires a great deal of negotiation, and the formation of a new discipline normally leads to a decentering of particular disciplinary identities and eventually to the establishment of a distinct epistemic regime (Svensson, 2016, p. 479). It is obvious that the Digital Humanities is gearing towards Digital Knowledge Integration as affirmed above by Svensson and also it is mentioned in Bruere’s The Transhumanist Declaration 2.0, (2014) that Tran- 4.0) BY-NC (CC 4.0 International Attribution-NonCommercial Commons Creative shumanism is questing for integration into all spheres of human life. Then, we are on the right track of merging them together because “at the heart of the digital humanities is the idea that humanities scholarship can be carried out and expressed in a digital environment, that the humanities need no longer to be bound by the technological restrictions (Prescott, 2016, p. 462).” All opportunity appears to support the integration of H+ and DH. These are the missing links in the digital world researches we will like to bridge and bring them into the academic debates. This work is licensed under a is licensed work This

DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.4456 Vol. 7, No. 1, 2020, pp. 39-49 42 Waliya, Yohanna Joseph • Digital Knowledge Integration (DKI): When Transhumanism (H+) Meets Digital Humanities (DH) 4. Theoretical Framework: Digital Knowledge Integration (DKI)

All the tendencies of the digital world and thoughts should be harmonized in order to form singular domain of study with diverse expressions in the pure sciences, social sciences and arts holistically because there is already integration of humanities, human endeavors with the computer to the extent that none today can be effective independently. Integrating the objectified knowledge of the duo domains is of great reward to human beings. Transhumanism and Digital Humanities are knowledge because of their broadness. We are not integrating information into existing information but existing knowledge into existing knowledge. Information is a specific concept but knowledge is broad and ambiguous structurally (Zukerfeld, 2017). There are many theories of Knowledge Integration in the knowledge management and environment, engineering and pedagogy (King, 2009; Zhu F., Sun X., Xu X. & Haider Z., 2014) such as Knowledge Integration theory developed by the Experts from the Web-based Inquiry Science Environment (WISE), University of California-Berkeley, based on the scaffolded knowledge integration framework which “suggests a general instructional pattern that involves eliciting the repertoire of student ideas, adding promising normative ideas to the mix, and support- ing the process of combining, sorting, organizing, creating, and reflecting to improve understanding”. (Linn, Clark, & Slotta, 2003, p. 521). This theory of Knowledge Integration above has a misgiving tendency as the Digital Knowledge Integration (DKI) is concerned because it is narrowed to the pedagogy and sciences. In humanities, we should consider the integration of its digital version (e-humanities). Transhumanism and Dig- ital Humanities are outgrowing the information level in the scholarship because of their multi-complexities in embracing all field of studies as we explained above. Our Digital Knowledge Integration theoretical framework anchors on the two same thoughts with distinctive peculiarities that are moving towards singularity. Digital Knowledge Integration conceptual theory can be understood thus: twins may not be always identical but they are from the same family and the same attributes. This is the case of H+ and DH. But, whosoever knows the twins can identify that each one of them has similar innocuous attributes of the parents or forefa- thers. Thus, transhumanist and digital humanist are united by building their findings on the digital revolution in regard to humanities and the human future sharpening the world into machine-machine age (Karle N. & Bussemer T., 2015, p. 22).

5. Analytical Comparison on the Relationships and Divergences of the Transhumanism and the Digital Humanities

Big Data, Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary Approach

There is a plethora of complementary elements on which the duo human-technological movements depend. They both support multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach in digital studies. It means they incorpo- rate pure sciences, medicine, biotechnology, engineering, data sciences, social sciences, nanotechnology, nano computer and computer sciences, arts and literature, printing and media, social innovations etc. (Burdick Anne, et al, 2012, p.122-123: More & Vita- More, 2013, p.22 ; Dijon, 2017; Daniel, Claire, & Philippe, 2014). Their pursuit is centered on the, human wellbeing, digitalization and the future fate of human being in the digital age as they uproot the long existing culture and tradition of the humanity 1.0 or life 1.0 with the inten- tion to ameliorate it through the help of the digital technologies (Merritt, 2016) to guarantee humanity 2.0 and later humanity 3.0 or life 3.0 (Bernard, 2012; Tegmark, 2017). When we are still thinking of the influences of

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) BY-NC (CC 4.0 International Attribution-NonCommercial Commons Creative humanities on the digital era vice versa, some digital gurus are making data to think of us. Because, we, organisms are algorithms. Dataists believe that humans can no longer cope with the immense flows of data, hence they cannot distil data into information, let alone into knowledge or wisdom. The work of processing data should therefore be entrusted to electronic algorithms, whose capacity far exceeds that of the human brain… agree with the idea that organisms are algorithms, and that giraffes, tomatoes and human beings are just different methods for processing data. But you should know that this is current scientific dogma, and it is changing our world beyond recognition (Harari, 2017). This work is licensed under a is licensed work This In Harari’s argument, he instantiated that man is limited with all his endeavors before computer due the metadata or Big Data flows ubiquitously in the world via Internet and digital technologies. He meant that

DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.4456 Vol. 7, No. 1, 2020, pp. 39-49 Waliya, Yohanna Joseph • Digital Knowledge Integration (DKI): When Transhumanism (H+) Meets Digital Humanities (DH) 43 human can no longer relate with the data for they have reached a level beyond biological caprices. These limitations inspire the transhumanists and Digital humanists to invent digital technologies to aid human beings to overcome their weak conditions before the influxes of the Big Data and also invent technologies such as Ant- conc, QGIS, Omeka, Gephi etc. to aid them in reading and mining Big Data for in year 2020, the influxes of Big Data shall increase in connecting 26 billion devices around the world to internet which make such devices intelligent (Nunes, Silva & Boavida, 2018). Even classical scientists claimed ‘using science to achieve mastery over nature in order to improve the living standard of human beings’ (Bostrom, 2011).

Internet, e-Injustices, Ethical and Religious Menaces

Internet is the strongest bedrock for the DH and H+ but its censorship and filtering by the governments and the personal data exploitation by GAFAM (Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon and Microsoft) who pretentiously show forth support for both of disciplines made themselves Digital Feudalists (Oppong, 2014; Morozov, 2011; Morozov, 2015). Apart from the above sponsors, Transhumanism has permanent sponsors —Rockefellers Foundation who is sponsoring her researches on creating new mankind and also DARPA (Farell & Hart, 2011). These GAFAM’s e-injustices have pushed Assange J. et al to write a book titled Cypherpunks: Freedom and the future of the Internet (2012) to fight against such e-injustices. “The internet, our greatest tool of emancipation, has been transformed into the most dangerous facilitator of totalitarianism we have ever seen. The internet is a threat to human civilization.” (Assange, 2012, pp. 2,6). These e-injustices couple with the complexities of the Transhumanism and the Digital Humanities’ natural designs give room to the critics and conservatives to criticize these movements as a threat to the long stand- ing socio-cultural standards, political systems and religions. In other words, they are counterculture-Cul- ture drift (More & Vita-More, 2013, p. 1524) forgetting that Digital Humanities started in the Church with digitalizing Thomas Aquinas’s writings (Burdick A. et al, 2012, p.123). Some religions like Mammon, Rael, Christian Scientists, Scientologist, Buddhism, Zen, Hindu and other psychic movements have embraced both Transhumanism and Digital Humanities but Roman Catholic theologians and conservative Chris- tians still remained enemies to the aspect of human enhancement theory of the Transhumanism. (More & Vita-More, 2013; Steve, Julian, Coady, Alberto, & Sanyal, 2016; Mercer & Trothen, 2015; Fisher, 2015). The neoconservatives like William Kristol and Charles Krauthammer with their friend Francis Fukuy- ama called Transhumanism enemies of humanity (More & Vita-More, 2013). Some of the transhumanist theories experimented in Artificial Intelligence, nanotechnology and biotechnology have been tested and worked perfectly. (Haegel, 2017). Hutchings reaffirmed that ‘Evangelical Christians and other religious groups are adopting digital media in innovative ways that echo the interests of digital humanists, produc- ing digital texts, designing new technologies, using digital tools to record, analyze and visualize data and developing new models of pedagogy’(2015, p.293).The grand argument in digital religion is the idea raised by Yuval Harari in his book Homo Deus (2017) in which he foresaw a new religion called Dataism that will uproot the traditional ones. William Indick confirmed in his book The Digital God (2015) that the Digital God is also called ‘The God Machine’, therein, he described the coming of the digital generations on whom will the Digital God rule because human beings will become the god they worship in the digital world . Anthony Levandowski being a former expert working for Google, promised to create the digital deity (digital god) and he declared himself as the only prophet of the digital deity (Ledit, 2017). This position is anti-Judeo-Christian perspective and perception of God (Yahweh). To this effect, Digital Humanities rein- forces the process of bringing to humanity more compelling knowledge enhancement in the digital library Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) BY-NC (CC 4.0 International Attribution-NonCommercial Commons Creative and archives revolution (Gilliland, McKemmish, & Andrew, 2017) This idea of the digital post humanities builds on research conducted not just within the digital humanities but under the sign of the posthuman too; but it also marks a departure from much of this research (Hall G. , 2016, p. 40). The problem that both Transhumanism and Digital Humanities faces from the religious institutions are similar. They question their existing ethics and philosophy in general. Pornographic pictures, the know- hows of everything, and evil associations are accessible for every class of human beings. In fact, everything in

the digital age is very possible. Religious and governmental institutions are experiencing ethical revolution under a is licensed work This (Morse, 2015). This is the concern of the global scholarship in the area of ethics. We can see today almost all religions have their holy books being digitalized and fast spread around the world yet ethical decadence is

DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.4456 Vol. 7, No. 1, 2020, pp. 39-49 44 Waliya, Yohanna Joseph • Digital Knowledge Integration (DKI): When Transhumanism (H+) Meets Digital Humanities (DH) spreading like wildfire in our interconnected digital world. This lead to what we tagged sequential paradox chain of life whereby every solution to a problem engenders another problem again.

Theories and Post-Theoretical Era

Transhumanism is built upon theories (particularly singularity and human enhancement). In fact, another of its definitions says it ‘is the belief ortheory that the human race can evolve beyond its current physical and mental limitations, especially by means of science and technology.’ (Nedervelde, 2015). It means Tran- shumanism itself is a theory (More & Vita-More, 2013). To this fact, Ross( 2009) contested that: ‘Digital humanists are the ‘golden retrievers of the academy’: they never get into dogfights because they hardly ever develop theories that anyone could dispute.’ (Ross, quoted in Hall, 2016). Another expert explains the factor which does not permit DH to have theories: ‘the authority of data allows science (Digital Humanities) to be liberated from subjective theories—the science that had previously dethroned itself by the exer- cise of methodological skepticism against its own methodologies. In a positivistic statistical mode—ideally as data processing without theory’ (Simanowski, 2016a, p.182) It is evident that theory to substantiate a research may not be acknowledged in the Digital Humanities because of the Big Data complexities but it has research methodologies cultromics (id. p.181) and socialnomics (Nunes, Silva, & Boavida., 2018). Hall would re-assert that Digital Humanists are on the side of ‘ a post-theoretical era, exemplified by a shift away from a concern with ideology and critique and toward more quantitative and empirical modes of analysis.’ (2016, p. 25). Nevertheless, some branches of the Digital Humanities such as digital poetry or cyberlit- erature are set to develop their theories (Bachleitner, 2005; Vincent, 2010). Digital humanities may later have specific theories for her subsets but itself will not be subjected to any theory because of her versatile and vast nature just like the one that Gorichanaz (2016) introduced what he called Theory of Time for the Digital Humanities in other to deal with analyzing, synthesizing and representing documents, and its interaction with human experiences in the digital humanities. Digitalization is still continuing. It may take some decades to succeed fully in digitalizing every public endeavors in the world, though, Estonia made a breakthrough in creating e-infrastructures of the whole government agencies which led BBC journalist to tag her e-Estonia as the first ‘digital country’ in the world (Lyfkin, 2017). Some experts argued that there is shift in Digital Humanities from its core pursuit and turning towards software and digital tools while it undermines critical theory (Burdick A., et al., 2012).

Social Innovations and e-Activisms

Moreover, Transhumanists and Digital humanists believe in fundamental human rights, democracy, politics and freedom. Therefore, they involve themselves in the politics, democratic process and participations (Burdick A., et al., 2012; More & Vita-More, 2013).Transhumanists even formed a political party which even contested in 2016 US Presidential election. The first candidacy is bestowed on Zoltan Istvan whose motto is “All Must Be Safe” (Istvan, 2016). They also adhere to invent social apps, films, animated documentaries and even videogames to propagate their philosophy and education to alleviate poverty and implement other humanitarian services which serve as their corporate responsibilities by manufacturing artificial limbs, arms etc. for the poor using transhuman technologies GRIN. (Winance, Marcellini & Léséleuc, 2015; Hall, M., 2017). Digital humanists do not have a political parties but they educate youth and women to participate in the politics just like twitter revolution in the Nigerian Presidential election 2015 and Ghanaian Presidential Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) BY-NC (CC 4.0 International Attribution-NonCommercial Commons Creative election 2016. Despite all these promising benefits that the society do enjoy from these new technological ideologies, she remains resistant to virtual world (Diana, Stokes & Rip, 2017).

Public Privacy, Hacking/Piracy and Machines Taking over Jobs

Piracy of e-books and digitalized books do affect the digital humanist’s profits. This menaces the digitalization, and artist, writers, publishers and other professions in printing and painting. They have a great This work is licensed under a is licensed work This setback in their careers in terms of profit making. The digital humanists are being threatened. Scott reported in his book Internet Book Piracy that “the United States and Australia have the most pirates.

DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.4456 Vol. 7, No. 1, 2020, pp. 39-49 Waliya, Yohanna Joseph • Digital Knowledge Integration (DKI): When Transhumanism (H+) Meets Digital Humanities (DH) 45 The US had the highest number of downloads per country—more than 96.8 million downloads in just six months… 63% of Kindle Bestsellers are Pirated.” (2016, p.156). The future of many careers are at the stake due to the magical innovation of the transhuman technologies in the field of Translation, driving, painting etc. For example HAL 9000 Computer is capable of translating and transcribing different languages around the globe. (Olive, Christianson & McCary, 2011). Silicon Valley predicted that in the epoch of machine-to-machine. (White, 2015) Then, one needs to ask question, what will men be doing? –Digital minimalism philosophy will take its course whereby men will live a very simple life by buying few multipurpose machines and maybe engage only in gymnastic centers. In regard to the public privacy, it is no longer existing to the extent that Internet giant, Google does not need one’s Wi-Fi to be switched on before they know one’s location and what one is doing at a time. She does tap from other internet networks around to cyberspy their client using android mobile operating system (Woollaston, 2013, p. 1). Google’s secret is being revealed and criticized by the journalists and researchers around the globe. Matteo Pasquinelli modern digital robber baron than like a feud lord’ (Pasquinelli, 2014, p. 7) . Hacking is a cyberattack or ICT intelligent stealing of the official documents from the presumed protected computers. In May and June 2017, Marcus Hustins invented a malware called WannaCry with it, he hacked about 30,000 computers in 150 countries (Mugnier, 2017). Lucchese (2017) reported on the Usbek & Rica blog that the next hacking is human brain hacking (Transhumanist ideology) via internet. Thanks for South African experts from the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg who have successfully connected human brain to the Internet through the machine they called Emotiv reported on 14th September 2017.

Table 1: Analytical Recapitulation of the Relationships and Divergences between Transhumanism and Digital humanities. S/N Concepts H+ DH 1 Big Data + + 2 Robot and Artificial Intelligence + + 3 Digitalizing books, Printing and editing media, archives - + 4 Digitalizing human beings (Uploading human mind into machine + - and human brain into internet) 5 Digitalising disciplines/philosophy + + 6 Theories + ± 7 Religions/Conservatives ± + 8 Interdisciplinary/Multidisciplinary/pluriformism study approach. + + 9 Video games/films/animations + + 10 Cultures/Countercultures, ethics, religion, traditions and + ± established institutions 11 Politics/Democracy + + 12 GAFAM sponsors + +

13 Privacy/censorship/piracy/Hacking + + 4.0) BY-NC (CC 4.0 International Attribution-NonCommercial Commons Creative 14 Human enhancement + - 15 Digital Utopianism + + Source: own studies.

Transhumanism theories of robotics and immortality of human being are becoming a reality before our

very eyes even in Africa. Derian (2017) in the interview offered to him postulated that transhuman or human- under a is licensed work This ity plus is already existing in tools we use already – smartphones, computers etc. As for the digital humanists involvement in the politics, they have changed several traditional ways of approaching electoral process even

DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.4456 Vol. 7, No. 1, 2020, pp. 39-49 46 Waliya, Yohanna Joseph • Digital Knowledge Integration (DKI): When Transhumanism (H+) Meets Digital Humanities (DH) in the United States of America 2016 Presidential election in which Democratic National Committee’s computer server was hacked. This gave the opponent, Republican Party to know all their secrets and outwitted them in the presidential race says Nance (2016. For many years people are just being technophobic because of the risks that come along with the techno-inventions and innovation but digitalization also has the potential to further social progress, provided it is shaped with democratic and social interests in mind. Our comparative analysis above is summarized thus: The plus sign (+) is read as the correlation between Transhumanism and Digital Humanities. Whilst the minus sign (–) is read as the divergence meaning DH and H+ do not relate at a given point and then, the plus or minus sign (±) is read as partial correlation. It means, they relate in some aspect of the concepts whereas on the other side they are not relating. We observed that the H+ and DH correlate at nine points out of 15 meeting points, partially correlate at three points out of 15 and divergently separated only at three points out of 15 meeting points. Our findings proved that H+ and DH are strongly recommended for Digital Knowledge Integration because both of them need one another to function perfectly in the virtual world in other to fulfil their aims and objectives.

6. Conclusion

We can convincingly affirm that digital always wins her battle for it has replaced many traditional basic technologies. Therefore, the transhumanist theory of uploading human mind into the robots is a reality under the aegis of the same transhumanist and digital humanist technologies ‘Unfortunately, as in 1985, today’s digitalization debate continues to focus mainly on the risks. Yet thirty years of experience have taught us that technical progress also offers tremendous opportunities for our lives and works (Nahles, 2016). Researches from many different experts affirmed that Big Data is the oil of the digital society (Karle, N. & Bussemer, T., 2015) and digital humans will run on the data-centric capitalism (Morozov, 2015), it means even socio-political aspect of man is now embedded into digitalization. Therefore, Transhumanism and the Digital Humani- ties are linked in several fields of study for the reason of realizing Digital utopianism. We can see from the research, they are pursuing one purpose: the enhancement of knowledge and the enhancement of human beings themselves and also better world for the humans (Hauskeller, 2016). We strongly believe that both the Transhumanism and the Digital Humanities should be integrated to form a unified field of study called Digital Utopian Science under which the Transhumanism and the Digital Humanities should be subsets. The linking factor of the both studies still remain that Digital Humanities is based her strength on the data mining, text mining whereas Transhumanism is mining and processing human beings as a data in order to enhance their capacities beyond natural tendencies.

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