ARTICLE 173

for reasons et al. D Cryptomycota Key words: chytrid )XQJL phylogeny 5R]HOOLGD et al  XVHG and a number of occupies a deep phyl. nov. phyl. Rozella Cryptomycota Rozella are found in freshwater, soil, are found in freshwater, et al.  VKRZHGWKDW  Cryptomycota  *HQ%DQN DFFHVVLRQ QRV $- IMA · VOLUME 2 · NO 2: 173–175 · NO 2 · VOLUME FUNGUS IMA et al.DE DOWKRXJKERRWVWUDSVXSSRUWIRU KHOLIHVW\OHDQGPRUSKRORJ\ Cryptomycota $-)-)-DQG)-  : Jones et al ¿JVGD±H  et al  WRDFFRPPRGDWH Rozella 0HPEHUV RI ivecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get Any of the above conditions can be waived ivecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode. DQG'DYLG%DVV  CryptomycotaEHORQJ)XUWKHUPRUHWD[DDW b, Jones et al   7KH QDPH ³5R]HOOLGD´ ZDV FRLQHG E\ LQGLFDWHGEHORZ-RQHV environmental sequences that form a distinct , but we refer to this group henceforth as are more diverse than previously recognised and that the molecular diversity of this group may be as diverse as the rest of the known FungiDFFRUGLQJWRU'1$JHQHPDUNHUV VHGLPHQWDQGVRPHPDULQHKDELWDWV-RQHV DISCUSSION It has been demonstrated that )XQJL XQLFHOOXODU ]RRVSRUHV VLQJOHFHOOHGPLFURWXEXODU ÀDJHOOXP DQG ZLWK F\VWV ZLWKRXW D D FKLWLQFHOOXORVH VLQJOH FHOOZDOO)RUPLQJHSLELRQWLFDVVRFLDWLRQV Representatives $- and Illustrations branching position in phylogenetic analyses of Fungi -DPHV this relationship is inconsistent and often weak in the most FRPSUHKHQVLYHO\ VDPSOHG SK\ORJHQLHV -DPHV /DUD SK\OQRYLVYDOLGO\SXEOLVKHGLQRUGHUWRIDFLOLWDWHLWV  phyl. D´DVQHZGDWDVXJJHVWWKDWW ÀDJHOOLV WKHSUDFWLFHIRURWKHUIXQJDOOLNHSURWLVWJURXSV Cryptomycota 'DYLG/+DZNVZRUWK  was not validly published as a 7KRPDV$5LFKDUGV 

0'0-RQHV 7$5LFKDUGV crypto- – hidden; and -mycotaDSK\OXPRIIXQJL Cryptomycota : 7KHUHFHQWO\SURSRVHGQHZSK\OXPQDPH

is not representative of the large radiation to which it and other is not representative of et al$UW $/DWLQGLDJQRVLVLVSURYLGHGKHUH  

OLQHDJHVSHFL¿F ÀXRUHVFHQFH in situ K\EULGL]DWLRQ ),6+  FHOO F\FOHFKDUDFWHULVWLF±ZRXOGEHPLVOHDGLQJ/DUDet al.   ZDOO VWDLQV DQG LPPXQRÀXRUHVFHQFH VWDLQLQJ WR VKRZ WZR were also hesitant commending the use of the proposed distinct lineages within Cryptomycota, which comprised ovoid QDPH³EHWZHHQTXRWDWLRQPDUNVXQWLOPRUSKRORJLFDODQGRU cells of ca.—PGLDPH[LVWLQJLQDWOHDVWWKUHHPRUSKRORJLHV XOWUDVWUXFWXUDOV\QDSRPRUSKLHVDUHGH¿QHGWRGLDJQRVHDQG LQ IUHVKZDWHU HQYLURQPHQWV XQLÀDJHOODWH ]RRVSRUHV PRUH YDOLGDWHWKLVHQWLUHJURXS´-RQHVet al  GHPRQVWUDWH ARTICLE YDULDEO\VKDSHGFHOOVZLWKRXWÀDJHOODDWWDFKHGWRRWKHUHXNDU\RWLF that this key characteristic of Rozella does not seem to extend PLFURVFRSLFRUJDQLVPV HJGLDWRPKRVWV DQGQRQÀDJHOODWH DFURVVWKHZKROHJURXSDQGWKHUHIRUHWKHQDPH³5R]HOOLGD´LV F\VWV1RQHRIWKHVHVWDJHVZHUHVKRZQWRSRVVHVVDFKLWLQRU QRWUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKHJURXSDVDZKROH FHOOXORVHZDOODOWKRXJKRWKHUOLIHF\FOHSKDVHVZLWKDFKLWLQDQG   ,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRUHFRJQL]HWKDWRXUFXUUHQWNQRZOHGJH RUFHOOXORVHFHOOZDOOPD\UHPDLQXQGHWHFWHG$FKLWLQFHOOZDOOLV of the life stages of the newly discovered Cryptomycota VRPHWLPHVFLWHGDVGH¿QLQJIHDWXUHRINLQJGRPFungi, although and of Rozella LV YHU\ LQFRPSOHWH $V -RQHV et al.   we note that this is not a reliable diagnostic feature as distantly suggest, chitin may be present in the walls of some currently related protist groups also possess chitin on their cell surface unknown CryptomycotaOLIHF\FOHVWDJH V DQGRUSUHVHQWLQ HJ.QHLSSet al.  uncharacterized lineages within Cryptomycota, and even in 7KHQDPH³5R]HOOLGD´ZDVDSSOLHGWRWKLVSK\OXPE\/DUD currently unknown stages in Rozella,WZRXOGEHSUHPDWXUH et al  EXWLQDQLQIRUPDOZD\EHWZHHQLQYHUWHGFRPPDV therefore, to separate Cryptomycota from the kingdom Fungi DQGZLWKQRIRUPDOGLDJQRVLV7KH,&=1 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RGH on the single character that they do not possess chitin walls RI =RRORJLFDO 1RPHQFODWXUH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RPPLVVLRQ RQ ZKLFKDVPHQWLRQHGDERYHLVQRWGLDJQRVWLFIRUFungi  =RRORJLFDO 1RPHQFODWXUH   GRHV QRW DSSO\ WR QDPHV   Cryptomycota have some strong resemblances to above the rank of family-group, but if it were in those ranks µFK\WULGV¶  LQ ERWK VWUXFWXUH HJ ÀDJHOODU it would be viewed as unavailable as a conditional name DSSDUDWXV DQGHFRORJ\LIQRWLQFHOOZDOOFKHPLVWU\7KHUHLV $UW   )RU QDPHV LQWURGXFHG XQGHU WKH ,&=1 ZKLFK QRDJUHHGGH¿QLQJQRQPROHFXODUFKDUDFWHULVWLFIRULGHQWLI\LQJ later are found to belong to Fungi WKH ,&1 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO the boundaries of kingdom Fungi7KHUHIRUHDVVHYHUDORWKHU &RGH RI 1RPHQFODWXUH IRU DOJDH IXQJL DQG SODQWV  QRZ key characteristics are shared by Cryptomycota and some DFFHSWVWKHPDVDYDLODEOHXQGHU$UW DVUHYLVHGDWWKH Fungi, the former are most sensibly and parsimoniously 0HOERXUQH&RQJUHVVLQ-XO\0F1HLOOet al 7KXV considered as belonging to the latter as they form the closest QR/DWLQGLDJQRVLVZDVUHTXLUHGDVLWZDVIRUIXQJDOQDPHV EUDQFKHV RQ SK\ORJHQHWLF WUHHV -DPHV et al.DE LQWURGXFHGEHWZHHQDQG-DQXDU\ +RZHYHUZH /DUDet al. -RQHVet al 7KLVVWDQFHLVHQWLUHO\ DUHLQFOLQHGQRWWRDFFHSW³5R]HOOLGD´EHFDXVHRIWKHXVHRI consistent with the historical position regarding Rozella: for the inverted commas suggesting the usage was a tentative WKH ODVW  \HDUV OHDGLQJ P\FRORJLVWV KDYH FODVVL¿HG WKLV suggestion and in any case note that it is not mandatory to genus within Fungi HJ+HOG.LUNet al  follow the principle of priority of publication for names above   Cryptomycota LQFOXGLQJRozella FRQVLVWHQWO\EUDQFK WKHUDQNRIIDPLO\ ,&1 RUIDPLO\JURXS ,&=1 ,QGHHGWKH with FungiLQDOOSK\ORJHQLHVVRIDUFRQVWUXFWHG+RZHYHUWKHLU ,&=1GRHVQRWFRYHUUDQNVKLJKHUWKDQIDPLO\JURXS position as the primary branch within fungi is much weaker :H GHFLGHG WKDW LW ZRXOG EH EHWWHU QRW WR GH¿QLWHO\ HJ-DPHVet al.-RQHVet al. ,QGHHGWKH\FRXOG establish a name based on Rozella for several reasons: actually occupy a higher branching position within Fungi,I   7KHIXQJDOWHUPLQDWLRQWREHXVHGIRUQDPHVLQWKH this is the case, their lack of some traditionally diagnostic UDQNRISK\OXPLV³mycota´XQGHUWKH,&1 0F1HLOOet al fungal features such as a chitin cell wall may be the result of $UW DQGWKDWWHUPLQDWLRQKDVDOVREHHQXVHGIRUSK\OD secondary losses, which would not preclude them from being traditionally studied by mycologists but which are no longer considered Fungi,QWKLVFDVHH[FOXGLQJCryptomycota from considered Fungi EXW SODFHG LQ RWKHU NLQJGRPV ([DPSOHV the Fungi could potentially make the rest of fungi paraphyletic include Hyphochytriomycota 5+:KLWWDNHU :KLWWDNHU ±DKLJKO\XQGHVLUDEOHDQGQRWORJLFDOO\VXVWDLQDEOHVLWXDWLRQ  QRZSODFHGLQStraminipila0:'LFNMyxomycota In the absence of a strong morphological argument to exclude %ROG %ROG IRUVOLPHPRXOGVLQWKHProtozoa, and this group from the fungal kingdom – we must therefore look Oomycota $U[ $U[    IRU IXQJDO DQDORJXHV LQ WKH to the only available data, which is phylogenetic, and argues Straminipila 7KLV SUDFWLFH KDV EHHQ HPSOR\HG LQ VWDQGDUG that Cryptomycota are most reasonably considered to be UHIHUHQFH ZRUNV HJ .LUN et al.   DQG DOVR WKH PRVW ZLWKLQ)XQJL UHFHQWWH[WERRNV HJ0RRUHet al.    &RQVHTXHQWO\ZHDJUHHZLWK/DUDet al.  WKDW   Cryptomycota represent a very diverse radiation, there are sound reasons for considering Rozella DQG QRZ potentially equivalent to or larger than the rest of the known we suggest other Cryptomycota  DV Fungi :KHWKHU RU QRW IXQJL 2I WKH WKUHH OLQHDJHV ZLWKLQ WKH UDGLDWLRQ IRU ZKLFK Cryptomycota other than Rozella prove to be phagocytotic morphological data exist, Rozella appears to be exceptional ZKLFKLQLWVHOIZRXOGQRWEHDVXI¿FLHQWO\VWURQJO\GHWHUPLQLVWLF in that it is primarily an intracellular parasite; indeed the trait for inclusion in – or exclusion from – Fungi, as some possession of intracellular sporangia is included in the SODQWOLQHDJHVDQGRRP\FHWHVKDYHDOVRORVWSKDJRWURSK\  generic description of Rozella VSHFLHV +HOG 7RH[WHQG WKHLUFK\WULGOLNHXQLÀDJHOODWH]RRVSRUHVWDJHDQGSDUWLFXODUO\ the implication of this life-cycle characteristic across the rest their phylogenetic position argue most parsimoniously for a of the radiation – where there is no evidence of this life- IXQJDODI¿OLDWLRQ

174 IMA FUNGUS Validation of the phylum name Cryptomycota

  7KHQDPHVXVHGIRUWD[DDWWKHKLJKHVWUDQNVVXFKDV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RPPLVVLRQ RQ =RRORJLFDO 1RPHQFODWXUH   ARTICLE phylum, are better not based on names of included genera, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. thHGQ/RQGRQ but rather on some special characteristic, as is the case with, ,QWHUQDWLRQDO7UXVWIRU=RRORJLFDO1RPHQFODWXUH for example, the phyla and  ,Q -DPHV7<.DXII)6FKRFK&/0DWKHQ\3%+RIVWHWWHU9&R[&- this way the names immediately convey some feature of >DQGRWKHUV@ D 5HFRQVWUXFWLQJWKHHDUO\HYROXWLRQRI WKH WD[RQ ,Q WKLV FDVH ZH KLJKOLJKW WKH FU\SWLF QDWXUH RI FungiXVLQJDVL[JHQHSK\ORJHQ\Nature 443± Cryptomycota in that they were hidden from science until -DPHV7</HWFKHU30/RQJFRUH-(0R]OH\6WDQGULGJH6(3RUWHU revealed by molecular methods rather than morphological ' 3RZHOO 0- *ULI¿WK *: 9LOJDO\V 5 E  $ PROHFXODU GLVFRYHU\ SK\ORJHQ\ RI WKH ÀDJHOODWHG IXQJL Chytridiomycota  DQG In conclusion, we consider the formal validation of the GHVFULSWLRQ RI D QHZ SK\OXP  Mycologia name CryptomycotaWREHMXVWL¿HGDQGFRPPHQGLWIRUXVH 98± IRUWKLVJURXSRIRUJDQLVPVDVLWHPSKDVLVHVWKHIXQJDODI¿QLW\ -RQHV 0'0 )RUQ , *DGHOKD & (JDQ 0- %DVV ' 0DVVDQD 5 and attributes of the organisms so far known within this 5LFKDUGV 7$   'LVFRYHU\ RI QRYHO LQWHUPHGLDWH IRUPV JURXS(YHQLILQVRPHIXWXUHFODVVL¿FDWLRQWKHVHRUJDQLVPV UHGH¿QHVWKHIXQJDOWUHHRIOLIHNature 474± ZHUHSODFHGRXWVLGHWKH)XQJLZHFRQVLGHUWKHQDPHVKRXOG .LUN30&DQQRQ3)'DYLG-&6WDOSHUV-$ HGV   Ainsworth EHUHWDLQHGWRUHÀHFWWKHLUQDWXUHDVIXQJDODQDORJXHV & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi. th HGQ :DOOLQJIRUG &$%, 3XEOLVKLQJ .LUN30&DQQRQ3)0LQWHU':6WDOSHUV-$ HGV   Ainsworth ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi. th HGQ :DOOLQJIRUG &$%, 3XEOLVKLQJ :HWKDQN5DPRQ0DVVDQD,UHQH)RUQ&DWHULQD*DGHOKDDQG0DUWLQ .QHLSS /) $QGUDGH $) GH 6RX]D : $QJOXVWHU - $OYLDQR &6 (JDQIRUXVHIXOGLVFXVVLRQVDQG-RRVW$6WDOSHUVIRUFKHFNLQJWKH 7UDYDVVRV /5   Trichomonas vaginalis and Trichomonas /DWLQGLDJQRVLV'/+DFNQRZOHGJHVVXSSRUWIURPWKH0LQLVWHULR foetus H[SUHVVLRQ RI FKLWLQ DW WKH FHOO VXUIDFH Experimental GH&LHQFLDH,QQRYDFLyQLQ6SDLQ SURMHFW&*/  Parasitology 89± /DUD(0RUHLUD'/ySH]*DUFLD3  7KHHQYLURQPHQWDOFODGH /.0DQGRozella form the deepest branching clade of Fungi REFERENCES Protist 161± 0F1HLOO-7XUODQG1-0RQUR$/HSVFKL%  ;9,,,,QWHUQDWLRQDO $U[-$YRQ  Pilzkunde: Ein kurzer Abriss der Mykologie under %RWDQLFDO&RQJUHVVSUHOLPLQDU\PDLOYRWHDQGUHSRUWRIFRQJUHVV besonderer Berücksichtigung der Pilze in Reinkultu. /HKUH - DFWLRQRQQRPHQFODWXUHSURSRVDOVTaxon 60± &UDPHU. 0RRUH'5REVRQ*'7ULQFL$3-  21st Century Guidebook to %ROG+$  Morphology of Plants. 1HZ

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