DOCSLIB.ORG

Genetic Diversity of Cultivated and Wild Radish and Phylogenetic Relationships Among Raphanus and Brassica Species Revealed by the Analysis of Trnk/Matk Sequence

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Genetic Diversity of Cultivated and Wild Radish and Phylogenetic Relationships Among Raphanus and Brassica Species Revealed by the Analysis of Trnk/Matk Sequence Breeding Science 58 : 15–22 (2008) Genetic diversity of cultivated and wild radish and phylogenetic relationships among Raphanus and Brassica species revealed by the analysis of trnK/matK sequence Na Lü*1), Kyoko Yamane2) and Ohmi Ohnishi1) 1) Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, 1 Nakajo, Mozume, Mukoh, Kyoto 617-0001, Japan 2) Plant Resource Laboratory, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen, Naka, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan Nucleotide sequence variations of the trnK/matK region were investigated in cultivated and wild radish spe- cies and related Brassica species. Two insertions/deletions and 9 substitutions were detected among the Raphanus accessions. The value of the nucleotide diversity (π) was found to be higher in cultivated radish (0.00184) than in the wild species (0.00134). Based on the nucleotide diversity, the phylogenetic relation- ships of Raphanus and its related species were inferred by constructing a Neighbor-Joining tree. Raphanus species and Brassica barrelieri formed a sister clade located between the Rapa/Oleracea group and the Nigra group of Brassica. These results were in complete agreement with those obtained by Warwick and Black. The placement of Raphanus species at this position showed the existence of a paraphyletic relationship among the Brassica species. Each of the three varieties of cultivated radish, R. sativus var. sativus (European small radish), var. hortensis (East Asian big radish) and var. niger (black radish), belonged to a different clus- ter of the phylogenetic tree, suggesting the existence of independent multiple origins of these varieties. Based on the phylogenetic tree, problems related to the identification of the wild ancestral species of cultivated rad- ish and original birthplaces of cultivated radish varieties were discussed. Key Words: Raphanus, Brassica, trnK/matK, nucleotide diversity, phylogenetic relationships, origin of culti- vated radish. Introduction wild Raphanus species, is distributed in the Far East, mainly in the coastal areas of Japan, Korea and China (Makino Raphanus (2n = 18), the radish genus includes one cul- 1961). However, most of the radish scientists were not con- tivated species and several wild species. Cultivated radish vinced that the East Asian wild species was an endemic true has been classified into many varieties based on the mor- wild species. Since this wild species is morphologically phology of its edible root and different uses (Kitamura 1958) similar to cultivated radish in East Asia, it was assumed to be as follows: R. sativus var. sativus L. (syn. var. radicula an escaped form of cultivated radish, and it was classified as Pers.) (European small radish), var. hortensis Becker (East R. sativus var. hortensis f. raphanistroides Kitamura Asian big long radish), var. niger Kerner (black Spanish (Kitamura 1958). However, analysis of mitochondrial DNA radish), var. chinensis Gallizioli (Chinese oil radish) and (Yamagishi and Terachi 2001, Yamagishi 2004) did not con- var. caudatus Hooker & Anderson (tail-podded radish or rat- firm this assumption. tail radish). Among the wild species, R. raphanistrum L., The phylogenetic relationships among cultivated radish R. landra DC. and R. martimus Smith are distributed in the and its wild relatives have been studied using molecular coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Both R. raphanistrum markers. For example, Lewis-Jones et al. (1982) who stud- and R. landra were once considered to be candidates for the ied allozyme variations failed to detected any critical dif- wild ancestor of cultivated radish. They cannot be discrimi- ferentiation among the wild species and concluded that nated from each other morphologically at the species level, R. raphanistrum and R. landra could not be identified as dis- and some authors considered that R. landra was a subspecies tinct species. However, differentiation between wild radish of R. raphanistrum (Munoz and Bermejo 1978). On the species from the Mediterranean area and the Far East was other hand, R. sativus var. raphanistroides Makino, another difficult because no sample of East Asian wild radish was included in their study. A RAPD survey on Raphanus Communicated by T. Sato (Yamagishi et al. 1998) suggested that East Asian wild rad- Received April 9, 2007. Accepted October 23, 2007. ish was more closely related to cultivated radish in East Asia *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) than to the wild radish in Europe, R. raphanistrum. As for the 16 Lü, Yamane and Ohnishi wild ancestor of cultivated radish, Lewis-Jonas et al. (1982) among wild radish species, including the Far Eastern wild suggested that a variant of the raphanistrum-landra complex species R. sativus var. raphanistroides, which has been from Italy or the East Mediterranean area might be a candi- scarcely investigated simultaneously with European wild date for the wild ancestor. Recently, Yamagishi and Terachi species; 2) to identify the wild ancestral species of cultivated (2003) have analyzed mtDNA variation in Raphanus. They radish. To achieve these objectives, we analyzed 9 acces- showed that haplotypes of cultivated radish were derived sions of three wild species and 9 accessions of different cul- from multiple sources of wild radish and concluded that cul- tivated varieties of R. sativus. Since it had been postulated tivated radish displayed multiple origins. A similar conclu- that a wild Brassica species was involved in the origin of sion was drawn from the studies on mtDNA conducted by cultivated radish, we also included several Brassica species Yamagishi (2004) and on chloroplast DNA by Yamane et al. in the present investigation. This is the first study in which (2005). However, it remains to be determined which wild wild and cultivated radish and related Brassica species was species provided haplotype genomes to cultivated radish. analyzed to elucidate the origin of cultivated radish. Brassica is the genetically closest genus to Raphanus, and cultivated forms of this genus are important vegetables, Materials and Methods such as cabbage, mustard and Chinese cabbage. The basic diploid species include B. oleracea L. (n = 9), B. nigra (L.) Plant materials Koch (n = 8) and B. rapa L. (syn. B. campestris (L.) In the present study, 18 accessions of Raphanus were Clapman, n = 10), and the allotetraploid species, B. napus L. used. They consisted of 9 cultivated radish accessions (n = 19), B. juncea (L.) Czern (n = 18) and B. carinata Braun (R. sativus), 2 accessions of East Asian wild radish, 3 of (n = 17) were derived by interspecific hybridization among R. raphanistrum, and 4 of R. landra. Seven accessions of these basic groups (U 1935). The interspecific relationships Brassica (B. barrelieri, B. rapa (syn. B. campestris), of Brassica species including Raphanus have been studied B. oleracea, B. nigra, B. juncea, B. napus and B. carinata) based on chloroplast DNA diversity (Warwick and Black and one accession of Sinapis alba were also used to analyze 1991, 1993, 1997 and Warwick et al. 1992). The results sug- the phylogenetic relationships of Raphanus and Brassica gested that Brassica could be divided into two lineages (Table 1). The Isatis tinctoria L. species was used as an out- (Rapa/Oleracea lineage and Nigra lineage), and that the group in our study, because I. tinctoria formed a sister group Raphanus species were located in the Rapa/Oleracea lineage. with the group that included Brassica in the phylogenetic On the other hand, the results from nuclear DNA analysis in- tree of Beilstein et al. (2006). All the R. landra, Brassica, dicated that Raphanus was more closely related to the Nigra S. alba and I. tinctoria samples were lines stored at the gene lineage (RFLP: Song et al. 1990, 5S rRNA sequence: Yang bank of the Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant et al. 1998). When using mtDNA, two contradictory conclu- Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany (Table 1). The other sions have been obtained. Palmer and Herbon (1988) sug- accessions were collected by one of us (O. Ohnishi) during gested that Raphanus was located in the Rapa/Oleracea lin- expeditions conducted from 1990 to 2005 (Table 1). The eage, whereas Pradhan et al. (1992) indicated that Raphanus samples of wild radish populations, consisting of one was closer to B. nigra. As early as in 1990, Song et al. hundred to one thousand siliques, were originally collected (1990) suggested that R. sativus might have been derived from natural populations. For the cultivated species, mass from species that belonged to two different lineages by in- seed samples were bought at local markets. trogression or hybridization. However, they could not iden- tity the ancestral wild species because no wild species was Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing utilized in their study. The plants were grown in a greenhouse and total DNA Chloroplast DNA, which is characterized by a maternal was isolated from young leaf tissues of an arbitrarily chosen in- inheritance, the absence of recombination and a slow evolu- dividual for each accession, according to the plant DNAzol tionary rate of base substitutions, has been used to analyze Reagent protocol (Gibco BRL, Grand Island, NY, USA). all the types of plant species. One of the chloroplast genes, Using the two universal primers trnK/3914F and trnK/2R matK exhibits a higher nucleotide substitution rate than oth- (Johnson and Soltis 1994), the trnK/matK region was ampli- er chloroplast genes (Olmstead and Palmer 1994), and its fied for all the plants described above. PCR amplifications substitution rate is 3 times higher than that of the rbcL gene were performed in a final reaction solution of 50 µl contain- (Johnson and Soltis 1995). It is considered to be a useful ing 50 ng DNA template, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 20 mM gene to resolve phylogenetic and evolutionary problems in a KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 100 mM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, wide range of taxonomic levels, especially at the closely re- dTTP, 0.2 mM of each primer and 2.5 units of Taq DNA lated taxonomic levels, such as inter- and intra- species polymerase (Takara Shuzo Co.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Effect of Peeling on Antioxidant Capacity of Black Radish Root
    PAPER THE EFFECT OF PEELING ON ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF BLACK RADISH ROOT E. ENKHTUYA* and M. TSEND Department of Food Engineering, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Baga toiruu 34, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT In this study, freeze-dried peeled and unpeeled root, as well as the juice from peeled and unpeeled root of black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var niger) cultivated in Mongolia were characterized for their DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activity, reducing power, total phenolics, and flavonoids in order to evaluate the effect of the peel. The juice from the peeled root showed strong antioxidant potential may due to its high phenolic content. However, the ability of the dried unpeeled root extract to quench free radicals and reduce Fe3+ was higher than that of the dried peeled root extract. Keywords: antioxidant capacity, black radish, peel, phenolic compounds, root Ital. J. Food Sci., vol. 32, 2020 - 701 1. INTRODUCTION Fruits and vegetables play a vital role in the prevention of degenerative diseases caused by oxidative stress and the improvement of general health as these contain vitamins, minerals, amino acids, dietary fibers, and phenolic compounds. For instance, the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases has been strongly related to the intake of fresh fruits and vegetables rich in natural antioxidants. This suggests that a higher intake of such compounds will lower the risk of mortality from these diseases (WILLCOX et al., 2004). Radish (Raphanus sativus Linn.) is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) family with some other popular vegetables including white and red cabbage, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cauliflower, kohlrabi, rape, and mustard.
    [Show full text]
  • Sulforaphene Isolated from Radish (Raphanus
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 3 July 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0060.v1 Article Sulforaphene Isolated from Radish (Raphanus Sativus L.) Seeds Inhibits Growth of Six Cancer Cell Lines and Induces Apoptosis of A549 Cells Sooyeon Lim 1, 4, Jin-Chul Ahn 2, Eun Jin Lee 3, *, and Jongkee Kim 1, * 1 Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Republic of Korea; [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (J.K.) 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; [email protected] 3 Department of Plant Science, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea; [email protected] 4 Seed Viability Research Team, Department of Seed Vault, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa, 36209, Republic of Korea; [email protected] *Co-correspondence (E.J.L): [email protected]; Tel. +82-2-880-4565; Fax +82-2-880-2056 *Co-correspondence (J.K): [email protected]; Tel. +82-31-670-3042; Fax +82-31-670-3042 Abstract: Sulforaphene (SFE), a major isothiocyanate in radish seeds, is a close chemical relative of sulforaphane (SFA) isolated from broccoli seeds and florets. The anti-proliferative mechanisms of SFA against cancer cells have been well investigated, but little is known about the potential anti- proliferative effects of SFE. In this study, we showed that SFE purified from radish seeds inhibited the growth of six cancer cell lines (A549, CHO, HeLa, Hepa1c1c7, HT-29, and LnCaP), with relative © 2018 by the author(s).
    [Show full text]
  • Notification of an Emergency Authorisation Issued by Belgium
    Notification of an Emergency Authorisation issued by Belgium 1. Member State, and MS notification number BE-Be-2020-02 2. In case of repeated derogation: no. of previous derogation(s) None 3. Names of active substances Tefluthrin - 15.0000 g/kg 4. Trade name of Plant Protection Product Force 1.5 GR 5. Formulation type GR 6. Authorisation holder KDT 7. Time period for authorisation 01/04/2020 - 29/07/2020 8. Further limitations Generated by PPPAMS - Published on 04/02/2020 - Page 1 of 7 9. Value of tMRL if needed, including information on the measures taken in order to confine the commodities resulting from the treated crop to the territory of the notifying MS pending the setting of a tMRL on the EU level. (PRIMO EFSA model to be attached) / 10. Validated analytical method for monitoring of residues in plants and plant products. Source: Reasoned opinion on the setting of maximum residue levels for tefluthrin in various crops1 EFSA Journal 2015;13(7):4196: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4196 1. Method of analysis 1.1.Methods for enforcement of residues in food of plant origin Analytical methods for the determination of tefluthrin residues in plant commodities were assessed in the DAR and during the peer review under Directive 91/414/EEC (Germany, 2006, 2009; EFSA, 2010). The modified multi-residue DFG S 19 analytical method using GC-MSD quantification and its ILV were considered as fully validated for the determination of tefluthrin in high water content- (sugar beet root), high acid content- (orange), high oil content- (oilseed rape) and dry/starch- (maize grain) commodities at an LOQ of 0.01 mg/kg.
    [Show full text]
  • A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Harper
    A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Harper Adams University Copyright and moral rights for this thesis and, where applicable, any accompanying data are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis and the accompanying data cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content of the thesis and accompanying research data (where applicable) must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder/s. When referring to this thesis and any accompanying data, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. HARPER ADAMS UNIVERSITY Minimising post-harvest losses in radishes through an understanding of pre and post-harvest factors that influence root splitting A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Harper Adams University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Rachel Anna Lockley BSc (hons) Biological Sciences at Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB June 2016 1. Declaration This thesis was composed by me and is a record of work carried out by me on an original line of research. All sources of information are shown in the text and listed in the references. None of this work has been presented/accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any University. Rachel Lockley June 2016 ii 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Spanish Black Radish (SBR) Phytoactives What Is the Whole
    Spanish Black Radish (SBR) Spanish Black Radish (SBR; Raphinoussativus L. Var. niger) is a cruciferous vegetable associated with production of detoxification enzymes, healthy digestion, and healthy liver and gallbladder function. SBR is grown for its rich supply of glucosinolates, mainly glucoraphasatin and glucoraphanin. Eating SBR and other vegetables improves your food quality score (FQS). Phytoactives Fiber Promote healthy cholesterol levels, promote cardiovascular health, support healthy bowel function Myrosinase Enzyme found in plant tissue that initiates conversion of glucosinolates to bioactive isothiocyanates Glucosinolates Sulfur-containing secondary metabolites mostly found in cruciferous vegetables, when activated by myrosinase from the plant or after ingestion by gut bacteria, associated with positive effects stemming from antioxidant activity such as cardio-protection and detoxification support Glucoraphasatin (11.835 mg/g)** Glucoraphenin (0.004 mg/g)** Sinigrin (0.215 mg/g)** Neoglucobrassicin Gluconapin (0.2 mg/g)** (0.002 mg/g)** Glucoraphanin (0.12 mg/g)** 4-MeOH Glucobrassicin (0.002 mg/g)** Glucoerucin (0.095 mg/g)** Glucobrassicin (0.082 mg/g)** Glucobrassicanapin (0.058 mg/g)** Tannins Large set of diverse phenolic compounds found in plants that contribute to antioxidant activity, antimicrobial action and distinct dark color1 Saponins Phytoactive compounds that support the immune system and promote healthy cholesterol and blood glucose levels1 What is the Whole Food Matrix? Supports balance immune modulation for healthy inflammation response. Supports the gut microflora and a healthy metabolic fingerprint of the gut. Benefits of nutrients food matrix enhances bioavailability by up to 60%. Organic and adaptive regenerative farming techniques delivers nutrient dense source of key phytonutrients and helps balance healthy lifestyles.
    [Show full text]
  • Radish and Black Radish (Raphanus Sativus L.)
    The Plant and Animal Health Agency Scottish Government Official Use Only Welsh Government Ref. AMV 56 / Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Amateur Vegetables Description: GM Yes No Radish and Black Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) The Seeds (National Lists of Varieties) Regulations 2001 (as amended) Other Restrictions Yes No Proposed variety denomination Characteristics of the variety to be indicated (the number refers to the corresponding characteristic in the CPVO Technical Protocol; please mark the state of expression which best corresponds). The explanation of characteristics of a variety defined as N-type or S-type can be found on page 19 of the CPVO Technical Protocol. Common name Radish Black Radish Characteristic Example varieties Note 1 Only N-type varieties: Ploidy Diploid Halblanger weißer Sommer (N) 2 Tetraploid Rex (N) 4 3 Only N-type varieties: Leaf: length Very short 1 Very short to short 2 Short Sutong (N), Yeoreumdalang (N) 3 Short to medium 4 Medium Chungilpum (N), Noir long maraîcher (N), Rex (N) 5 Medium to long 6 Long Gilzo (N), Noir gros rond d'hiver (N) 7 Long to very long 8 Very long Blanche transparente 9 4 Only S-type varieties: Leaf: length Very short 1 Very short to short 2 Short Cerise (S), Saxa 2 (S) 3 Short to medium 4 Medium Amored (S), Novo (S) 5 Medium to long 6 Long National 2 (S) 7 Long to very long 8 Very long Red Hazera (S) 9 PVS AV D56 (Rev 10/14) 1 Characteristic Example varieties Note 8 Leaf blade: number of lobes Absent or very few Everest (N), Ostergruß rosa 2 (N), Ping Pong (S) 1 Very
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Cultivation with Strengthening the Vitality of the Plants, to Avoid Use of Pesticides © AGROHOMEOPATHY for Plants and Pests, Ing
    Cora agrohomeopathie ™ can be your sustainable path from field to table FOR THE HEALTH OF PEOPLE AND OF ENVIRONMENT Sustainable cultivation with strengthening the vitality of the plants, to avoid use of pesticides © AGROHOMEOPATHY for plants and pests, Ing. Majda Ortan, Ob Meži 30, 2391 Prevalje, Slovenija Mob. +386 (0)70 820 279 [email protected], www.cora–agrohomeopathie.com Introduction Company: PH. AGROHOM., Agrohomeopathy for plants and pests, Ing. Majda Ortan, Ob Meži 30, 2391 Prevalje, Slovenija Activities of the company: - Developing of products Cora agrohomeopathie ™, - Manufacturing (by outsorcing service), - Exclusive rights to: advice, educate, marketing, sale of products Cora agrohomeopathie ™ Contacts: Mob. +386 (0)70 820 279 [email protected], www.cora– www.cora-agrohomeopathie.com Introduction About Ing. Majda Ortan: - Already 38 years I nourish my rare talent and develop my formulations for agrohomeopathic products. - The last three years, I offer them on the market in the context of my own business under the brand name Cora agrohomeopathie ™. - With articles, books, seminars and consulting, I spread my knowledge about agrohomeopathy and about good practice of useage of products Cora agrohomeopathie ™. List of publications of Majda Ortan professional work in Cora agrohomeopathie ™ : • 23 articles published in Slovenian agricultural professional journals. • 3 scientific articles - together with co-authors, articles were presented at scientific conferences with international participation • Book of Majda Ortan and Miša Pušenjak: Simphony of balance – disclousure of green secret About balance in Nature and Cora agrohomeopathie ™ - in our new book: Mob. +386(070) 820 279 [email protected] www.cora-agrohomeopathie.com Cora agrohomeopathie can be your sustainable path from field to table, PART 1 • Products Cora agrohomeopathie ™ – smart, innovative solution to avoid using pesticides.
    [Show full text]
  • International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants Geneva
    E TG/63/7(proj.3) -TG/64/7(proj.2) ORIGINAL: English DATE: 2009-03-16 INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF PLANTS GENEVA DRAFT * Raphanus sativus L. UPOV Code: RAPHA_SAT_NIG (Raphanus sativus L. var sativus; Raphanus sativus L. var. niger (Mill.) S. Kerner; Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus L.H. Bailey) GUIDELINES FOR THE CONDUCT OF TESTS FOR DISTINCTNESS, UNIFORMITY AND STABILITY prepared by an expert from Germany to be considered by the Technical Working Party for Vegetables at its forty-third session, to be held in Beijing, from April 20 to 24, 2009 Alternative Names:* Botanical name English French German Spanish Raphanus sativus L. var Radish Radis de tous les mois Radieschen Rabanito sativus (Small radish type) Raphanus sativus L. var. Black Radish Radis d'été, d'automne Rettich Rabano de niger (Mill.) S. Kerner, et d'hiver invierno, Rabano Raphanus sativus L. var. negro longipinnatus L.H. Bailey (Daikon radish type) The purpose of these guidelines (“Test Guidelines”) is to elaborate the principles contained in the General Introduction (document TG/1/3), and its associated TGP documents, into detailed practical guidance for the harmonized examination of distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) and, in particular, to identify appropriate characteristics for the examination of DUS and production of harmonized variety descriptions. ASSOCIATED DOCUMENTS These Test Guidelines should be read in conjunction with the General Introduction and its associated TGP documents. * These names were correct at the time of the introduction of these Test Guidelines but may be revised or updated. [Readers are advised to consult the UPOV Code, which can be found on the UPOV Website (www.upov.int), for the latest information.] n:\orgupov\shared\tg\radish_cd\upov drafts\tg_63_7_proj_3_and_64_7_proj_2.doc TG/63/7(proj.3) - TG/64/7 (proj.2) Black Radish - Radish, 2009-03-16 - 2 - TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Structure and Diversity Among Radish Varieties As Inferred from AFLP and ISSR Analyses Jasmina Muminović, Andrea Merz, and Albrecht E
    J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 130(1):79–87. 2005. Genetic Structure and Diversity among Radish Varieties as Inferred from AFLP and ISSR Analyses Jasmina Muminović, Andrea Merz, and Albrecht E. Melchinger University of Hohenheim, Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science, and Population Genetics, 70593 Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany Thomas Lübberstedt1 Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. cluster analysis, genetic similarity, genetic structure, principal coordinate analysis, Raphanus sativus ABSTRACT. Twelve amplifi ed fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations and 10 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were applied to estimate genetic diversity among 68 varieties of cultivated radish (Raphanus sativus L.). The material consisted of open-pollinated varieties, inbred lines, diploid and a few tetraploid hybrid vari- eties of garden radish [R. sativus var. sativus DC. convar. radicula (DC.) Alef.] and black radish [R. sativus var. niger (Mill.) Pers.]. Two accessions of uncultivated relatives of radish that as weeds cause serious contamination during the process of hybrid radish production were added to the analyses. Polymorphic fragments were scored for calculation of Jaccardʼs coeffi cient of genetic similarity (GS). Substantial level of genetic variability (average AFLP-based GS = 0.70; average ISSR-based GS = 0.61) was detected in the available germplasm of cultivated radish. Cluster analyses separated two weedy species from the cultivated germplasm. Within cultivated material, black radish and french breakfast radish types formed separate clusters. Based on AFLP data, a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and model-based approach revealed the genetic structure within cultivated radish germplasm and indicated the existence of divergent pools. Although the model-based approach did not separate black radish from french breakfast radish varieties, it offered a clear sub-division within garden radish germplasm.
    [Show full text]
  • Organic Fruit and Vegetables from the Tropics
    Organic Fruit and Vegetables from theTropics Market, Certification and Production Information for Producers and International Trading Companies United Nations UnitedNations Conference on Trade & Development Organic Fruit and Vegetables from the Tropics Market, Certification and Production Information for Producers and International Trading Companies United Nations New York and Geneva, 2003 Note Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but full acknowledgement is requested. A copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint should be sent to the UNCTAD secretariat at: Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. Copyright © United Nations, 2003 UNCTAD/DITC/COM/2003/2 Contents Acknowledgements Forewords Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOREWORDS Part A: Production and Basic Principles of Organic Agriculture I. General Aspects of Organic Farming in the Tropics and Subtropics 1.1. Philosophy and principles of organic agriculture Page 2 1.1.1. Definition and principles 1.1.2. Distinction from other farming systems 1.1.3. Why organic agriculture? 1.1.4. Development of organic agriculture 1.2. Soil management and soil nutrition Page 8 1.2.1. The soil – A living organism 1.2.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on WINTER VEGETABLE GARDENING
    Notes on WINTER VEGETABLE GARDENING By Joyce Gemmell, Master Gardener, October 2009 Brassicas Broccoli The first broccoli seed in North America was sold by Stokes Seed Co., NY, in the 1920s. The crop has only been popular since World War II when the frozen food industry blossomed. Since then many hybrids have been developed for the home garden with large compact central heads like one sees in the supermarkets. There are other types grown in Europe and the Orient: The cauliflower-broccoli cross called Romanesco (85 days), and Floccoli (65 days), the green sprouting Broccoli raab (a turnip broccoli) and the Chinese broccoli which is actually a kale. Most home vegetable gardeners like a plant that will produce a large central head, which after cutting, causes the plant to sprout many side shoots that can be harvested over a long season. Bonanza Hybrid (Burpee, 55 days) is a good one. There are several varieties called Sprouting Broccoli that do not form a large central head. These are probably one of the easiest Brassicas to grow: Dandy Early (90 days) has a 6 inch head followed by many side shoots ( Thompson & Morgan ), Early Purple Sprouting (120 days) and the old Italian variety Calabrese ( 85 days ). If you want a large- headed type, one of the best is Premium Crop , an All American Selection. Burpee, Park and Stokes all carry it. Do not forget that maturity dates listed here and in catalogues are from setting out the transplants in the spring. Also, for large head types, try Goliath & Packman. Broccoli grows well in fertile, well drained soil.
    [Show full text]
  • International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants Geneva
    E TG/63/7-TG/64/7 Rev. Corr. ORIGINAL: English DATE: 2012-03-28 + 2016-03-16 + 2017-04-05 INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF PLANTS GENEVA * RADISH; BLACK RADISH UPOV Code: RAPHA_SAT_SAT; RAPHA_SAT_NIG Raphanus sativus L. var sativus; Raphanus sativus L. var. niger (Mill.) S. Kerner GUIDELINES FOR THE CONDUCT OF TESTS FOR DISTINCTNESS, UNIFORMITY AND STABILITY Alternative Names:* Botanical name English French German Spanish Raphanus sativus L. Black radish, Radis rave Rettich Rábano de invierno, var. niger (Mill.) S. Oriental radish Rábano negro Kerner, Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus L.H. Bailey Raphanus sativus L. Radish, Radis de tous les Radieschen Rabanito, Rábano var. sativus Garden Radish, mois European Radish, Chinese Small Radish, Western Radish The purpose of these guidelines (“Test Guidelines”) is to elaborate the principles contained in the General Introduction (document TG/1/3), and its associated TGP documents, into detailed practical guidance for the harmonized examination of distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) and, in particular, to identify appropriate characteristics for the examination of DUS and production of harmonized variety descriptions. ASSOCIATED DOCUMENTS These Test Guidelines should be read in conjunction with the General Introduction and its associated TGP documents. * These names were correct at the time of the introduction of these Test Guidelines but may be revised or updated. [Readers are advised to consult the UPOV Code, which can be found on the UPOV Website (www.upov.int), for the latest information.] TG/63/7-TG/64/7 Rev. Corr. Radish; Black Radish, 2012-03-28 + 2016-03-16 + 2017-04-05 - 2 - TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1.
    [Show full text]