DOCSLIB.ORG

Genetic Structure and Diversity Among Radish Varieties As Inferred from AFLP and ISSR Analyses Jasmina Muminović, Andrea Merz, and Albrecht E

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Genetic Structure and Diversity Among Radish Varieties As Inferred from AFLP and ISSR Analyses Jasmina Muminović, Andrea Merz, and Albrecht E J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 130(1):79–87. 2005. Genetic Structure and Diversity among Radish Varieties as Inferred from AFLP and ISSR Analyses Jasmina Muminović, Andrea Merz, and Albrecht E. Melchinger University of Hohenheim, Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science, and Population Genetics, 70593 Stuttgart-Hohenheim, Germany Thomas Lübberstedt1 Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. cluster analysis, genetic similarity, genetic structure, principal coordinate analysis, Raphanus sativus ABSTRACT. Twelve amplifi ed fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations and 10 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were applied to estimate genetic diversity among 68 varieties of cultivated radish (Raphanus sativus L.). The material consisted of open-pollinated varieties, inbred lines, diploid and a few tetraploid hybrid vari- eties of garden radish [R. sativus var. sativus DC. convar. radicula (DC.) Alef.] and black radish [R. sativus var. niger (Mill.) Pers.]. Two accessions of uncultivated relatives of radish that as weeds cause serious contamination during the process of hybrid radish production were added to the analyses. Polymorphic fragments were scored for calculation of Jaccardʼs coeffi cient of genetic similarity (GS). Substantial level of genetic variability (average AFLP-based GS = 0.70; average ISSR-based GS = 0.61) was detected in the available germplasm of cultivated radish. Cluster analyses separated two weedy species from the cultivated germplasm. Within cultivated material, black radish and french breakfast radish types formed separate clusters. Based on AFLP data, a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and model-based approach revealed the genetic structure within cultivated radish germplasm and indicated the existence of divergent pools. Although the model-based approach did not separate black radish from french breakfast radish varieties, it offered a clear sub-division within garden radish germplasm. The results of this study may be relevant for hybrid radish breeding. Radish is an important commercial vegetable, consumed varieties in Germany are F1 hybrids, which indicates a signifi cant worldwide. It is an ancient domesticate, initially cultivated in increase during the period of last 15 years (Bundessortenamt, China and Korea (Kaneko and Matsuzawa, 1993). The fi rst 1986, 2001). Most breeding work is aimed at further adaptation European variety of cultivated radish was recorded in the 16th to different growing conditions, improved resistance to pests century (George and Evans, 1981; Wein, 1964). Based on the [Peronospora parasitica Tul. and Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze], latest available information, the production of radish in Europe and improved marketing conditions (Vogel, 1996). Specifi c market amounts to 120 000 t (Vogel, 1996). preferences strongly infl uence the selection of morphological Taxonomy classifi es radish within the family Brassicaceae traits of root considered in the breeding process of radish (A. into the section Raphanis DC. (Kaneko and Matsuzawa, 1993). Schieder, personal communication). Thus, garden radish is bred Of six species in the section, only garden radish and black radish for round, light-red colored roots, french breakfast radish type are cultivated and commonly grown for their thickened fl eshy has a unique oblong red root shading to white at the tip, whereas hypocotyle and the upper part of the root. They cross freely and giant radish type possesses a stronger, red-fl eshed root, wider in easily with related species, such as chinese small radish (Raphanus diameter and not prone to sponginess and glassiness. sativus var. sativus convar. sinensis Saz.) and R. raphanistrum Advanced practices in breeding major crops have demonstrated L. Radish is open-pollinated, self-incompatible, diploid species the superiority of inter-group over intra-group hybrids. For the with a chromosome number 2n = 18, small genome size, and optimum exploitation of heterosis, the parental lines should be DNA amount in the unreplicated gametic nucleus (referred to derived from genetically unrelated germplasm pools, commonly as C-value) ranging from 0.55 to 1.45 pg (Dolezel et al., 1992; referred to as heterotic groups (Melchinger and Gumber, 1998). Olszewska and Osiecka, 1983). Only few studies have so far been conducted to estimate phe- Radish breeding was practiced for centuries, by means of mass notypic (George and Evans, 1981) or genetic diversity of radish or pedigree selection. In the past two decades, the production of varieties (Demeke et al., 1992; Ellstrand and Marshall, 1985; F1 hybrids using cytoplasmatic male sterility has widely replaced Huh and Ohnishi, 2003; Rabbani et al., 1998; Thormann et al., simple breeding methods based on morphological traits (Banga, 1994). None of the currently available studies has focused on a 1976). Uniformity of varieties is becoming a high priority goal wider set of European radish varieties. Molecular markers, such in radish breeding. Over a third (35%) of currently grown radish as AFLP (Vos et al., 1995) and ISSR (Zietkiewitcz et al., 1994), were already successfully applied in genetic diversity analyses in various crops (Bohn et al., 1999; Simioniuc et al., 2002; Zhu et al., Received for publication 28 Apr. 2004. Accepted for publication 4 Aug. 2004. The 1998), and confi rmed the classifi cation of germplasm into known authors thank Andrea Schieder (radish breeder at the breeding company Juliwa- Enza) and the breeding company Nunhems for their generous cooperation in the heterotic groups (Lübberstedt et al., 2000; Pejic et al., 1998). study. The study was funded by the Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, Our objectives were to establish the AFLP and ISSR protocols Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (BMVEL) and the Gemeinschaft zur Förderung for radish, and apply them to 1) investigate the genetic diversity der privaten deutschen Pfl anzenzüchtung e.V. (GFP), Germany. of a set of radish varieties that have currently been commercially 1To whom reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail address: Thomas. [email protected] produced in Europe, and 2) identify possible heterotic pools within J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 130(1):79–87. 2005. 79 JJanBookanBook 1.indb1.indb 7979 112/22/042/22/04 33:59:30:59:30 PPMM available cultivated radish germplasm. Furthermore, a method for check—an accession sown twice under coded numbers, and 2) an early detection of weed (chinese small radish and R. raphanis- laboratory duplicate—a randomly chosen accession duplicated trum) in cultivated radish can be derived from our study. after DNA extraction and re-duplicated in consecutive steps of the analyses. Materials and Methods Plants were grown either in the open fi eld or greenhouse, depending on their preferred growing conditions. Distinctive PLANT MATERIALS AND DNA EXTRACTION. Sixty-eight acces- morphological traits for giant radish, black radish, and french sions of cultivated radish grown in Europe were chosen for the breakfast radish were estimated according to the standard criteria study. The materials consisted of inbred lines, diploid and tet- of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties raploid hybrid varieties, and open-pollinated varieties of garden of Plants (UPOV). radish and black radish. One accession of chinese small radish From a bulk of 20–30 plants per accession, 2–3 g of fresh and one accession of R. raphanistrum were added to the study leaf material were frozen in liquid nitrogen and ground to a fi ne (Table 1). Two control types were included to test the reliability powder. The extraction of genomic DNA was done following the and reproducibility of the AFLP and ISSR protocols: 1) blind modifi ed CTAB procedure (Hoisington et al., 1994). Table 1. Varieties of garden radish and black radishz, as well as the accessions of wild relatives of radish analyzed with amplifi ed fragment length polymorphism and inter-simple sequence repeat molecular markers. Variety Genetic Production Breeding Variety Genetic Production Breeding name (or code) constitutiony typex companyw name (or code) constitutiony typex companyw JW 6 Inbred line OF JE Duroz 4n Chr JW 9 Inbred line OF JE Fanal 4n N JW 14 Inbred line OF JE Cherry Belle OP NZ z z April Cross F1 hybrid JE Eiszapfen OP JE Cheriette F1 hybrid SS Eterna OP JE Content F1 hybrid UG EZ Falco OP OF JE Donar F1 hybrid UG Syn Flair OP UG/OF RZ Favorella F1 hybrid UG NZ Flamboyant OP JE z Florent F1 hybrid UG EZ Hilds Blauer Herbst OP N Fluo F1 hybrid Vil Hilmar OP UG N Hyronda F1 hybrid JE JW 30 OP JE Isar F1 hybrid OF Syn JW 31 OP JE JW 16 F1 hybrid OF JE Karissima OP UG N JW 17 F1 hybrid OF JE Marabelle OP OF/UG NZ JW 18 F1 hybrid OF JE Neckarperle OP OF N z JW 19 F1 hybrid OF JE Neckarruhm rot OP N z JW 20 F1 hybrid OF JE Neckarruhm weiss OP N Masterred F1 hybrid OF Sem Nelson OP GG Novella F1 hybrid UG NZ Parat OP JE Picard F1 hybrid OF RZ Patricia OP N Printo F1 hybrid OF NZ Raxe OP N Radius F1 hybrid UG EZ Red Silk OP HM Rondar F1 hybrid OF/UG Syn Ribella OP OF NZ R3 F1 hybrid OF JE Riesenbutter OP JE R6 F1 hybrid OF JE Rondeel OP RZ R16 F1 hybrid OF JE Rota OP RZ R49 F1 hybrid UG N Rudi OP OF JE z R50 F1 hybrid UG N Runder Schwarzer Winter OP N R51 F1 hybrid UG N Saxa – Rafi ne OP OF RZ Sunto F1 hybrid OF NZ Silva OP OF JE Tarzan F1 hybrid UG EZ Sirri OP OF RZ Trespa F1 hybrid UG EZ Sora OP N Vitella F1 hybrid UG NZ Topsi OP UG/OF N Wernar F1 hybrid OF Syn Chinese small radish (wild species) weed --- Boy 4n N R. raphanistrum (wild species) weed --- zBlack radish varieties. y4n and OP designate tetraploid variety and open-pollinated variety, respectively. xOF designates production in the open fi eld; UG designates the production under glass.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Effect of Peeling on Antioxidant Capacity of Black Radish Root
    PAPER THE EFFECT OF PEELING ON ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF BLACK RADISH ROOT E. ENKHTUYA* and M. TSEND Department of Food Engineering, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Baga toiruu 34, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT In this study, freeze-dried peeled and unpeeled root, as well as the juice from peeled and unpeeled root of black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var niger) cultivated in Mongolia were characterized for their DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activity, reducing power, total phenolics, and flavonoids in order to evaluate the effect of the peel. The juice from the peeled root showed strong antioxidant potential may due to its high phenolic content. However, the ability of the dried unpeeled root extract to quench free radicals and reduce Fe3+ was higher than that of the dried peeled root extract. Keywords: antioxidant capacity, black radish, peel, phenolic compounds, root Ital. J. Food Sci., vol. 32, 2020 - 701 1. INTRODUCTION Fruits and vegetables play a vital role in the prevention of degenerative diseases caused by oxidative stress and the improvement of general health as these contain vitamins, minerals, amino acids, dietary fibers, and phenolic compounds. For instance, the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases has been strongly related to the intake of fresh fruits and vegetables rich in natural antioxidants. This suggests that a higher intake of such compounds will lower the risk of mortality from these diseases (WILLCOX et al., 2004). Radish (Raphanus sativus Linn.) is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) family with some other popular vegetables including white and red cabbage, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cauliflower, kohlrabi, rape, and mustard.
    [Show full text]
  • Sulforaphene Isolated from Radish (Raphanus
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 3 July 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0060.v1 Article Sulforaphene Isolated from Radish (Raphanus Sativus L.) Seeds Inhibits Growth of Six Cancer Cell Lines and Induces Apoptosis of A549 Cells Sooyeon Lim 1, 4, Jin-Chul Ahn 2, Eun Jin Lee 3, *, and Jongkee Kim 1, * 1 Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Republic of Korea; [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (J.K.) 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; [email protected] 3 Department of Plant Science, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea; [email protected] 4 Seed Viability Research Team, Department of Seed Vault, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa, 36209, Republic of Korea; [email protected] *Co-correspondence (E.J.L): [email protected]; Tel. +82-2-880-4565; Fax +82-2-880-2056 *Co-correspondence (J.K): [email protected]; Tel. +82-31-670-3042; Fax +82-31-670-3042 Abstract: Sulforaphene (SFE), a major isothiocyanate in radish seeds, is a close chemical relative of sulforaphane (SFA) isolated from broccoli seeds and florets. The anti-proliferative mechanisms of SFA against cancer cells have been well investigated, but little is known about the potential anti- proliferative effects of SFE. In this study, we showed that SFE purified from radish seeds inhibited the growth of six cancer cell lines (A549, CHO, HeLa, Hepa1c1c7, HT-29, and LnCaP), with relative © 2018 by the author(s).
    [Show full text]
  • Notification of an Emergency Authorisation Issued by Belgium
    Notification of an Emergency Authorisation issued by Belgium 1. Member State, and MS notification number BE-Be-2020-02 2. In case of repeated derogation: no. of previous derogation(s) None 3. Names of active substances Tefluthrin - 15.0000 g/kg 4. Trade name of Plant Protection Product Force 1.5 GR 5. Formulation type GR 6. Authorisation holder KDT 7. Time period for authorisation 01/04/2020 - 29/07/2020 8. Further limitations Generated by PPPAMS - Published on 04/02/2020 - Page 1 of 7 9. Value of tMRL if needed, including information on the measures taken in order to confine the commodities resulting from the treated crop to the territory of the notifying MS pending the setting of a tMRL on the EU level. (PRIMO EFSA model to be attached) / 10. Validated analytical method for monitoring of residues in plants and plant products. Source: Reasoned opinion on the setting of maximum residue levels for tefluthrin in various crops1 EFSA Journal 2015;13(7):4196: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4196 1. Method of analysis 1.1.Methods for enforcement of residues in food of plant origin Analytical methods for the determination of tefluthrin residues in plant commodities were assessed in the DAR and during the peer review under Directive 91/414/EEC (Germany, 2006, 2009; EFSA, 2010). The modified multi-residue DFG S 19 analytical method using GC-MSD quantification and its ILV were considered as fully validated for the determination of tefluthrin in high water content- (sugar beet root), high acid content- (orange), high oil content- (oilseed rape) and dry/starch- (maize grain) commodities at an LOQ of 0.01 mg/kg.
    [Show full text]
  • A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Harper
    A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Harper Adams University Copyright and moral rights for this thesis and, where applicable, any accompanying data are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis and the accompanying data cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content of the thesis and accompanying research data (where applicable) must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder/s. When referring to this thesis and any accompanying data, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. HARPER ADAMS UNIVERSITY Minimising post-harvest losses in radishes through an understanding of pre and post-harvest factors that influence root splitting A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Harper Adams University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Rachel Anna Lockley BSc (hons) Biological Sciences at Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire, TF10 8NB June 2016 1. Declaration This thesis was composed by me and is a record of work carried out by me on an original line of research. All sources of information are shown in the text and listed in the references. None of this work has been presented/accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any University. Rachel Lockley June 2016 ii 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Spanish Black Radish (SBR) Phytoactives What Is the Whole
    Spanish Black Radish (SBR) Spanish Black Radish (SBR; Raphinoussativus L. Var. niger) is a cruciferous vegetable associated with production of detoxification enzymes, healthy digestion, and healthy liver and gallbladder function. SBR is grown for its rich supply of glucosinolates, mainly glucoraphasatin and glucoraphanin. Eating SBR and other vegetables improves your food quality score (FQS). Phytoactives Fiber Promote healthy cholesterol levels, promote cardiovascular health, support healthy bowel function Myrosinase Enzyme found in plant tissue that initiates conversion of glucosinolates to bioactive isothiocyanates Glucosinolates Sulfur-containing secondary metabolites mostly found in cruciferous vegetables, when activated by myrosinase from the plant or after ingestion by gut bacteria, associated with positive effects stemming from antioxidant activity such as cardio-protection and detoxification support Glucoraphasatin (11.835 mg/g)** Glucoraphenin (0.004 mg/g)** Sinigrin (0.215 mg/g)** Neoglucobrassicin Gluconapin (0.2 mg/g)** (0.002 mg/g)** Glucoraphanin (0.12 mg/g)** 4-MeOH Glucobrassicin (0.002 mg/g)** Glucoerucin (0.095 mg/g)** Glucobrassicin (0.082 mg/g)** Glucobrassicanapin (0.058 mg/g)** Tannins Large set of diverse phenolic compounds found in plants that contribute to antioxidant activity, antimicrobial action and distinct dark color1 Saponins Phytoactive compounds that support the immune system and promote healthy cholesterol and blood glucose levels1 What is the Whole Food Matrix? Supports balance immune modulation for healthy inflammation response. Supports the gut microflora and a healthy metabolic fingerprint of the gut. Benefits of nutrients food matrix enhances bioavailability by up to 60%. Organic and adaptive regenerative farming techniques delivers nutrient dense source of key phytonutrients and helps balance healthy lifestyles.
    [Show full text]
  • Radish and Black Radish (Raphanus Sativus L.)
    The Plant and Animal Health Agency Scottish Government Official Use Only Welsh Government Ref. AMV 56 / Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Amateur Vegetables Description: GM Yes No Radish and Black Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) The Seeds (National Lists of Varieties) Regulations 2001 (as amended) Other Restrictions Yes No Proposed variety denomination Characteristics of the variety to be indicated (the number refers to the corresponding characteristic in the CPVO Technical Protocol; please mark the state of expression which best corresponds). The explanation of characteristics of a variety defined as N-type or S-type can be found on page 19 of the CPVO Technical Protocol. Common name Radish Black Radish Characteristic Example varieties Note 1 Only N-type varieties: Ploidy Diploid Halblanger weißer Sommer (N) 2 Tetraploid Rex (N) 4 3 Only N-type varieties: Leaf: length Very short 1 Very short to short 2 Short Sutong (N), Yeoreumdalang (N) 3 Short to medium 4 Medium Chungilpum (N), Noir long maraîcher (N), Rex (N) 5 Medium to long 6 Long Gilzo (N), Noir gros rond d'hiver (N) 7 Long to very long 8 Very long Blanche transparente 9 4 Only S-type varieties: Leaf: length Very short 1 Very short to short 2 Short Cerise (S), Saxa 2 (S) 3 Short to medium 4 Medium Amored (S), Novo (S) 5 Medium to long 6 Long National 2 (S) 7 Long to very long 8 Very long Red Hazera (S) 9 PVS AV D56 (Rev 10/14) 1 Characteristic Example varieties Note 8 Leaf blade: number of lobes Absent or very few Everest (N), Ostergruß rosa 2 (N), Ping Pong (S) 1 Very
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Cultivation with Strengthening the Vitality of the Plants, to Avoid Use of Pesticides © AGROHOMEOPATHY for Plants and Pests, Ing
    Cora agrohomeopathie ™ can be your sustainable path from field to table FOR THE HEALTH OF PEOPLE AND OF ENVIRONMENT Sustainable cultivation with strengthening the vitality of the plants, to avoid use of pesticides © AGROHOMEOPATHY for plants and pests, Ing. Majda Ortan, Ob Meži 30, 2391 Prevalje, Slovenija Mob. +386 (0)70 820 279 [email protected], www.cora–agrohomeopathie.com Introduction Company: PH. AGROHOM., Agrohomeopathy for plants and pests, Ing. Majda Ortan, Ob Meži 30, 2391 Prevalje, Slovenija Activities of the company: - Developing of products Cora agrohomeopathie ™, - Manufacturing (by outsorcing service), - Exclusive rights to: advice, educate, marketing, sale of products Cora agrohomeopathie ™ Contacts: Mob. +386 (0)70 820 279 [email protected], www.cora– www.cora-agrohomeopathie.com Introduction About Ing. Majda Ortan: - Already 38 years I nourish my rare talent and develop my formulations for agrohomeopathic products. - The last three years, I offer them on the market in the context of my own business under the brand name Cora agrohomeopathie ™. - With articles, books, seminars and consulting, I spread my knowledge about agrohomeopathy and about good practice of useage of products Cora agrohomeopathie ™. List of publications of Majda Ortan professional work in Cora agrohomeopathie ™ : • 23 articles published in Slovenian agricultural professional journals. • 3 scientific articles - together with co-authors, articles were presented at scientific conferences with international participation • Book of Majda Ortan and Miša Pušenjak: Simphony of balance – disclousure of green secret About balance in Nature and Cora agrohomeopathie ™ - in our new book: Mob. +386(070) 820 279 [email protected] www.cora-agrohomeopathie.com Cora agrohomeopathie can be your sustainable path from field to table, PART 1 • Products Cora agrohomeopathie ™ – smart, innovative solution to avoid using pesticides.
    [Show full text]
  • International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants Geneva
    E TG/63/7(proj.3) -TG/64/7(proj.2) ORIGINAL: English DATE: 2009-03-16 INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF PLANTS GENEVA DRAFT * Raphanus sativus L. UPOV Code: RAPHA_SAT_NIG (Raphanus sativus L. var sativus; Raphanus sativus L. var. niger (Mill.) S. Kerner; Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus L.H. Bailey) GUIDELINES FOR THE CONDUCT OF TESTS FOR DISTINCTNESS, UNIFORMITY AND STABILITY prepared by an expert from Germany to be considered by the Technical Working Party for Vegetables at its forty-third session, to be held in Beijing, from April 20 to 24, 2009 Alternative Names:* Botanical name English French German Spanish Raphanus sativus L. var Radish Radis de tous les mois Radieschen Rabanito sativus (Small radish type) Raphanus sativus L. var. Black Radish Radis d'été, d'automne Rettich Rabano de niger (Mill.) S. Kerner, et d'hiver invierno, Rabano Raphanus sativus L. var. negro longipinnatus L.H. Bailey (Daikon radish type) The purpose of these guidelines (“Test Guidelines”) is to elaborate the principles contained in the General Introduction (document TG/1/3), and its associated TGP documents, into detailed practical guidance for the harmonized examination of distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) and, in particular, to identify appropriate characteristics for the examination of DUS and production of harmonized variety descriptions. ASSOCIATED DOCUMENTS These Test Guidelines should be read in conjunction with the General Introduction and its associated TGP documents. * These names were correct at the time of the introduction of these Test Guidelines but may be revised or updated. [Readers are advised to consult the UPOV Code, which can be found on the UPOV Website (www.upov.int), for the latest information.] n:\orgupov\shared\tg\radish_cd\upov drafts\tg_63_7_proj_3_and_64_7_proj_2.doc TG/63/7(proj.3) - TG/64/7 (proj.2) Black Radish - Radish, 2009-03-16 - 2 - TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Organic Fruit and Vegetables from the Tropics
    Organic Fruit and Vegetables from theTropics Market, Certification and Production Information for Producers and International Trading Companies United Nations UnitedNations Conference on Trade & Development Organic Fruit and Vegetables from the Tropics Market, Certification and Production Information for Producers and International Trading Companies United Nations New York and Geneva, 2003 Note Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but full acknowledgement is requested. A copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint should be sent to the UNCTAD secretariat at: Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. Copyright © United Nations, 2003 UNCTAD/DITC/COM/2003/2 Contents Acknowledgements Forewords Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOREWORDS Part A: Production and Basic Principles of Organic Agriculture I. General Aspects of Organic Farming in the Tropics and Subtropics 1.1. Philosophy and principles of organic agriculture Page 2 1.1.1. Definition and principles 1.1.2. Distinction from other farming systems 1.1.3. Why organic agriculture? 1.1.4. Development of organic agriculture 1.2. Soil management and soil nutrition Page 8 1.2.1. The soil – A living organism 1.2.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on WINTER VEGETABLE GARDENING
    Notes on WINTER VEGETABLE GARDENING By Joyce Gemmell, Master Gardener, October 2009 Brassicas Broccoli The first broccoli seed in North America was sold by Stokes Seed Co., NY, in the 1920s. The crop has only been popular since World War II when the frozen food industry blossomed. Since then many hybrids have been developed for the home garden with large compact central heads like one sees in the supermarkets. There are other types grown in Europe and the Orient: The cauliflower-broccoli cross called Romanesco (85 days), and Floccoli (65 days), the green sprouting Broccoli raab (a turnip broccoli) and the Chinese broccoli which is actually a kale. Most home vegetable gardeners like a plant that will produce a large central head, which after cutting, causes the plant to sprout many side shoots that can be harvested over a long season. Bonanza Hybrid (Burpee, 55 days) is a good one. There are several varieties called Sprouting Broccoli that do not form a large central head. These are probably one of the easiest Brassicas to grow: Dandy Early (90 days) has a 6 inch head followed by many side shoots ( Thompson & Morgan ), Early Purple Sprouting (120 days) and the old Italian variety Calabrese ( 85 days ). If you want a large- headed type, one of the best is Premium Crop , an All American Selection. Burpee, Park and Stokes all carry it. Do not forget that maturity dates listed here and in catalogues are from setting out the transplants in the spring. Also, for large head types, try Goliath & Packman. Broccoli grows well in fertile, well drained soil.
    [Show full text]
  • International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants Geneva
    E TG/63/7-TG/64/7 Rev. Corr. ORIGINAL: English DATE: 2012-03-28 + 2016-03-16 + 2017-04-05 INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE PROTECTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF PLANTS GENEVA * RADISH; BLACK RADISH UPOV Code: RAPHA_SAT_SAT; RAPHA_SAT_NIG Raphanus sativus L. var sativus; Raphanus sativus L. var. niger (Mill.) S. Kerner GUIDELINES FOR THE CONDUCT OF TESTS FOR DISTINCTNESS, UNIFORMITY AND STABILITY Alternative Names:* Botanical name English French German Spanish Raphanus sativus L. Black radish, Radis rave Rettich Rábano de invierno, var. niger (Mill.) S. Oriental radish Rábano negro Kerner, Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus L.H. Bailey Raphanus sativus L. Radish, Radis de tous les Radieschen Rabanito, Rábano var. sativus Garden Radish, mois European Radish, Chinese Small Radish, Western Radish The purpose of these guidelines (“Test Guidelines”) is to elaborate the principles contained in the General Introduction (document TG/1/3), and its associated TGP documents, into detailed practical guidance for the harmonized examination of distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) and, in particular, to identify appropriate characteristics for the examination of DUS and production of harmonized variety descriptions. ASSOCIATED DOCUMENTS These Test Guidelines should be read in conjunction with the General Introduction and its associated TGP documents. * These names were correct at the time of the introduction of these Test Guidelines but may be revised or updated. [Readers are advised to consult the UPOV Code, which can be found on the UPOV Website (www.upov.int), for the latest information.] TG/63/7-TG/64/7 Rev. Corr. Radish; Black Radish, 2012-03-28 + 2016-03-16 + 2017-04-05 - 2 - TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1.
    [Show full text]
  • 136-140, 2013 Issn 1995-0756
    136 Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(1): 136-140, 2013 ISSN 1995-0756 This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effect of sowing dates on some quantitative and qualitative traits of three landraces of black radish (Raphanus sativus var. niger) 1M. Ebrahimi, 2M.R. Hassandokht, 3G.H. Payvast 1Islamic Azad University, Jiroft Branch, Jiroft, Iran 2Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran 3Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran M. Ebrahimi, M.R. Hassandokht, G.H. Payvast; Effect of sowing dates on some quantitative and qualitative traits of three landraces of black radish (Raphanus sativus var. niger) ABSTRACT In order to evaluate the effect of landrace and sowing date on some quantitative and qualitative traits of black radish, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2011. Treatments consisted of three black radish landraces (Shiraz, Mashhad and Yazd) and three sowing date (10, 20 and 30 September). Results showed that effect of landrace and sowing dates were significant for the most traits. The interaction effects of landraces and sowing dates were significant for leaf length, root diameter, root weight and yield. The results also indicate that Shiraz landrace was superior to the other landraces in terms of most of the measured traits. Yield decreased with delayed sowing and the highest yield was obtained from sowing in 10 September. According to results of the present study, it could be conclude that early September being the best time for sowing all of the three landraces in Marvdasht climate.
    [Show full text]