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MODELING and ANALYSIS of PULSE TUBE REFRIGERATOR 1Nishant Solanki, 2Nimesh Parmar

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MODELING and ANALYSIS of PULSE TUBE REFRIGERATOR 1Nishant Solanki, 2Nimesh Parmar Solanki et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945 Research Paper MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF PULSE TUBE REFRIGERATOR 1Nishant Solanki, 2Nimesh Parmar Address for Correspondence 1Student, M.E. (Thermal Engineering), Gandhinagar Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India 2Asst. Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Gandhinagar Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India ABSTRACT: Cryogenics comes from the Greek word “kryos”, which means very cold or freezing and “genes” means to produce. Cryogenics is the science and technology associated with the phenomena that occur at very low temperature, close to the lowest theoretically attainable temperature. In this research paper, three dimensional model of pulse tube refrigerator is developed in ANSYS CFX and compared it with experimental results. It shows good agreement with experimental results with ANSYS CFD results. KEYWORDS : Pulse tube refrigerator, ANSYS CFD INTRODUCTION: volume on the thermodynamic performance of The pulse tube refrigerators (PTR) are capable of various components in a simple orifice and a double cooling to temperature below 123K. Unlike the inlet pulse tube cooler by combining a linearized ordinary refrigeration cycles which utilize the vapour model with a thermodynamic analysis. The results compression cycle as described in classical reveal that the performance of the pulse tube cooler is thermodynamics, a PTR implements the theory of significantly affected when the reservoir to pulse tube oscillatory compression and expansion of the gas volume ratio is less than 5, which helps the design of within a closed volume to achieve desired a practical pulse tube cooler. refrigeration. Being oscillatory, a PTR is a non steady Y.L. He, C.F. Zhao [4], carried out the numerical system that requires time dependent solution. simulation of two dimensional viscous compressible However like many other periodic systems, PTRs oscillating flow for the uniform cross section and attain quasi-steady periodic state (steady-periodic tapered pulse tubes. They found that the tapered pulse mode). In a periodic steady state system, property of tube gives the improved performance than the the system at any point in a cycle will reach the same uniform cross section pulse tube, but when the taper state in the next cycle and so on. A Pulse tube angle becomes much larger than this optimum value, refrigerator is a closed system that uses an oscillating the cooling performance of pulse tube refrigerator pressure (usually produced by an oscillating piston) at becomes weaker than that of circular tube. L. one end to generate an oscillating gas flow in the rest Mohanta and M.D. Atrey [5] has been carried out of the system. The gas flow can carry heat away from fundamental relationship between mass flow rates at a low temperature point (cold end of pulse tube) to the the hot and cold ends of the pulse tube and also the hot end heat exchanger if the power factor for the mass flow rate through the orifice and DI valve by phasor quantities is favourable. The amount of heat phasor analysis of PTR. They have been found that they can remove is limited by their size and power the refrigerating effect is directly proportional to the used to drive them. mass flow rate at the cold end and the amplitude of Experimental study has been done by the B.J. Huang dynamic pressure. Taekyung Ki and Sangkwon and G.J. Yu [1] they have concluded experimentally Jeong [6] provide the step-by-step design methodology that there exists an optimum operating frequency for efficient stirling type PTR. Dion Savio Antao, which increases with decreasing pulse tube volume. Bakhtier Farouk [7], have presented a numerical For a fixed pulse tube volume, increasing the pulse simulations of transport proves in a pulse tube tube diameter will improve the performance. The cryocooler for find out the effects of taper angle. experimental results are used to derive a correlation They found that the taper angle of the pulse tube is for the performance of OPTR which correlates the shown to have significant effects on the secondary net cooling capacity with the operating conditions streaming patterns observed in the pulse tube. and the dimensions of the OPTR. Ya Ling He, Hing Tapering the pulse tube improved the performance of Huang [2] has carried out the first and second law the OPTR. M.Y. Xu [8] developed a pulse tube analysis of pulse tube refrigerator, and found that the refrigerator with the cooling capacity below 2 K by cooling performance coefficient has been improved using the 3He in place of 4He and achieved the from 0.091 to 0.108 of the double inlet type PTR and lowest temperature below 2 K is 1.87 K. Liang et corresponding exergy efficiency improved from al. [9] idealized the pulse tube refrigeration process by 25.04 % to 29.95% respectively. Alos they found that simplifying the practical conditions without losing the most of the exergy losses take place in to the the main characteristics of pulse tube refrigeration. orifice and regenerator so the improvements for these Based on this idealization, the thermodynamic two components are highly needed in order to further nonsymmetry effect of the gas element working at improve the performance of PTR. A pulse tube cooler the cold end of the pulse tube has been described. has the advantages of long life and low vibration over The gas elements enter the cold end of the pulse tube conventional vryocoolers such as G-M and stirling at the wall temperature of the cold end heat coolers because of the absence of moving parts at low exchanger but return to the cold end of the pulse tube temperature. In order to make the pulse tube cooler at much lower temperatures. They termed it compact for practical applications, the volume of thermodynamic non-symmetry in entering and reservoir should be minimized. X.B. Zhang and leaving the pulse tube during one cycle. This effect L.M. Qiu [3] analyzes the effects of the reservoir has been conveniently used to explain the IJAET/Vol. IV/ Issue II/April-June, 2013/90-95 Solanki et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945 refrigeration mechanism of the basic, orifice and As the regenerator plays very significant role in the double inlet pulse tubes. In their second paper, Liang performance of any cryocooler, the regenerator is et al. [10 ] developed the compound pulse tube model modelled as a porous media, for which some basic based on the earlier analysis and incorporated the parameters like porosity, viscous resistance factor thermal and viscous influence of the pulse tube wall and inertial resistance factor are required as input and proposed a thermal viscous layer in the pulse parameters for CFD analysis. tube. Wei et al. [11] have done theoretical calculation for inertance tube without a reservoir and showed that this device provides a rather large phase-leading effect. Thus phasor diagram is used to analyze the relationship between phase-leading requirement and the pulse tube geometry. They noticed that a larger void volume of pulse tube would require a larger Fig 1 woven wire mesh screens phase-leading effect. W. R. Smith [12] introduced a The geometrical parameters used in the description of new mathematical model to describe heat and mass screen regenerators are the porosity and area density. transfer in PTRs. De Boer [13] carried out a Porosity( ): The porosity is defined as the ratio of experiment on maximum attainable performance of the volume&&& occupied by the fluid to the total volume. pulse tube refrigerator and found that the It could also be defined as the ratio of void volume to nondimensional rate of refrigeration of pulse tube is the total volume. It is expressed as, shown to have a maximum attainable value of 1/4. At maximum rate of refrigeration, the coefficient of ͎͕ͣͨ͠ ͙ͪͣͩ͠͡ ͚ͣ ͙͙͗ͣ͗ͨ͘͢͢ ͪͣ͘͝ ͕͙ͧͤ͗ ͊ͣͦͣͧͨͭ͝ Ǧ Ɣ performance equals one-half the temperature ratio Area density ( ): The͕ͨͣͨ͠ area ͙ͪͣͩ͠͡ density ͚ͣ ͙ͨ͜ is ͕ͨͦͬ͡͝defined as a [14] across the regenerator. J. Jung presents the ratio of void surface area to the total volume of the expansion efficiency of the pulse tube refrigerator matrix. It is expressed as and concluded that the time needed for optimal design of the pulse tube refrigerator can be greatly ̻͙͕ͦ ͙ͧͨͭ͘͢͝ reduced with simple calculation process of the ͎͕ͣͨ͠ ͚͕͙ͧͩͦ͗ ͕͙͕ͦ ͚ͣ ͙͙͗ͣ͗ͨ͘͢͢ ͪͣ͘͝ ͕͙ͧͤ͗ Ɣ expansion efficiency. A. Razani et al [15] was For the perfect͕ͨͣͨ͠ stacking ͙ͪͣͩ͠͡ of ͚ͣ square ͙ͨ͜ ͕ͨͦͬ͡͝ mesh screens in developed a thermodynamic model based on exergy which the weaving causes no inclination of the wires flow through the pulse tube refrigerators and they and the screen layers are not separated. These have proposed an exergetic efficiency parameter idealization lead to a matrix packing where the screen representing the losses in the pulse tube itself. Amir thickness t s is equal to 2d w and the porosity is given R Ghahremani, R.M. Saidi [16] has been analysed by, and optimized the performance of high capacity pulse _ v tube refrigerator. As a result of their optimization ͦƫƳ ƟͨƷ ĪƯʚ3ħ Īʛ _ & Ɣ 1 Ǝ ʚ ʛvʚ ʛ Ɣ 1 Ǝ they proposed a new configuration of high capacity Where, 3ħ Ī ͦĪ ͨ3ħ pulse tube refrigerator which provides 335 W at 80 K ͤ.ͤͦͩͨ / cold end temperature with a frequency of 50 Hz and Whereͬ Ɣ mĪ is( mesh per inch and d w is wire diameter of screen. [17] COP of 0.05. Ju et al developed an improved For woven screen regenerator it is necessary to numerical model for simulating the oscillating fluid specify an additional analytical parameter, to define flow and detail dynamic performance of the OPTR the ratio of the minimum free flow area to the frontal and DIPTR.
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