DOCSLIB.ORG

Numerical Analysis of Double Inlet Two-Stage Inertance Pulse Tube Cryocooler

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Numerical Analysis of Double Inlet Two-Stage Inertance Pulse Tube Cryocooler International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration, Vol 8(79) ISSN (Print): 2394-5443 ISSN (Online): 2394-7454 Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.19101/IJATEE.2021.874108 Numerical analysis of double inlet two-stage inertance pulse tube cryocooler Mahmadrafik Choudhari1*, Bajirao Gawali2, Mohammedadil Momin3, Prateek Malwe1, Nandkishor Deshmukh1 and Rustam Dhalait1 Research Scholar, Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli-416415, India1 Professor, Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli-416415, India2 M.Tech Scholar, Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli-416415, India3 Received: 08-May-2021; Revised: 25-June-2021; Accepted: 27-June-2021 ©2021 Mahmadrafik Choudhari et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Stirling-type Pulse Tube Cryocoolers (PTC) are designed to meet present and upcoming commercial requirements and needs with durability and low vibrations. Multistaging in Stirling type PTC is one of the major developments reported in recent times for low-temperature achievement, due to improved performance over a period of time. The current study aims to define the methodology for numerical assessment of Double Inlet Two-Stage Pulse Tube Cryocooler (DITSPTC) to achieve cryogenic temperature of 20 K. This paper performs Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation of PTC for defining the methodology using the CFD software package and then the same methodology is extended for the analysis of DITSPTC. The system simulations are performed with frequency of 70 Hz and average pressure of 20 bar. The minimum temperatures obtained from simulations are 95 K and 20 K at the first and second stage respectively. Keywords Pulse tube cryocooler, CFD, Cryogenic temperature, Multistaging, Double inlet valve. 1.Introduction Hu et al. [5] done numerical and experimental studies The basic Pulse Tube Cryocoolers (PTC) was invented of DIPTC and IPTC. They determined that optimal by Gifford and Longsworth [1]. A compressor is used phase shift cannot be obtained by the use of an to drive this system which does pressurization and inertance tube only for low cooling power, but can depressurization of working gas to obtain the required provide an optimum phase shift for PTCs with high effect in the system. Continuous analysis and cooling power. Double inlet valve incorporated to subsequent enhancement in the performance of PTC obtain optimal phase shift in case of low cooling has done in the last few decades. Mikulin et al. [2] power PTC. Roy and Kundu [6] done the introduced the orifice type PTC. thermodynamic analysis of basic PTC, OPTC, and DIPTC and shown that the DIPTC gives better cooling The addition of an orifice valve results in Cold End performance than basic PTC, OPTC. Heat Exchanger (CHX) temperature of 105 K using air as the working fluid. Based on phase shift, design Multistaging in Stirling type PTC is one of the major variations were proposed as double inlet Orifice Pulse developments reported in recent times, due to its Tube Cryocooler (OPTC) [3] and Inertance Tube simplicity of operation and improved performance Pulse Tube Cryocooler (IPTC) [4]. They proposed that over a period of time. Multistaging in cryocoolers is the performance of the basic PTC can be enhanced by required to attain much lower temperatures [7]. PTCs adding a phase-shifting mechanism as shown in are thermally coupled in series to form the multistage Figure 1. The setting of a double inlet valve governs PTC. The first stage is employed to precool the second the performance of the cryocooler to a great extent. stage. Matrix with different sizes and materials can be The distribution of the total gas from the compressor employed depending on the operating temperature into the stages is crucial as it mainly depends on the range, resulting in improved efficiency and lower cost. area available through the double inlet valve. Cryocoolers are connected in series to reach the lower Accordingly, the mass flow rate through the valve is temperature region. One stage is used to precool the the governing factor. next stage. Single-stage Stirling type PTC can reach down to a temperature of 40-50 K, while temperatures *Author for correspondence around 20 K could be achieved by two-stage PTC. For 766 International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration, Vol 8(79) below 10 K, three-stage PTC is used [8]. The very first inertance tube and reservoir of the third stage kept in two-stage Stirling type PTC is reported in the literature cryogenic environment instead of ambient, which by Yang et al. [9]. The developed unit has coaxial improves the performance of the system. Jeong and Jin geometry for both stages. Tendolkar et al. [10] done [19] compared two-stage cryocooler and cascade experimental investigations on an integral- cryocooler on the thermal performance basis and it is configuration Stirling-type Two-Stage Pulse Tube observed that cascading performs better when the Cryocooler (TSPTC). A double inlet valve is temperature ratio is large. incorporated to the second stage with an inertance tube for the enhancement in the performance of the system. For the design and optimization of PTC, there are Dietrich and Thummes [11] developed a TSPTC for a different models accessible in the literature with cooling load of 12.9W at 25K. The specialty of this certain benefits and some limitations. The system is the use of cold head instead of the cold end experimental assessment of PTC is tremendously heat exchanger in the first stage as no cooling is demanding and expensive, while analytical is a time- required at intermediate temperature. Wu et al. [12] requiring assessment method. Most of the researchers achieved 15K with a cooling load of 0.3W. developed different numerical models for analysis due to the accurate prediction of results. Isothermal model Recent advancements in the multistaging of IPTC are [20–22], adiabatic model [10, 23], energy equation the addition of step displacer as a phase shifter [13– model [24], and Computational Fluid Dynamics 16], Stirling/Pulse Tube Hybrid Cryocooler (SPC) (CFD) model [25–27]. The isothermal model and [17], cryogenic phase-shifting mechanism [18], and adiabatic model are extensively used due to their cascading of cryocoolers [19]. Pang et al. [13, 14] simplicity. These models can give broad clarification added step displacer in two-stage PTC to enhance the by considering the real process occurring in the system performance. Integral structure type step displacer to some extent. At lower cold end temperatures, it is improved efficiency by 5.42%. Step displacer found that the energy equation model can anticipate implements two functions, one is to distribute work the cooling power performance of the PTC system between two stages and the second is to control phase sensibly well. CFD model can give detailed shift. In the second stage of step displacer Two-Stage clarification about the real process occurring in the Inertance Pulse Tube Cryocooler (TSIPTC), the cyclic system and it predicts much more accurate results. steady temperature of 16.9 K is attained at CHX Researchers have done CFD analysis of PTC for experimentally [15, 16]. Raytheon Company different geometrical and operational parameters with developed an innovative SPC in 1999. SPC is made 2D axisymmetric [25, 26] and 3D plane-symmetric with a combination of Stirling cryocooler and PTC in models [27, 28]. For optimization of PTC, CFD the first and second stage respectively. SPC has the models [29] and various artificial intelligence methods collective advantage of high efficiency and reliability like ANN, PSO-ANN, and ANFIS method are used to from Stirling cryocooler and PTC respectively. That’s attain maximum refrigeration and Coefficient of the reason why SPC is suitable for space application. Performance (COP) by giving an optimum range of Liu et al. [17] developed SPC with cooling capacity of inputs [30–32]. Panda et al. [32] revealed that 1.16W at 35K and 7.25W at 85K. Dang et al. [18] used refrigerating capacity and COP increased by 10.8% a cryogenic phase-shifting approach instead of an and 0.76% respectively. external precooling approach to avoid complexity in multistaging. In the case of the three-stage PTC, Figure 1 Inertance pulse tube cryocooler system 767 Mahmadrafik Choudhari et al. Exhaustive literature is available about single-stage default settings. FLUENT offers the user-defined configurations. However, very scanty data are function option for defining such conditions. available about the double inlet valve with multistage configurations in the literature. As per the author’s 2.1Governing equations knowledge, three-dimensional CFD modeling of The continuity, momentum, and energy equation are multistaging with double inlet valve is not available in the main governing equations employed. When fluid the literature. So, we get motivated and developed the flows in the PTC, these Equations 1, 2 and 3 must be methodology for the numerical investigation of satisfied. Conservation equations based on the multistaging PTC with the double inlet valve. The continuum can be used throughout the PTC system. objective of the current study is to design a Double The mean free path of a gas molecule is often Inlet Two-Stage Pulse Tube Cryocooler (DITSPTC) significantly less than the characteristic dimension of for 20K cryogenic temperatures. the PTC components. 휕휌 + 훻 ∙ (휌푣⃗) = 0 (1) 휕푡 This paper performs CFD simulations of IPTC for 휕 (휌푣⃗) + 훻 ∙ (휌푣⃗푣⃗) = − 훻푝 + 훻 ∙ (휏̿) (2) defining the methodology using the CFD software 휕푡 package and then the same methodology is extended 휕 (휌퐸) + 훻 ∙ (푣⃗(휌퐸 + 푝)) = 훻 ∙ (푘푒푓푓훻푇 + (휏푒푓푓̿ ∙ 푣⃗)) to the analysis of DITSPTC. For the assessment of 휕푡 (3) DITSPTC and CFD was used as a numerical tool. Cha et al. [26] PTC model and Tendolkar et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thermodynamic Analysis of GM-Type Pulse Tube Coolers Q Y.L
    Cryogenics 41 &2001) 513±520 www.elsevier.com/locate/cryogenics Thermodynamic analysis of GM-type pulse tube coolers q Y.L. Ju *,1 Cryogenic Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2711, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China Received 29 January 2001; accepted 28 June 2001 Abstract The thermodynamic loss of rotary valve and the coecient of performance &COP) of GM-type pulse tube coolers &PTCs) are discussed and explained by using the ®rst and second laws of thermodynamics in this paper. The COP of GM-type PTC, based on two types of pressure pro®les, the sinusoidal wave inside the pulse tube and the step wave at the compressor side, has been derived and compared with that of Stirling-type PTC. Result shows that additional compressor work is needed due to the irreversible entropy productions in the rotary valve thereby decreasing the COP of GM-type PTC. The eect of double-inlet mode on the COP of PTC has distinct improvement at lower temperature region &larger TH=TL). It is also shown that the COP of GM-type PTC is independent of the shape of the pressure pro®les in the ideal case of no ¯ow resistance in the regenerator. Ó 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Pulse tube cooler; GM-type; Thermodynamic analysis 1. Introduction achieved [13]. All these machines use a compressor and a valve system to produce pressure oscillation in the In general pulse tube cooler &PTC) requires a phase cooler system. They are called GM-type PTCs. shifter system, located at the hot end of the pulse tube, A GM-type PTC, shown in Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • MODELING and ANALYSIS of PULSE TUBE REFRIGERATOR 1Nishant Solanki, 2Nimesh Parmar
    Solanki et al., International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945 Research Paper MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF PULSE TUBE REFRIGERATOR 1Nishant Solanki, 2Nimesh Parmar Address for Correspondence 1Student, M.E. (Thermal Engineering), Gandhinagar Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India 2Asst. Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Gandhinagar Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India ABSTRACT: Cryogenics comes from the Greek word “kryos”, which means very cold or freezing and “genes” means to produce. Cryogenics is the science and technology associated with the phenomena that occur at very low temperature, close to the lowest theoretically attainable temperature. In this research paper, three dimensional model of pulse tube refrigerator is developed in ANSYS CFX and compared it with experimental results. It shows good agreement with experimental results with ANSYS CFD results. KEYWORDS : Pulse tube refrigerator, ANSYS CFD INTRODUCTION: volume on the thermodynamic performance of The pulse tube refrigerators (PTR) are capable of various components in a simple orifice and a double cooling to temperature below 123K. Unlike the inlet pulse tube cooler by combining a linearized ordinary refrigeration cycles which utilize the vapour model with a thermodynamic analysis. The results compression cycle as described in classical reveal that the performance of the pulse tube cooler is thermodynamics, a PTR implements the theory of significantly affected when the reservoir to pulse tube oscillatory compression and expansion of the gas volume ratio is less than 5, which helps the design of within a closed volume to achieve desired a practical pulse tube cooler. refrigeration. Being oscillatory, a PTR is a non steady Y.L. He, C.F.
    [Show full text]
  • Mathematical Analysis of Pulse Tube Cryocoolers Technology
    Global Journal of researches in engineering Electrical and electronics engineering Volume 12 Issue 6 Version 1.0 May 2012 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4596 & Print ISSN: 0975-5861 Mathematical Analysis of Pulse Tube Cryocoolers Technology By Shashank Kumar Kushwaha , Amit medhavi & Ravi Prakash Vishvakarma K.N.I.T Sultanpur Abstract - The cryocoolers are being developed for use in space and in terrestrial applications where combinations of long lifetime, high efficiency, compactness, low mass, low vibration, flexible interfacing, load variability, and reliability are essential. Pulse tube cryocoolers are now being used or considered for use in cooling infrared detectors for many space applications. In the development of these systems, as presented in this paper, first the system is analyzed theoretically. Based on the conservation of mass, the equation of motion, the conservation of energy, and the equation of state of a real gas a general model of the pulse tube refrigerator is made. The use of the harmonic approximation simplifies the differential equations of the model, as the time dependency can be solved explicitly and separately from the other dependencies. The model applies only to systems in the steady state. Time dependent effects, such as the cool down, are not described. From the relations the system performance is analyzed. And also we are describing pulse tube refrigeration mathematical models. There are three mathematical order models: first is analyzed enthalpy flow model and heat pumping flow model, second is analyzed adiabatic and isothermal model and third is flow chart of the computer program for numerical simulation.
    [Show full text]
  • Vapor Precooling in a Pulse Tube Liquefier
    Presented at the 11th International Cryocooler Conference June 20-22, 2000 Keystone, Co Vapor Precooling in a Pulse Tube Liquefier E.D. Marquardt, Ray Radebaugh, and A.P. Peskin National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, CO 80303 ABSTRACT Experiments were performed to study the effects of introducing vapor into a dewar where a coaxial pulse tube refrigerator was used as a liquefier in the neck of the dewar. We were concerned about how the introduction of vapor might impact the refrigeration load as the vapor barrier in the neck of the dewar is disturbed. Three experiments were performed where the input power to the cooler was held constant and the nitrogen liquefaction rate was measured. The first test introduced the vapor at the top of the dewar neck. Another introduced the vapor directly to the cold head through a small tube, leaving the neck vapor barrier undisturbed. The third test placed a heat exchanger partway down the regenerator where the vapor was pre-cooled before being liquefied at the cold head. This experiment also left the neck vapor barrier undisturbed. Compared to the test where the vapor was introduced directly to the cold head, the heat exchanger test increased the liquefaction rate by 12.0%. The experiment where vapor was introduced at the top of the dewar increased the liquefaction rate by 17.2%. A computational fluid dynamics model was constructed of the dewar neck and liquefier to show how the regenerator outer wall acted as a pre-cooler to the incoming vapor steam, eliminating the need for the heat exchanger.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Acoustic and Fluid Dynamic Interactions in Resonators: Applications in Thermoacoustic Refrigeration a Thesis Submitt
    Effects of Acoustic and Fluid Dynamic Interactions in Resonators: Applications in Thermoacoustic Refrigeration A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Drexel University by Dion Savio Antao in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2013 ii © Copyright 2013 Dion Savio Antao. All Rights Reserved iii If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you, But make allowance for their doubting too; If you can meet with triumph and disaster And treat those two imposters just the same; Or watch the things you gave your life to broken, And stoop and build 'em up with wornout tools; Rudyard Kipling, If, ln. 2, 6 and 8 Omni autem cui multum datum est multum quaeretur ab eo et cui commendaverunt multum plus petent ab eo LVKE 12:48 iv Dedications I would like to first dedicate this dissertation to my role models, my biggest critics and my most fervent supporters, my mum and dad. Next I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my sister; may it motivate her to achieve her own goals and ambitions in life and reach for the stars. Finally, I would like to dedicate this dissertation to the people of India; the taxpayers whose contributions helped provide for my education (from kindergarten to university) and that of so many others. v Acknowledgements At this point, it is important to thank the people and recognise and acknowledge the contributions that made this dissertation possible. First I must thank my dad and mum for their constant love and support and for teaching me (in both words and deeds) that hard work and perseverance are the most important keys to success.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal Abstract3.Pdf
    Indian Journal of Cryogenics Vol. 34. No. 1-4, 2009 CONTENTS (Part -A of NSC-22 Proceedings) Preface Plenary Paper 1. Hundred years liquid helium 1 — A.T.A.M. de Waele 2. Cryogenics in launch vehicles and satellites 11 — Dathan M.C, Murthy M.B.N and Raghuram T.S 3. Nano-Kelvins in the laboratory 18 — Unnikrishnan. C. S. Cryo Component Development & Analysis 4. Development of plate and fin heat exchangers 27 — Mukesh Goyal, Rajendran Menon, Trilok Singh 5. Helium Liquefaction/Refrigeration System Based on Claude Cycle: A Parametric Study 33 — Rijo Jacob Thomas, Sanjay Basak, Parthasarathi Ghosh and Kanchan Chowdhury 6. Computation of liquid helium two phase flow in horizontal and vertical transfer lines 39 — Tejas Rane, Anindya Chakravarty, R K Singh and Trilok Singh 7. Experience in design and operation of a cryogenics system for argon cover gas 45 purification in LMFBRs — B.Muralidharan, M.G.Hemanath, K.Swaminathan, C.R.Venkatasubramani, A.Ashok kumar, Vivek Nema and K.K.Rajan 8. Design and implementation of an adiabatic demagnetization set up on a dilution refrigerator 51 to reach temperatures below 100mK — L. S. Sharath Chandra, Deepti Jain, Swati Pandya, P. N. Vishwakarma and V. Ganesan 9. Thermal design of recuperator heat exchangers for helium recondensation 57 systems using hybrid cryocoolers — G.Jagadish, G.S.V.L.Narasimham, Subhash Jacob 10. Experimental investigation on performance of aluminum tape and multilayer insulation 65 between 80 K and 4.2 K — Anup Choudhury, R S Meena, M Kumar, J Polinski, Maciej Chorowski and T S Datta 11. Finite element analysis of a spiral flexure bearing for miniature linear compressor 71 — Gawali B.
    [Show full text]
  • Miniature Stirling-Type Pulse-Tube Refrigerators
    Miniature Stirling-type pulse-tube refrigerators Citation for published version (APA): Hooijkaas, H. W. G. (2000). Miniature Stirling-type pulse-tube refrigerators. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR534736 DOI: 10.6100/IR534736 Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2000 Document Version: Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal.
    [Show full text]
  • Operation of Thermoacoustic Stirling Heat Engine Driven Large Multiple Pulse Tube Refrigerators
    LA-UR-04-2820, submitted to the proceedings of the 13th Int'l Cryocooler Conf. 1 Operation of Thermoacoustic Stirling Heat Engine Driven Large Multiple Pulse Tube Refrigerators Bayram Arman, John Wollan, and Vince Kotsubo Praxair, Inc. Tonawanda, NY 14150 Scott Backhaus and Greg Swift Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, NM 87545 ABSTRACT With support from Los Alamos National Laboratory, Praxair has been developing ther- moacoustic Stirling heat engines and refrigerators for liquefaction of natural gas. The combina- tion of thermoacoustic engines with pulse tube refrigerators is the only technology capable of producing significant cryogenic refrigeration with no moving parts. A prototype, powered by a natural-gas burner and with a projected natural-gas-liquefaction capacity of 500 gal/day, has been built and tested. The unit has liquefied 350 gal/day, with a projected production efficiency of 70% liquefaction and 30% combustion of an incoming gas stream. A larger system, intended to have a liquefaction capacity of 20,000 gal/day and an efficiency of 80 to 85% liquefaction, has undergone preliminary design. In the 500 gal/day system, the combustion-powered thermoacoustic Stirling heat engine drives three pulse tube refrigerators to generate refrigeration at methane liquefaction tempera- tures. Each refrigerator was designed to produce over 2 kW of refrigeration. The orifice valves of the three refrigerators were adjusted to eliminate Rayleigh streaming in the pulse tubes. This pa- per describes the hardware, operating experience, and some recent test results. INTRODUCTION Praxair has been developing thermoacoustic liquefiers and refrigerators for liquefaction of natural gas and for other cryogenic applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of a Novel Organic-Fluid Thermofluidic Heat Converter and an Organic Rankine Cycle Heat Engine§
    Article COMPARISON OF A NOVEL ORGANIC-FLUID THERMOFLUIDIC HEAT CONVERTER AND AN ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE HEAT ENGINE§ Christoph J.W. Kirmse, Oyeniyi A. Oyewunmi, Andrew J. Haslam and Christos N. Markides* Clean Energy Processes (CEP) Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K. * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44 (0)20 759 41601 § This paper is an extended version of our paper published in Proceedings of 3rd International Seminar on ORC Power Systems, Brussels, Belgium, 12–14 October 2015. Academic Editor: name Version May 27, 2016 submitted to Energies; Typeset by LATEX using class file mdpi.cls 1 Abstract: The Up-THERM heat converter is an unsteady, two-phase thermofluidic oscillator that 2 employs an organic working-fluid, which is currently being considered as a prime-mover in small- 3 to medium-scale combined heat and power (CHP) applications. In this paper, the Up-THERM heat 4 converter is compared to a basic (sub-critical, non-regenerative) equivalent organic Rankine cycle 5 (ORC) heat engine with respect to power output, thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency, but also 6 capital cost and specific cost. The study focuses on a pre-specified Up-THERM design in a selected 7 application, a heat-source temperature range from 210 °C to 500 °C and five different working 8 fluids (three n-alkanes and two refrigerants). A modelling methodology is developed that allows 9 the above technoeconomic performance indicators to be estimated for the two thermodynamic 10 power-generation systems. It is found that the power output of the ORC engine is generally higher 11 than that of the Up-THERM heat converter, at least as envisioned and in the chosen application, 12 as expected.
    [Show full text]
  • Analytical Model for the Refrigeration Power of the Orifice Pulse Tube Refrigerator
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY NisrNATL INST, OF STAND & TECH R.I.C. A111D3 MTflOtib NIST PUBLiCATiONS NIST Technical Note 1343 Analytical Model for the Refrigeration Power of the Orifice Pulse Tube Refrigerator Peter J. Storch Ray Radebaugh James E. Zimmerman Reservoir Volume Piston K/X//X/ Orifice Heat Exclianger Regenerator Pulse Tube 100 Heat Exchanger .U5753 #1343 1990 C.2 mo Analytical Model for the Refrigeration Power of the Orifice Pulse Tube Refrigerator Peter J. Storch Ray Radebaugh James E. Zimmerman Chemical Engineering Science Division Center for Chemical Technology National Measurement Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80303-3328 Sponsored by NASA/Ames Research Center Moffett Field, California 94035 \. / U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Robert A. Mosbacher, Secretary NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY, John W. Lyons, Director Issued December 1990 National Institute of Standards and Technology Technical Note 1343 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., Tech. Note 1343, 94 pages (Dec. 1990) CODEN:NTNOEF U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1990 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325 NOMENCLATURE PTR = pulse tube refrigerator BPTR = basic pulse tube refrigerator OPTR = orifice pulse tube refrigerator RPTR = resonant pulse tube refrigerator a = slope of average temperature profile Ag = gas cross—sectional area Cp = specific heat of gas f friction factor L length of
    [Show full text]
  • S O R P Tio N -C O O Le D M in Ia Tu R E D Ilu T Io N R E Fr Ig E R a to R S
    Sorption-cooled M iniature D ilution Refrigerators FOR AsTROPHYSICAL APPLICATIONS Gustav Teleberg A T h e s is s u b m it t e d t o C a r d if f U n iv e r sit y FOR THE DEGREE OF D o c t o r o f P h il o s o p h y S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 6 UMI Number: U584881 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U584881 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Author Gustav Teleberg Title: Sorption-cooled Miniature Dilution Refrigerators for Astrophysical Applications Date of submission: September 2006 Address: School of Physics & Astronomy Cardiff University 5 The Parade Cardiff, CF24 3YB Wales, UK Permission is granted to Cardiff University to circulate and to have copied for non-commercial purposes, at its discretion, the above tide upon the request of individuals or institutions. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the authors written permission.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Sage Simulation Software in the Design and Testing
    THE USE OF SAGE SIMULATION SOFTWARE IN THE DESIGN AND TESTING OF SUNPOWER’S PULSE TUBE CRYOCOOLER A thesis presented to the faculty of the Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ College of Engineering and Technology of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Kyle B. Wilson June 2005 This thesis entitled THE USE OF SAGE SIMULATION SOFTWARE IN THE DESIGN AND TESTING OF SUNPOWER’S PULSE TUBE CRYOCOOLER BY KYLE B. WILSON has been approved for the School of Mechanical Engineering and the Russ College of Engineering and Technology by Khairul Alam Moss Professor of Mechanical Engineering Dennis Irwin Dean, Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ College of Engineering and Technology WILSON, KYLE B. MS. June 2005. Mechanical Engineering The Use of Sage Simulation Software in the Design and Testing of Sunpower’s Pulse Tube Cryocooler (130 pp.) Director of Thesis: Khairul Alam ABSTRACT This thesis discusses the development of a pulse tube cryocooler and the use of a software simulation tool called Sage in this effort. A pulse tube cryocooler is a type of refrigerator that operates in the cryogenic temperature range below 120 K (-153° C). The goal of this thesis spans from a basic understanding of the ideal thermodynamics of the pulse tube cryocooler (PTC) to a grasp of one commercial software package’s ability to model an actual, non-ideal PTC. The history and theory are discussed leading to the state-of-the-art technology. The focus then turns to the specific development efforts of the author at his place of employment, Sunpower, Inc.
    [Show full text]