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Fu-Go Ross Coen University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and University of Nebraska Press Chapters 2014 Fu-go Ross Coen Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/unpresssamples Coen, Ross, "Fu-go" (2014). University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and Chapters. 291. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/unpresssamples/291 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Nebraska Press at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and Chapters by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. FU- GO Buy the Book Studies in War, Society, and the Military general editors Peter Maslowski University of Nebraska– Lincoln David Graff Kansas State University Reina Pennington Norwich University editorial board D’Ann Campbell Director of Government and Foundation Relations, U.S. Coast Guard Foundation Mark A. Clodfelter National War College Brooks D. Simpson Arizona State University Roger J. Spiller George C. Marshall Professor of Military History U.S. Army Command and General Staff College (retired) Timothy H. E. Travers University of Calgary Arthur Waldron Lauder Professor of International Relations University of Pennsylvania Buy the Book FU- GO The Curious History of Japan’s Balloon Bomb Attack on America ROSS COEN University of Nebraska Press Lincoln and London Buy the Book © 2014 by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska Chapter 5 was originally published in altered form as “‘If One Should Come Your Way, Shoot It Down’: The Alaska Territorial Guard and the Japanese Balloon Bomb Attack of World War II,” Alaska History 25 no.2 (Fall 2010), 1– 19. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Coen, Ross Allen. Fu- go: the curious history of Japan’s balloon bomb attack on America / Ross Coen. pages cm. (Studies in war, society, and the military) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978- 0- 8032- 4966- 0 (cloth: alk. paper) isbn 978- 0- 8032- 5668- 2 (epub) isbn 978- 0- 8032- 5669- 9 (mobi) isbn 978- 0- 8032- 5667- 5 (pdf) 1. World War, 1939–1945— Aerial operations, Japanese. 2. World War, 1939–1945— Balloons—West (U.S.) 3. West (U.S.)—History—1890–1945. 4. West (U.S.)—History, Military. I. Title. II. Title: Curious history of Japan’s balloon bomb attack on America. d792.j3c63 2014 940.54'28— dc23 2014023332 Set in Ehrhardt by Lindsey Auten. Designed by N. Putens. Buy the Book Contents List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1. Paper 11 2. Thermopolis 47 3. Alturas 67 4. BW 87 5. Alaska 109 6. Defense 127 Buy the Book 7. Canada 145 8. Censorship 159 9. Summer 183 Epilogue 203 Appendix: Maps and Table of Fu- go Incidents 213 Notes 247 Bibliography 267 Index 271 Buy the Book Illustrations figures 1. Wedding portrait of Archie and Elsie Mitchell 3 2. Fu- go, Japanese balloon bomb 7 3. Major General Sueki Kusaba 18 4. Noborito research team, 1943 23 5. Japanese schoolgirls manufacturing paper 27 6. Kokura Arsenal 29 7. Gas relief valve 34 8. Balloon chandelier with bomb 36 9. Japanese launch crew, 1944 40 10. Fu- go launch 46 11. Blast site at Thermopolis, Wyoming 49 12. Fuse assembly for altitude- control mechanism 61 13. Incendiary bomb 64 14. Alturas (California) balloon 72 15. Gas relief valve with numerals 75 16. Diagram of Japanese balloon bomb 80 17. Components of Minton (Saskatchewan) balloon 88 Buy the Book 18. Balloon landing at Bigelow, Kansas 99 19. Pacifi c wind chart 101 20. Balloon envelope recovered at Newcastle, Wyoming 105 21. Altitude- control mechanism of Marshall (Alaska) balloon 111 22. Tattered envelope of Holy Cross (Alaska) balloon 113 23. Marvin “Muktuk” Marston 119 24. Gun camera photographs of balloon shot down in Alaska 132 25. Balloon envelope recovered at Manyberries, Alberta 147 26. “Tim Tyler’s Luck” (newspaper comic) 165 27. Bomb debris from balloon explosion in Bly, Oregon 173 28. Rubberized silk balloon recovered in Yerington, Nevada 188 29. Plaque of Mitchell Monument in Bly, Oregon 206 30. Parents of Elsie Mitchell at monument dedication, 1950 207 31. Tree at Bly explosion site with shrapnel scars 212 maps 1. Alaskan incident locations 216 2. United States incident locations 218 3. Canadian incident locations 220 tables 1. Fu- go incidents, 1944– 1945 222 Buy the Book Acknowledgments Many friends and colleagues provided assistance in the writing of this book. I thank Mariko de Freytas for translating Japanese texts and for encouraging me to pursue the project when it was new and I did not yet know where the research trail would lead. I owe Leda Hunter a huge debt of gratitude for helping me understand what happened in Bly. For invaluable research assistance I thank Derek Mueller, Katie Breen, John Haile Cloe, Koichi Yoshino, Shunichi Yamamoto, and my dearest friend, Sanae Ohtsu. Thanks to Monique Dolak and Galen Roger Perras of the University of Ottawa, Saori Tachibana and Eddy Harrison at the University of Washington’s East Asia Library, Todd Kepple at Klamath County Museum, Alice Ray and Stevie Ruda at the U.S. Forest Service, Carol Buswell at the National Archives in Seattle, Samira Bozorgi and Vishnu Jani at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution, Rose Speranza at the Elmer E. Rasmuson Library at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, Angela Linn and Mareca Guthrie at the University of Alaska Museum of the North, Sarah D’Aurelio at Library and Archives Canada in Ottawa, Steve Henrikson at the Alaska State Museum in Juneau, Mathias Joost at the Canadian National Defence Headquarters’ Directorate of History and Heritage, and Jeff Noakes, Carol Reid, and Susan Ross at the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa. At the University of Nebraska Press I thank Bridget Barry, Sabrina Ehmke Sergeant, and the reviewers of the manuscript. I thank Dixon Jones at the University ix Buy the Book Acknowledgments of Alaska Fairbanks for producing the terrifi c maps of Alaska, Canada, and the western United States that appear in the book. For providing me with the opportunity to deliver public lectures on the topic I thank Suellyn Novak at the Alaska Veterans Museum, Barbara Lando and Cynthia Steiner at Osher Lifelong Learning Institute, and the Alaska Historical Society, especially Pat and Frank Roppel, Jo Antonson, and Jim Ducker. x Buy the Book FU- GO Buy the Book Buy the Book Introduction Forest Service 34, a one- lane gravel road known to locals as the Dairy Creek Road, runs north by northeast from the small lumber town of Bly, Oregon, through cattle pasture dotted with juniper trees and outcroppings of basalt rock to the rising slopes of Gearhart Mountain twelve miles away. Straddling the border between Klamath and Lake Counties in south- central Oregon, the volcanic peak features long, sloping ridges at lower elevations and craggy cliff s near its 8,364- foot summit. On a clear day from the top, visitors can see hundreds of miles to other peaks up and down the Cascades. The mountain’s dry pine forest features old-growth white fi r and ponderosa and lodgepole pines, while open meadows with aspen and wildfl owers dot the upper elevations of the peak. Deer, elk, coyote, black bear, and mountain lion, as well as dozens of species of birds, inhabit the mountain. The profusion of rainbow and brook trout in the many streams of the lower slopes make the area a popular destination for fi shermen, especially from nearby Bly. It was to those streams that the Reverend Archie Mitchell, on the bright, sunny morning of Saturday, May 5, 1945, took his wife and fi ve children from his Sunday school class for a picnic lunch and a day of fi shing. The tall, lanky, bespectacled Mitchell was the new pastor of the Christian and Missionary Alliance Church in Bly. His wife Elsie was fi ve months pregnant with their fi rst child. Having accepted the pastorate in Bly just two weeks before, the 1 Buy the Book Introduction Mitchells looked forward to introducing themselves to the com- munity. Archie was especially keen to become acquainted with the children in his congregation. Joining the Mitchells that day were Dick Patzke, fourteen, his sister Joan Patzke, thirteen, Jay Giff ord, thirteen, Edward Engen, thirteen, and Sherman Shoemaker, eleven. Elsie had baked a chocolate cake for the trip and wondered if she would be able to keep up with the youngsters, the pregnancy often leaving her quite ill. With Archie at the wheel of his sedan, the group headed up the Dairy Creek Road to the forest on the southern face of Gearhart Mountain. The bright sun and warm springtime temperatures had melted the snow at the mountain’s lower elevations, turning the gravel road into a slippery, slushy, pot- holed mess. A few miles up the slope, just short of a muddy stream called Leonard Creek, Mitchell encountered a Forest Service crew extracting a road grader that had become bogged down in the slush and mud the day before. Richard Barnhouse, the crew foreman, cautioned Mitchell against driving any farther up the snow- covered road. Archie turned the car around and parked at a narrow pullout back down the road. The children immediately jumped out and ran down the slope toward the creek. Elsie, by then feeling a bit carsick and eager to get some fresh air, hurried after to keep an eye on them. Joan Patzke trailed behind the boys, her attention drawn to a large, dull- gray object resting on a knoll above the creek.
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