Er Zapruder-Filmen Fup?

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Er Zapruder-Filmen Fup? Er Zapruder-filmen fup? Af Knud Jeppesen www.kennedymord.dk Skal man tro konspirationsteoretikere, er det utroligt hvad der er fuppet med af bevismateriale i JFK-sagen. Falske fotos af Oswald, en forfalsket obduktionsrapport, en svindel-dagbog osv. osv. I dag er der sågar flere konspirationsteoretikere der mener at selve den ikoniske Zapruder-film er blevet forfalsket! *** Historien om mordet på John F. Kennedy indeholder talrige delhistorier. Én af dem er historien om det, der blev verdenshistoriens mest berømte og mest analyserede hjemmevideo. Om morgenen den 22.november 1963 gjorde tusindvis af Dallas-borgere sig klar til at møde præsidenten i en motorkonvoj gennem byen. Én af dem var Abraham Zapruder, en 58-årig manufakturhandler (tøjsælger). Hans butik lå i Dal-Tex bygningen overfor hjørnet af Elm Street og Houston Street, ved Dealey Plaza. Eftersom det først var overskyet og regnvådt, havde Zapruder droppet at tage sit nye kamera med. Men da det så klarede op, og det viste sig at kortegen ville køre i solskin, opfordrede et par af hans kvindelige ansatte ham til at hente kameraet alligevel. Det gjorde Zapruder, og herefter ledte han og et par ansatte efter et godt sted at stå. Det endte med at han stillede sig på på en lille mur der udgik fra et monument lige mellem Texas Skolebogsdepot og området der er kendt som Græshøjen (Grassy Knoll). Oversigtskort over Dealey Plaza med en angivelse af Zapruders omtrentlige position (røde prik). Dette kort viser et andet perspektiv. Zapruder stod ved den orange prik. Da han steg op på muren og kiggede i kameraet blev han svimmel. Zapruder kunne ikke holde balancen på den smalle murstribe, samtidig med at han kiggede i søgeren. Én af hans receptionister, Marilyn Sitzman, kravlede derfor op og stillede sig bag ham, så hun kunne støtte ham. Marilyn Sitzman er et vigtigt vidne der taler imod teorien om en anden skytte på Græshøjen. Hun havde et glimrende udsyn på sin højre side til plankeværket og Græshøjen, der kun var 10-20 meter fra hende. En morder placeret der, burde være blevet set af Sitzman, som var årvågen og bemærkede mange detaljer. Hun så intet, der kunne kandidere til at være en morder og dennes bevægelser. Både Sitzman og Zapruder ville desuden have hørt en langt kraftigere lyd hvis en morder havde affyret en riffel 15-20 meter fra dem, og de ville næppe have været i tvivl om hvor skuddet kom fra. Men hverken Sitzman eller Zapruder kunne sige hvor skuddene kom fra. Zapruder udtalte at skuddene kom over hovedet på ham, og antydede at skuddene kom fra Græshøjen. Men det var ingen observation. Zapruder havde gættet sig frem til det, fordi han så folk løbe op mod højen efter mordet. Da kortegen kommer, sætter Zapruder kameraet i gang. Han optager nu den film der skal gøre ham verdensberømt. Ved hvert skud sættes Zapruders nerver i svingninger. Han ser præsidenten synke forover. Et kort sekund tænker Zapruder at JFK spiller komedie. At han bare lader som om han er blevet ramt, for sjov. Men hjernen afviser hurtigt denne tanke. Det ligner ikke Kennedy at gøre sådan noget. Det ville være under hans værdighed. Zapruder gribes af rædsel da præsidentens hoved eksploderer. Da limousinen forsvinder ind i tunnelen, slukker han for apparatet. Se Zapruders film her. Zapruder (til højre) interviewes i lokal-TV på morddagen. Det er naturligvis sjældent, at et ægte mord optages på film. Filmen har været enormt værdifuld for efterforskningen, men har høj grad også skabt forvirring og ledt mange på vildspor. Det var et kamera som dette, Zapruder filmede sin verdensberømte 20-sekunders film med. Det er et 8 mm smalfilmsapparat fra begyndelsen af 60’erne, så vi taler ikke om ”state of the art equipment” (selvom det var et udmærket kamera) Kameraet optog ulykkeligvis ingen lyd (ellers kunne vi have stoppet den endeløse diskussion om antallet af skud), og stumfilmen fremkaldes på en blot 8 mm bred filmrulle. Det er derfor begrænset hvad der kan være af detaljer. Man kan ikke forstørre op og blive ved med at få flere og flere detaljer ud af billederne. Apparatet virker ved at være et fotografiapparat der tager 16-20 billeder i sekundet på en filmrulle. Når denne rulle fremkaldes, og efterfølgende kører i en projektor, ser man det som om det var ”levende billeder”. Havde det været et hurtigtoptagende kamera (500+ billeder i sekundet) ville vi have fået mange flere detaljer med. Men det var det ikke. Man kan således fx ikke se kuglen komme flyvende på stillbillederne, det går alt for hurtigt for kameraet. Ud over at apparatet ikke er superhurtigt eller optog ret mange detaljer, og desuden heller ikke optog nogen lyd, så er der andre uheldige omstændigheder, der gør at den næsten skjuler lige så meget som den afslører. Zapruder stod perfekt placeret med hensyn til at indfange det afgørende hovedskud på film. Når det derimod gælder det andet skud som ramte præsidenten – skuddet i ryggen/skulderregionen, så stod Zapruder ikke så godt placeret. En ubarmhjertig skæbne vil, at der står et skilt med anvisning til motorvejen på den rute JFK kører ned ad Elm Street. Netop som Kennedy rammes i halsen af det første eller andet skud, skygger skiltet for Zapruder, så vi kan ikke se hvad der sker! FBI gav hvert stillbillede et nummer. Ved Zapruder stillbillede 205 (kaldes blot Z205) forsvinder bilen ind bag trafikskiltet, og vi kan i 20 stillbilleder (ca. 1,1 sekund) ikke se præsidenten. Kennedy kommer til syne igen i Z225, og man kan se tegn på at han reagerer på et skud. Han er holdt op med at vinke og har i stedet sine knyttede hænder ind mod brystet, og løftet sin arme op, foruden et besynderligt udtryk i ansigtet. På dette sort/hvide stillbillede fra filmen, der blev offentliggjort af Warren- kommissionen, kan man se skiltet i forgrunden som et kort øjeblik senere vil skygge for Kennedy. Hvorfor fup? Filmen blev ikke set af den amerikanske offentlighed før 1975. Konspirationsteoretikere har naturligvis set noget skummelt i dette og tillagt det endnu et udslag af regeringens omfattende mørklægning, som de mener fandt sted. Men grunden til at filmen ikke blev offentliggjort før, er ikke USA’s regerings skyld. Grunden er en anden. Zapruder var stærkt rystet efter mordet, men indså åbenbart alligevel hurtigt at han sad med en potentiel guldgrube. Allerede dagen efter solgte han filmen til tidsskriftet LIFE Magazine for et beløb der senere skulle munde ud i 150.000 dollars, en afsindig sum, som i nutidspenge svarer til ca. 7,8 millioner danske kroner! For at nedtone indtrykket af griskhed valgte man et smart ”spin” og donerede de første 25.000 dollars til J.D. Tippits enke (ca.1,3 millioner danske nutidskroner). Tippit var politimanden som Lee Harvey Oswald havde dræbt på gaden under sin flugt den 22. november. Nu havde LIFE alle rettigheder til filmen og de valgte at sætte sig tungt på den. Warren- kommissionen, FBI og Secret Service fik nådigst lov til at se den til brug i efterforskningen. I eet bind af Høringerne er der også trykt stillbilleder fra filmen. Men regeringen måtte ikke vise filmen i TV eller vise alle stillbilleder. Det ville have medført overtrædelse af loven om copyright. LIFE begyndte at vise stillbilleder i sine blade, naturligvis for at øge salget (man fik et rekordsalg). Man valgte at give ”en luns kød” nu og da, og tjene på dette, frem for straks at vise USA's befolkning hvad der var sket. Sådan er det jo i kapitalismens univers – alligevel var det frustrerende og historisk set ikke i orden at LIFE gemte filmen bag lås og slå så længe, og gjorde det så svært for andre at vise den. Ikke en gang bladets tidligere konsulent, Josiah Thompson, kunne få lov at vise stillbilleder i sin bog Six Seconds in Dallas fra 1967. Da Thompson fik en tegner til at gengive billederne, blev han alligevel sagsøgt af LIFE! I begyndelsen af 70’erne fik LIFE et fotofirma til at ændre filmens format fra 8 mm til 35 mm. Opgaven blev tildelt eksperten Moses Weitzman. Én af hans assistenter, en ung fototekniker ved navn Robert Groden, snuppede en 35mm kopi som han forinden havde gjort klarere og skarpere ved hjælp af sin kunnen. Groden rejste nu rundt og viste filmen til interesserede, og i 1975 fik han et scoop ved at vise filmen for hele USA i Geraldo Riveras TV-program Good Night America. LIFE rasede og sendte sine advokater af sted med sagsanlæg. Men trolden var lukket ud af æsken. I starten anså mange filmen for at være bevis for en konspiration. Dels viste filmen at der var mindre end 2,3 sekunder mellem at Kennedy og Connally blev ramt. Men da FBI havde erfaret at det tog mindst 2,3 sekunder at genlade Oswalds gevær, kunne han umuligt have ramt Kennedy, genladt og så have skudt Connally. Dels viste filmen at Kennedy slår sit hoved og overkrop bagover, og til venstre side, da han rammes af det grufulde hovedskud. Mange har tænkt at dette tydeligt viser at han rammes af skud forfra og fra siden. Filmen havde derfor kultstatus i mange år. I de senere år har Warren-kommissionen tilhængere dog haft held til at argumentere mere overbevisende for at filmen ikke beviser et komplot – måske snarere tværtimod. Connally og Kennedy blev ikke ramt af hver sin kugle – de blev ramt af den samme kugle der fløj gennem dem begge. Kritikere har skarpt angrebet denne teori, men nærstudier af Zapruders film viser, at de to mænd samtidig reagerer på skud. I 1967 påviste firmaet Itek Coorporation at JFKs hoved faktisk flyver et lille stykke forover, i stillbillederne Z312-313.
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