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De Moord En De Zondebok hoofdstuk 1 DE MOORD EN DE ZONDEBOK De moord In het meest westelijke deel van het centrum van Dallas ligt Dealey Plaza, een in 1940 gerealiseerde verkeersader vernoemd naar een plaatselijke journalist en politicus. Op dit plein komen de drie grote wegen Main Street, Commerce Street en Elm Street samen om aan de andere kant van het spoorwegviaduct op te gaan in een netwerk van snelwegen. Dealey Plaza, volgens sommigen het meest huivering- wekkende plein ter wereld: op 22 november 1963 werd hier om precies half één ’s middags de 35e president van de Verenigde Staten vermoord. Drie uur voor die fatale schoten in Dallas zat John F. Kennedy nog met zijn vrouw te ontbijten in het Texas Hotel in Fort Worth, zo’n vijftig kilometer van Dallas. Het gezelschap van de president was enkele dagen in de staat Texas om campagne te voeren voor de presi- dentsverkiezingen van 1964. Een voor Kennedy moeilijke staat, door de enorme conservatieve achterban. Niet voor niets was Lyndon B. Johnson in 1960 gekozen tot vicepresident: als geboren Texaan zou hij wellicht vele kiezers van de zuidelijke staten over de streep kunnen trekken. Wie weet was dat een cruciale factor, Democraat Kennedy won toen slechts nipt van zijn tegenstander Nixon. In het hotel waren talloze notabelen van de stad getuige van de laatste officiële speech John F. Kennedy stapt met zijn vrouw uit het vliegtuig op het van de president, een toespraak bij het door de lokale Kamer van vliegveld van Dallas. In de deuropening staan gouverneur John Connally en zijn vrouw. 8 LEE HARVEY OSWALD DE MOORD EN DE ZONDEBOK 9 Koophandel gesponsorde ontbijt. Er werd vooral gesproken over de veiligheid van de Amerikaanse bevolking. Kennedy grapte over de futiliteit van zijn redevoering: men zou toch vooral aanwezig zijn om de schoonheid van zijn Jackie te aanschouwen. Ze zag er dan ook schitterend uit in haar roze wollen mantelpakje van Chanel en met het pillbox hoedje in dezelfde kleur. Buiten het hotel stond een grote massa mensen die de president in levenden lijve wilde zien. Voor het ontbijt had de president ze al even kort toegesproken. Niemand had zo’n goede ontvangst verwacht in dit conservatieve bolwerk. Men stond in de motregen te juichen in Beatles-achtige taferelen: presi- dent John F. Kennedy, jong, knap en charismatisch, was bijzonder populair. Zelfs hier. Om 10:40 verliet JFK het hotel om met zijn gevolg naar het vliegveld te rijden voor de vlucht naar Dallas. Een uurtje later landde de Air Force One op Love Field, het vliegveld dat op ongeveer acht kilometer van het centrum van de stad ligt. Ook hier stond een ongelofelijk uitbundige menigte. Kennedy was onder de indruk en liet dat ook duidelijk merken aan de mensen die hem opwachtten bij de vliegtuigtrap. Onder andere politiecommissaris Jesse Curry was vervuld met trots. Hij mocht in de eerste wagen zitten tijdens de rijtoer door zijn stad. Het was hem er alles aan gelegen dat de president de dag van zijn leven zou krijgen. Er werden talloze handen geschud en om vijf voor twaalf verliet de Vlak voor zijn dood geniet John F. Kennedy nog van zijn populariteit in Dallas. stoet wagens het vliegveld. De karavaan had een lengte van zo’n 800 meter. Na twee auto’s en enkele motoren volgde de presidentiële Connally, de gouverneur van Texas, met zijn vrouw Nellie. Dan de limousine, een Lincoln Continental uit 1961. Er was op het vliegveld president en zijn vrouw. Achter deze grote limousine reed een wagen wat discussie ontstaan over het wel of niet rijden met een open dak. met agenten, onder wie Clint Hill, de man die later bekend werd als In Dallas scheen de zon en JFK wilde dat het uitzinnige publiek zijn de agent die op de wagen van de president klom direct na de moord. mooie vrouw goed kon zien. Hoewel anderen hem om veiligheidsre- En in de wagen daarachter zat vicepresident Lyndon B. Johnson met denen streng adviseerden om het dak van de limousine op zijn plaats zijn vrouw Lady Bird en met Texas’ democratische senator Ralph te laten, had Kennedy het laatste woord: er werd gereden in een open Yarborough. In de wagens die volgden zaten onder anderen agenten, wagen. Voorin zaten twee Secret Service-agenten, daarachter John pers en burgemeester Earle Cabell. Vanuit Harwood Street kwam de 10 LEE HARVEY OSWALD DE MOORD EN DE ZONDEBOK 11 a b c d A b e De beroemde polaroidfoto van Mary Moorman. We zien haar rechtsonder de foto maken met links naast haar Jean Hill. Op ongeveer dit moment raakt de fatale kogel het hoofd van JFK. Bij (A) zien we Abraham Zapruder zijn film maken, met achter hem zijn secretaresse Marilyn Sitzman. Linksboven de originele camera, daarnaast de inslag van de kogel, en daarnaast Zapruder pratend met Jay Watson van WFAA-TV, Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas. Bij (A) kwam de presidentiële wagen vanuit Main Street nog geen twee uur na de moord. Bij (B) zien we in het midden Emmett Hudson, aan, om eenmaal aangekomen bij Dealey Plaza (B) naar rechts te keren. Bij (C) kwam terreinbeheerder van Dealey Plaza. De andere twee mannen zijn nooit geïdentificeerd. de scherpe bocht naar links, van Houston Street op Elm Street. Bij (D) werd de president dodelijk geraakt, waarna de limousine snel verder reed richting het viaduct can’t say that Dallas doesn’t love you’, zei Nellie Connally tegen de (E) om uiteindelijk op het snelwegennetwerk te geraken richting het Parkland- president. ‘That’s very obvious’, reageerde Kennedy. Het waren zijn ziekenhuis. Bij de pijl bevond zich de schutter in het schoolboekendepot. laatste woorden. De rest is geschiedenis. karavaan op Main Street en zo’n negen blokken verder kwam men Talloze getuigen zijn beroemd geworden door het drama in Dallas. aan op Dealey Plaza. Er volgde eerst een bocht van 90 graden om op Ze hadden besloten om de presidentiële rijtoer te aanschouwen vanaf Houston Street te komen en kort daarna de veel scherpere bocht naar Dealey Plaza, niet wetend van de historische gebeurtenis die zich die links, waarmee Elm Street werd bereikt. Net voor die bocht passeer- dag zou gaan afspelen op het plein. Abraham Zapruder bijvoorbeeld, den ze het huis van bewaring, en vlak na de bocht was aan de rechter- die vanaf een witte betonnen constructie de moord filmde. Het hand het schoolboekendepot, het Texas School Book Depository. ‘You filmpje werd de meest beroemde amateurfilm aller tijden. Geen film 12 LEE HARVEY OSWALD DE MOORD EN DE ZONDEBOK 13 was Newman zijn camera vergeten. Op talloze foto’s van na de moord liggen de geschrokken ouders in het gras, hun kroost stevig omarmend. Een paar meter verder, richting het schoolboekendepot, staan tijdens de rijtoer twee opvallende figuren langs de kant van de weg. Direct naast het verkeersbord, duidelijk te zien op de film van Zapruder, staan een negroïde en een blanke man. Hoewel kurkdroog steekt de blanke a man juist op het moment dat de presidentiële wagen voorbijrijdt zijn zwarte paraplu op. En na de moord, als iedereen hysterisch door elkaar b d e rent, zitten de twee rustig op de stoeprand de situatie te aanschouwen. c De twee mannen zijn officieel nog altijd niet geïdentificeerd, hoewel er in 1978 een man naar voren kwam die de ‘Umbrella Man’ claimde te zijn. Tenslotte hebben we fotograaf Phillip Willis, die aan de overzijde van het schoolboekendepot zijn beroemde foto’s maakte. Zijn dochter- De foto van Charles Leslie Bronson. Bij (A) staan Zapruder en Sitzman. Bij (B) staat de tje Rosemary zien we in Zapruders film vrolijk met de limousine van familie Newman, bij (C) staan de vriendinnen Hill en Moorman. Ongeveer tussen (B) Kennedy meerennen, vlak na de scherpe bocht. en (C) bereikte de fatale kogel het hoofd van Kennedy. Bij (D) staan Charles Brehm en zijn zoon Joe, met naast hen de zogenaamde ‘Babushka Lady’. Bij (E) ten slotte staan Om 13:38 laat Walter Cronkite van CBS News in een officieel bericht de negroïde en de blanke man, die laatste met zijn bekend geworden paraplu. weten dat de president in het ziekenhuis aan zijn verwondingen is overleden. ‘At 1.00 pm, Central Standard Time, two o’clock, Eastern werd zo minutieus onderzocht, beeld voor beeld. Opdat hij niet zou Standard Time – some thirty-eight minutes ago.’ De beelden van de vallen, werd de kledingfabrikant stevig vastgehouden door zijn nieuwslezer die geëmotioneerd zijn bril afneemt gaan de hele wereld werkneemster Marilyn Sitzman. Op de film van Zapruder zijn diverse over. Enkele minuten later wordt in het Texas Theater in de wijk Oak andere getuigen duidelijk zichtbaar. Aan de overkant van Elm Street Cliff al een mogelijke dader gearresteerd. Het is de dan vierentwin- Jean Hill en haar vriendin Mary Moorman. Hill is de vrouw met de tigjarige Lee Harvey Oswald. De vermeende moordenaar, die hevig opvallende rode mantel, Moorman staat naast haar en maakte met haar ontkende iets te maken te hebben met de misdaad, zou niet eens de polaroidcamera enkele beroemd geworden foto’s. In de directe omge- tijd krijgen om zichzelf te verdedigen. Twee dagen na de tragedie ving staan onder anderen ook Charles Brehm en zijn zoontje en een werd ook hij door een kogel om het leven gebracht, toen hij op het vrouw met een ouderwetse hoofddoek, die de ‘Babushka Lady’ werd punt stond te worden overgebracht naar een lokale gevangenis. gedoopt. In 1970 claimde nachtclubdanseres Beverly Oliver deze vrouw Vooral het heengaan van deze opmerkelijke persoonlijkheid maakte te zijn, maar dat is nooit bewezen. Vlak voor Zapruder, en niet op zijn de moord op Kennedy een groot mysterie; adequate antwoorden film zichtbaar, staan Bill en Gayle Newman met hun twee zoontjes.
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