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Part 1. Late Eocene

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Part 1. Late Eocene See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236617865 Biogeography of the Northern Peri-Tethys from the Late Eocene to the Early Miocene: Part 1. Late Eocene Article in Paleontological Journal · January 2001 CITATIONS READS 42 598 13 authors, including: Alexey V. Lopatin Aida S. Andreeva-Grigorovich Russian Academy of Sciences National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 371 PUBLICATIONS 1,659 CITATIONS 4 PUBLICATIONS 49 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: New genera of baleen whales (Cetacea, Mammalia) from the Miocene of the northern Caucasus and Ciscaucasia View project Early evolution of mammals View project All content following this page was uploaded by Alexey V. Lopatin on 05 August 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Paleontological Journal, Vol. 35, Suppl. 1, 2001, pp. S1–S68. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2001 by Popov, Akhmetiev, Bugrova, Lopatin, Amitrov, Andreeva-Grigorovich, Zherikhin, Zaporozhets, Nikolaeva, Krasheninnikov, Kuzmicheva, Sytchevskaya, Shcherba. English Translation Copyright © 2001 by MAIK “Nauka /Interperiodica” (Russia). Abstract—This monograph consists of three parts. The first part discusses principles and techniques of modern biogeography that are applicable to paleontological material. Data on zonation of the modern-day water area based on planktonic and benthic organisms are given, and the phytogeography of Western Eurasia and its main divisions are characterized. The main part Biogeography of the Late Eocene briefly considers the stratigraphy of the Upper Eocene, including data on the Priabonian of the stratotype region of Northern Italy and on the stratigraphy of the Alpine–Carpathian and Greater Caucasian basins. The paleogeography of these basins is described and illustrated by a paleogeographic map (Popov and Shcherba). Subsequently, the biogeography of the Ancient Mediterranean and Paleo-Paratethys is considered in detail on the basis of plankton, including planktonic foraminifers (Krasheninnikov), nannoplankton (Andreeva-Grigorovich), dinocysts (Akhmetiev, Andreeva-Grigorovich, and Zaporozhets), marine ichthyofauna (Sytchevskaya), and benthos, i.e., small benthic foraminifers and nummulitids (Bugrova), ostracodes (Nikolaeva), mollusks (Amitrov and Popov), and corals (Kuzmicheva). The biogeography of the surrounding landmasses is considered based on the terrestrial flora (Akhmetiev and Zaporozhets); insects (Zherikhin), terrestrial vertebrates (Lopatin), and freshwater ichthyo- fauna (Sytchevskaya). In the section Latitudinal–Climatic Zonation, the climate is reconstructed based on var- ious groups of plankton, benthos, and flora. The time of the onset of the fall in temperature at the end of the Eocene, and the accompanying reduction of biodiversity, are considered. In the conclusion, the tectonic, paleo- geographic, and climatic events that resulted in the fundamental reorganization of the biota of the Northern Peri-Tethys, extinction of the extremely rich fauna that existed in the early half of the Paleogene, and the replacement of the Paleocenophytic flora with the Neocenophytic, are considered. INTRODUCTION The paleogeographic, climatic, and biotic events in A major event of the Cenozoic history of the Earth the Cenozoic were very apparent in the northernmost was a massive collision of the African–Arabian and part of the Tethys. The region under consideration Indian plates with Eurasia. It resulted in the raising of a includes the largest part of the Alpine Fold Belt and the collision belt at the continental margin along the zone where it contacts the East European Platform and Tethyan Cretaceous Suture (Alpine Fold Belt consist- the Turanian Plate. At the beginning of the Paleogene, ing of northern and southern branches) and in the clo- this region was occupied by the peripheral seas of the sure of the residual Tethyan basins. At that time, the Tethys, i.e., the Alpine–Carpathian and Caucasian– role of the African–Arabian Suture was transferred to Kopet Dagh basins, persisting from the Mesozoic. the Peri-Adriatic and Peri-Arabian sutures. In parallel From the beginning of the Oligocene, they became the to the closure of the Tethyan basins, new deep-water intracontinental seas named the Western (or Central) basins (Paratethys and Mediterranean domains) were and Eastern Paratethys, characterized by unstable salin- formed at the continental margins of the Peri-Tethys. ity and oxygen regime. These basins gradually lost Only the Eastern Mediterranean Depression was a their connections with the world oceans, their paleo- relict of the oceanic basin of the Tethys (that appeared geographic and biogeographic relationships changed. in the Early Cretaceous) and was similar to the depres- In the Paleogene to the Neogene, the boundaries sion of the Indian Ocean. between the regions of subtropical and temperate cli- mates and between the arid and humid zones and the These tectonic changes combined with the emer- ecotonal zone (that separated the arid and humid zones) gence of the Drake Passage between South America occurred and moved within this area. and Antarctica and the development of the Circum- Antarctic Current essentially changed the entire circu- These events had a profound effect on the evolution lation of the oceans and climate of Earth. In the termi- of the fauna and flora of the epicontinental basins of the nal Eocene to the beginning of the Oligocene, the ther- northern Tethyan margin recently designated the mal gradient from the pole to the equator sharply Northern Peri-Tethys. Foraminifers, ostracodes, dia- increased; and the glacial climate began to develop on toms, nannoplankton, corals, mollusks, and fish inhab- Earth. As a result, the thermal stratification of the ited these basins; and were preserved as fossils. As the ocean, in particular, the psychosphere appeared, and climate, hydrological and oxygen modes, and stagna- the contrast in eustatic fluctuation became more pro- tion conditions changed, they, depending on eurytopic- nounced. These Cenozoic events resulted in great biotic ity and evolutionary potential, either sharply decreased changes including changes in both the taxonomic com- in number and became extinct or gave rise to numerous position of all planktonic and benthic groups and endemic species, genera, and families. Abiotic events changes in the general biogeographic pattern of distri- developing on land were also clearly recorded in the bution of the marine and continental biotas (Krashenin- history of terrestrial flora and fauna of mammals, fresh- nikov and Akhmetiev, 1996, 1998). water fish, and insects. Study of biogeography through- S1 S2 POPOV et al. out a long time interval (about 20 Ma) allows estima- end of the first part, the latitudinal-climatic zonation of tion of the dynamics of biozonation. the Late Eocene is proposed, whereas the major events The major aspect of biogeography reconstructed on of the Late Eocene and the Early Oligocene are dis- the basis of various groups is the clarification of the cussed at the end of the second part. The evolution of individual responses of each group to abiotic events. various floral and faunal groups and dynamic aspects of The study of the development of faunal and floral prov- evolution of the biogeographic subdivisions will be dis- inces from their formation to their destruction enables cussed in the final part of the study, after the biotas of one to interpret the factors causing integration and dif- the Late Oligocene and Early Miocene are considered. ferentiation of fauna and flora and to reconstruct the The general sections were written by S.V. Popov stages in, and means of, migration of aquatic and terres- and M.A. Akhmetiev and the sections on the paleo- trial organisms. Detailed dating of geological and pale- geography, by S.V. Popov and I.G. Shcherba; they were oclimatic events and reconstruction of the development later augmented by their coauthors. Data on flora are of relict basins of the Tethys, straits, and continental presented by M.A. Akhmetiev; on dinocysts, by bridges necessitate the study of extinct faunal and floral M.A. Akhmetiev, A.S. Andreeva-Grigorovich, and groups and their distribution in space and time, i.e., the N.I. Zaporozhets; on planktonic foraminifers by use of the historical biogeographic approach. Thus, his- V.A. Krasheninnikov; on small and large benthic fora- torical biogeography is not only the purpose of this minifers by E.M. Bugrova; on nannoplankton by study, but the main method for testing the paleogeo- A.S. Andreeva-Grigorovich; on ostracodes by graphic, climatic, and other hypotheses. This method is I.A. Nikolaeva; on mollusks by O.V. Amitrov and especially appropriate in the study of events of the later S.V. Popov; on corals by E.I. Kuzmicheva; on terres- half of the Cenozoic when actualistic approaches and trial vertebrates by A.V. Lopatin; on ichthyofauna by models become almost completely applicable. E.K. Sytchevskaya; and on insects by V.V. Zherikhin. The most difficult task in the region considered is the reconstruction of tectonic events and paleogeogra- phy of the Alpine Fold Belt where the primary condi- PRESENT-DAY BIOGEOGRAPHIC ZONATION tions of bedding and distribution of sediments have OF WATER BASINS AND LAND AREAS been strongly disturbed by subsequent processes. This Concepts and Methods for Analysis of Fossil Biota is the area where it is most important to use biogeo- graphical methods
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