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Atlas of Avian Hematology

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Atlas of Avian Hematology Atlas of Avian Hematology ALFRED M. LUCAS • CASIMIR JAMROZ Agriculture Monograph 25 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Marine Biological Laboratory Library Woods Hole. Massachusetts Gift of the Author - 1976 7. t/u JZt^^-w-y /7 -^^ I -0 m !_^ m U9 Atlas of Avian Hematology Alfred M. Lucas, A.B., Ph.D., Cytopathologist Casimir Jamroz, B.S., A.B., Medical Illustrator Regional Poultry Research Laboratory, East Lansing, Mich. Animal Husbandry Research Division Agricultural Research Service Agricuhiire Monograph 25 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON : 1961 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Prmting Office - Washington 25, D.C. Preface An atlas of hematology is a picture Itook that functions as a dictionary. Minot, in his foreword to Atlas of the Blood in Children, hy Blackfan, Dia- mond, and Leister (1944), aptly expressed the need for illustrations in hematology when he stated, "Illustration is essential in hematology. The in- adequacy of language to convey the appearance of disease to the mind renders an appeal to the senses desirable whenever it can be employed, and when the objects themselves cannot be presented the best substitute for them is to be found in pictures." It is hoped that this Atlas will enable investigators to forge ahead without the necessity for long delay in determining how the normal cell types and developmental stages should appear. The identification of the early and intermediate stages of development for most of the cell types has been worked out for the first time. The results of this research have been inte- grated with previous knowledge. All of the illustrations are original. With the population expanding at an ever-increasing rate, the demand already is upon us to have available a stockpile of sound biological infor- mation on many subjects in order quickly and accurately to solve future problems of agriculture that will grow out of the necessity for making farm production more efficient. The control of disease is an obvious method of increasing our efficiency and is the objective of the long-range program on normal avian hematology that was undertaken at this Laboratory. The subject matter covers not only tlie circulating blood of the adult bird, ]jut also that of the embryo during its incubation from 2 days to hatching, and it includes the developmental stages found in blood-forming organs of both tlie adult and the embryo. The illustrations and text are concerned not only with the appearance of typical blood cells but also with the recognition of the atypical, the unusual, the abnormal, and the false. It is believed that future investigators of lalood diseases of poultry will rarely find a cell in their preparations that has not been illustrated here, except cells invaded by organisms such as protozoan and other parasites. A biopsy that involves Jjlood is simpler and easier to procure than is a biopsy of any other tissue of the body, and even from a drop of blood nuich useful information concerning the health of the organism can be obtained. It is intended that this publication shall serve the needs of the poultry- man, the veterinarian, and the research worker in zoology, embryology, endocrinology, physiology, virology, and nutrition when these persons are confronted with the problem of identifying Ijlood cells in birds. It will lU worker in bird wikliile, in that rep- sei-ve the ornitliologist and the research than the domestic chicken; resentative studies have been made on species other of chickens, they have and where cells of wild species differed from those been illustrated and described. cells and Innumerable names have been applied to the different blood synonyms, many carry the their developmental stages. Many of these are hematopoiesis, and many implication of adherence to a particular theory of anatomical labora- are the products of the clinical laboratory and of the suitability of the names that, in tory. Whether all workers agree on the are summarized in table this book, have l)een attached to the drawings and mental image of a particular 2 is not important but it is important that the discuss it. and to this cell should be the same in the minds of all who end an atlas functions as liaison among many persons. theory of hematopoiesis; the total No attempt is made to champion any putting the cells in serial effort has gone into recording what was seen and impossible to carry order whenever possijjle. In some cases it has been force a point. Ijlanks have a series back to a stem cell and, rather than are just l)eginning a study l)een left in the record. In the avian field, we the stage attained in of normal blood morphology and thus are now at investigations on histology the human field 50 to 75 years ago. Wlien were being vigorously and anatomy in the mammalian and human fields counterpart of such studies pursued at about the turn of the century, the it was not realized that in the avian field was neglected, perhaps because to form the foundation the same kind of prerequisite information was needed pathology, physiology, for later exact investigations in pouUry diseases, embryology, and nutrition. have been Critical studies in the field of lilood diseases of poultry and almor- retarded because a reference work on the morphology of normal Avian Hematology is mal cells has not previously existed. The Atlas of program on the basic the first publication within the framework of a broad program can be histology and anatomy of the fowl. It is hoped that the carried to completion. manuscript, new informa- In the interim following the completion of tlie hematology has Ijcen published. tion on the subject of avian and mammalian Two addenda, Therefore, a few references have been added on page 242. end of one on page 93 and another on page 140, have l)een inserted at the chapters so that pagination would not be disturbed. Alfred M. Lucas Casimir Jamroz IV Contents Chapter Page Chapter Poge Preface Ill 2 Circulating blood of the hatched CHICKEN—Continued 1 General rkm\i!Ks and definitions 1 granular leukocytes—Continued Methods of study 1 Eosinophi Is Con t inued Terminology 8 — Deyelopniental stages found in circulating Magnification 14 blood 91 Arrangement of subject matter 15 Abnormal cells 91 2 Circulating blood of the hatched Technic artifacts 91 CHICK EN 17 Basophils 91 Erythrocytes 17 Normal mature basophils 91 Normal mature ervthrocvtes 17 Developmental stages found in circulating Develoj»riiciital stages found in circidating blood 92 blood 24 Technic artifacts 92 Atypical and al)norinal erythrocytes 30 hemokoma and serum granules 93 Technic artifacts 33 Thrombocytes 41 3 Circulating blood of the embryo 104 Normal mature thrombocytes 42 Erythrocyte changes during incubation. 104 Deselopmental stages found in circulating Description of the cells 115 blood 44 Primary erythrocytes 115 te generations . 128 Abnormal cells 45 Later embryonic ery throcy Technic artifacts 46 Embryo thrombocytes 130 Cells occasionalK found in circulating 47 nongranulak leukocytes blood of the embryo 133 50 Lymphocytes 4 Blood cells from hematopoietic organs Normal mature lymphocytes 50 of the embryo 141 Deyelopniental stages found in circulating Embryo bone marrow 141 53 blood Embryo spleen 155 54 Vbnormal hmphocytes Blood changes at hatching 157 65 Monocytes Lymphocytogenesis in the thymus 167 mature monocytes 65 Normal Eeather sheath cell 169 De\ciopmental stages found in circidating 5 Blood cells from bone MARHo^^ of the blood 70 hatched chicken 181 Abnormal monocytes 72 Erythrocytes and thrombocytes 181 Technic artifacts 72 Granulocytes 193 granular leukocytes 73 Plasma cells 197 Osteoclasts 198 Heterophils 73 Differential counts on bone marrow 198 Normal mature heterophils 73 Developmental stages found in circidating 6 Blood cells of other avian species 202 blood 86 Description of cells 202 Abnormal heterophils 87 Size of cells 211 Technic artifacts 87 Cell counts, hemoglobin levels, and hemato- Eosinophils 89 crits 214 Normal mature eosinophils 89 Arneth counts 220 V Page Chapter ^"g«" Chapter Continued 7 Technics for avian blood 222 7 Technics for avian blood— The microscope and light 222 Staining—Continued 230 Procuring blood 225 Wright -Giemsa 230 Preparation of cannulas for taking blood Petrunkevitch No. 2 and M. G. G 230 from early embryos 225 Metln 1 alcohol and thionin 230 Method for taking blood from the dorsal Reticulocyte stain Ralph's modification of the benzidine tech- aorta of the 48-to-72-hour embryo. 226 231 Method for taking blood from the heart of nic for hemoglobin in cells 231 embryos of 96 hours and older 227 Miscellaneous technics determination. 231 The infrared lamp and its use in drying Method for hemoglobin . 232 and warming slides 227 Method for hematocrit determination. Method for collecting and carrying blood Method for making thrombocyte coimts. 232 samples 227 Method for white-cell coimts 232 Staining 228 Literature cited 235 Selection, preparation, and use of Wright's stain 228 Acknowledgments 243 Bulk staining with Wright's stain 229 Mav-Griinwald Giemsa 230 Index 245 VI CHAPTER 1 General Remarks and Definitions METHODS OF STUDY this Atlas is the air-dried smear. It was chosen for the reasons given in tahle 1 and hecause it is Blood cells may he studied in a variety of the method most commonly used for routine blood ways. A perusal of the literature sometimes examination. gives the impression that one technical method is Wright's stain was employed for the circu- far superior to another; hut actually each method lating blood because it is the stain that is most has its particular merit, and it is often found that familiar to a large number of veterinarians and the advantages of a different approach compen- research workers who are not specialists in the sate for the shortcoming of the method that has field of blood.
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