DOCSLIB.ORG

Astyanax Mexicanus) Atukorallaya Devi Sewvandini Atukorala1*, Christine Hammer1, Megan Dufton2 and Tamara Anne Franz-Odendaal1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Astyanax Mexicanus) Atukorallaya Devi Sewvandini Atukorala1*, Christine Hammer1, Megan Dufton2 and Tamara Anne Franz-Odendaal1 Atukorala et al. EvoDevo 2013, 4:28 http://www.evodevojournal.com/content/4/1/28 RESEARCH Open Access Adaptive evolution of the lower jaw dentition in Mexican tetra (Astyanax mexicanus) Atukorallaya Devi Sewvandini Atukorala1*, Christine Hammer1, Megan Dufton2 and Tamara Anne Franz-Odendaal1 Abstract Background: The Mexican tetra (Astyanax mexicanus) has emerged as a good animal model to study the constructive and regressive changes associated with living in cave environments, as both the ancestral sighted morph and the cave dwelling morph are extant. The cave dwelling morphs lack eyes and body pigmentation, but have well developed oral and sensory systems that are essential for survival in dark environments. The cave forms and surface forms are interfertile and give rise to F1 hybrids progeny known as intermediates. In cavefish, degeneration of the lens is one of the key events leading to eye regression. We have previously shown that surgical lens removal in surface fish embryos has an effect on the craniofacial skeleton. Surprisingly, lens removal was also found to have an effect on the caudal teeth in the lower jaw. In order to understand this result, we analyzed the lower jaw and upper jaw dentitions of surface, cavefish and F1 hybrids of surface and cavefish and compared our findings with surface fish that underwent lens removal. We also investigated the upper jaw (premaxillae and maxillae) dentition in these fish. Results: Our tooth analyses shows that cavefish have the highest numbers of teeth in the mandible and maxillae, surface forms have the lowest numbers and F1 hybrids are between these groups. These differences are not observed in the premaxillae. A wide diversity of cuspal morphology can also be found in these fish. Jaw size also differs amongst the groups, with the mandible exhibiting the greatest differences. Interestingly, tooth number in surgery fish is different only in the caudal region of the mandible; this is the region that is constrained in size in all morphs. Conclusion: Our data provides the first detailed description of the jaw dentitions of two morphs of Astyanax mexicanus, as well as in F1 hybrids. Tooth number, patterning and cuspal morphology are enhanced in cavefish in all jaws. This is in contrast to the increase in tooth number previously observed on the lens ablated side of the surgery fish. These findings indicate that the mechanisms which govern the constructive traits in cavefish are different to the mechanisms causing an increase tooth number in surgery fish. Keywords: Cavefish, Oral jaws, Mandible, Premaxilla, Maxilla, Tooth, Cusps Background In recent years, the teleost fish Mexican tetra, Over the course of vertebrate evolution organisms have Astyanax mexicanus, has been identified as a useful adopted constructive and regressive changes favorable model for studying the evolutionary biology of eye for their habitats. The creatures living in the extreme en- development. This is a single species consisting of two vironments, for instance cave dwelling animals, are morphological types, an eyed and pigmented surface- popular organisms to study because of their wide variety dwelling form (surface fish) and an eyeless unpigmented of adaptive features. Thus great insight can be gained cave-dwelling (cavefish) form [1-5]. These cavefish di- when comparing cave-adapted animals to their close rel- verged from their surface fish ancestors, probably about atives who do not live in these environments. 1 million years ago, and approximately 29 different cave- fish populations have been identified [1-3,6]. The two * Correspondence: [email protected] morphs can easily interbreed giving rise to intermediates. 1 Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford The most highly investigated feature of the cavefish is Highway, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3M3J8, Canada Full list of author information is available at the end of the article their lack of eyes in adulthood. Despite the fact that © 2013 Atukorala et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Atukorala et al. EvoDevo 2013, 4:28 Page 2 of 11 http://www.evodevojournal.com/content/4/1/28 cavefish do not have eyes as adults, eye development be- gins in the same manner in both the surface and cavefish morphs up until 24 hours postfertilization (hpf) [7,8]. At this age, the eye starts to degenerate. In addition to eye degeneration, cavefish have other regressive changes in- Pre maxilla cluding loss of pigmentation, reduction in the size of the E optic tectum, and a reduction in aggressive and school- ing behavior [1,2,5,9]. Less commonly studied are the constructive changes, which include changes in body Mandible position while feeding, increased size and number of cra- nial neuromasts, larger fat stores, increased number of taste buds, increased number of teeth and increased jaw Maxilla size [2,5,9]. Figure 1 Lateral view of the surgery side of the 3 days Although the increased tooth number in cave forms is postfertilization surgery fish. Alizarin red stained and cleared adult generally accepted, only one study has investigated tooth Astyanax mexicanus surface fish which has undergone surgical differences between cavefish and surface fish and it removal of the lens at 3 days postfertilization. The surgery eye is largely focused on teeth of only one oral jaw, namely the indicated by E. White arrowhead indicates the caudal region of the mandible. maxillary bone [10]. In addition, there are no data on tooth patterning in F1 hybrids of cavefish and surface fish crosses, which are commonly known as intermedi- Furthermore, we determined that the surgery fish are ates. The Mexican tetra bears teeth on the premaxilla, a useful group in which to be begin to unravel the tran- maxillary, and dentary bones of the oral jaws and on the sition from surface to cavefish [12]. gill rakers, upper pharyngeal tooth plates and the fifth To date, a detailed comparison of the characteristics of ceratobranchials of the pharyngeal skeleton [11]. The the lower jaw dentition in the Astyanax system has not unicuspid larval dentition is gradually replaced by the bi- been conducted. In this present study, we analyze and cuspid then tricuspid teeth resulting in the oral adult describe the tooth morphology, patterning, cuspal dentition. Generally the dentary bone of the adult sur- morphology and jaw dimensions in surface, cavefish and face morphs bears eight large multicuspid teeth rostrally their F1 hybrids. For a more comprehensive analysis, and several small multicuspid and unicuspid teeth caud- and since the mandible occludes with the upper jaws, we ally [11]. The diverse cuspal morphology can be found include both premaxillae and maxillae in our analysis. in the rostral teeth, which varies from five to eight cusps. Finally we compared the above results with the surgery- During food acquisition the lower jaws occlude with the induced jaw phenotypes, which we described in our pre- upper jaws (the premaxillae and maxillae). Premaxillary vious study [12] in order to fully understand the gross teeth directly contact the mandibular teeth while the morphological diversity of the oral jaws associated with maxillary teeth are positioned 180° to the functional pos- eye regression in Astyanax mexicanus. ition. The premaxilla has two rows of teeth with seven to nine teeth per side of the jaw while each maxilla bears Methods none, one or two teeth on each side [11]. Cuspal morph- Material ology in the upper jaw teeth are similar as described Surface Mexican tetra (Astyanax mexicanus) adults were above for the mandible. These teeth help the fish to maintained at 21°C on a 12-hour light, 12-hour dark grasp and chew food; nearly 40 tooth replacement cycles cycle. To induce spawning, tank temperature was in- occur throughout the life of the surface morph [11]. creased to 26°C and two males were added to a tank We previously demonstrated that, by removing the containing one female. Eggs were collected the next day. lens of one eye at several time points in surface tetra Fish were housed at Mount Saint Vincent University, embryos, lens removal has an effect on tooth develop- Halifax Nova Scotia, Canada. Animals were raised ment of the caudal region of the mandible (Figure 1) according to the guidelines of Canadian Council of Ani- [12]. An increased number of caudal teeth were found mal Care. All protocols were approved annually. on the surgery side compared to the non-surgery side. Tinaja cavefish and F1 hybrids of Tinaja cavefish and Generally, caudal teeth are susceptible to natural vari- surface fish were received in 10% neutral buffered for- ation making them more plastic in nature [11]. Their malin from Dr R Borowsky (New York University, New small size, the timing and manner of their development, York City, USA). These Tinaja cavefish were second gen- and their location close to the optic cup might make eration from wild populations. these teeth more susceptible to influences from the de- We examined a total of 27 adult fish: Tinaja cavefish veloping eye than the central larger multicuspid teeth. (n=8, 4.08 ± 0.29 cm Standard Length, age 6 years old), Atukorala et al. EvoDevo 2013, 4:28 Page 3 of 11 http://www.evodevojournal.com/content/4/1/28 F1 hybrid fish (n=6, 5.1 ± 0.17 cm Standard Length, age 7 years old), surface fish (n=8, 4.4 ± 0.3 cm Standard A Length , age 3.5± 1.4), and surgery fish (unilateral lens ablation of surface fish embryo at three days postfertilization (dpf) as described in [12]; n=5, 3.8 ± 0.3 cm Standard Length, age 1.0± 2.1).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Origins of Chordate Larvae Donald I Williamson* Marine Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
    lopmen ve ta e l B Williamson, Cell Dev Biol 2012, 1:1 D io & l l o l g DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000101 e y C Cell & Developmental Biology ISSN: 2168-9296 Research Article Open Access The Origins of Chordate Larvae Donald I Williamson* Marine Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom Abstract The larval transfer hypothesis states that larvae originated as adults in other taxa and their genomes were transferred by hybridization. It contests the view that larvae and corresponding adults evolved from common ancestors. The present paper reviews the life histories of chordates, and it interprets them in terms of the larval transfer hypothesis. It is the first paper to apply the hypothesis to craniates. I claim that the larvae of tunicates were acquired from adult larvaceans, the larvae of lampreys from adult cephalochordates, the larvae of lungfishes from adult craniate tadpoles, and the larvae of ray-finned fishes from other ray-finned fishes in different families. The occurrence of larvae in some fishes and their absence in others is correlated with reproductive behavior. Adult amphibians evolved from adult fishes, but larval amphibians did not evolve from either adult or larval fishes. I submit that [1] early amphibians had no larvae and that several families of urodeles and one subfamily of anurans have retained direct development, [2] the tadpole larvae of anurans and urodeles were acquired separately from different Mesozoic adult tadpoles, and [3] the post-tadpole larvae of salamanders were acquired from adults of other urodeles. Reptiles, birds and mammals probably evolved from amphibians that never acquired larvae.
    [Show full text]
  • Microborings in Mid-Cretaceous Fish Teeth
    Microborings in mid-Cretaceous fish teeth C.J. Underwood1, S.F. Mitchell2 and C.J. Veltkamp3. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY: Fish teeth and other remains from the British Cretaceous contain abundant evidence for post-mortem colonization by endolithic organisms. The borings are here recognised as occurring in three morphotypes, including a flask-shaped form not previously recorded. There is strong evidence to suggest that each of these boring types shows a strong preference for a particular substrate histology. The damage and destruction of vertebrate remains by microborings is here considered to exert a major taphonomic control on microvertebrate assemblages. The relationships between the intensity of colonization of vertebrate material by endolithic organisms and palaeoenvironment have implications for using these bone microborings as palaeoenvironmental indicators. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3BX. 2. Department of Geography and Geology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica. 3. Department of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3BX. Fish teeth and other small vertebrate remains from marine sequences show the almost ubiquitous presence of small endolithic trace fossils. These have been recorded in fish remains (e.g. Roux 1887, Mägdefrau 1937, Gouget and Locquin
    [Show full text]
  • Tayside, Central and Fife Tayside, Central and Fife
    Detail of the Lower Devonian jawless, armoured fish Cephalaspis from Balruddery Den. © Perth Museum & Art Gallery, Perth & Kinross Council Review of Fossil Collections in Scotland Tayside, Central and Fife Tayside, Central and Fife Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum Perth Museum and Art Gallery (Culture Perth and Kinross) The McManus: Dundee’s Art Gallery and Museum (Leisure and Culture Dundee) Broughty Castle (Leisure and Culture Dundee) D’Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum and University Herbarium (University of Dundee Museum Collections) Montrose Museum (Angus Alive) Museums of the University of St Andrews Fife Collections Centre (Fife Cultural Trust) St Andrews Museum (Fife Cultural Trust) Kirkcaldy Galleries (Fife Cultural Trust) Falkirk Collections Centre (Falkirk Community Trust) 1 Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum Collection type: Independent Accreditation: 2016 Dumbarton Road, Stirling, FK8 2KR Contact: [email protected] Location of collections The Smith Art Gallery and Museum, formerly known as the Smith Institute, was established at the bequest of artist Thomas Stuart Smith (1815-1869) on land supplied by the Burgh of Stirling. The Institute opened in 1874. Fossils are housed onsite in one of several storerooms. Size of collections 700 fossils. Onsite records The CMS has recently been updated to Adlib (Axiel Collection); all fossils have a basic entry with additional details on MDA cards. Collection highlights 1. Fossils linked to Robert Kidston (1852-1924). 2. Silurian graptolite fossils linked to Professor Henry Alleyne Nicholson (1844-1899). 3. Dura Den fossils linked to Reverend John Anderson (1796-1864). Published information Traquair, R.H. (1900). XXXII.—Report on Fossil Fishes collected by the Geological Survey of Scotland in the Silurian Rocks of the South of Scotland.
    [Show full text]
  • Native Minnesota Lamprey
    Native lamprey vs Sea lamprey Cool facts One of Minnesota’s oldest citizens Minnesota’s five native lamprey species Lamprey’s lifestyle and body structure have remained almost the same for 250 have been here for thousands of years. million years! Native lamprey have lived in Minnesota since the last glaciers, 10,000 years ago. • Sea lamprey were first discovered in Lake Superior in 1946. Sea lamprey only gained Nest builders access to the upper Great Lakes when the Lamprey create nests in streambeds of cobble, gravel or coarse sand. Both the Welland Canal was constructed between males and females participate by slowly moving material around with their suc- Lake Erie and Lake Ontario in 1829. The Native lamprey tion cup mouths. When completed, the nest will be a clear, round depression a Native Minnesota canal circumvented the largest natural University of Minnesota, David Hansen few inches across. Several lamprey may share a nest. blockade to fish migration in the Great Lakes, Niagara Falls. Transformers Lamprey The ammocoete stage may last up to seven years before its metamorphosis into • Sea lamprey adults are larger because they an adult. The non-parasitic lamprey transform into adults during the autumn and are adapted to feeding off of large ocean stop feeding completely. When they change from a juvenile to adult, they de- fish, whereas smaller native lamprey are velop a suction cup like mouth, develop better eyesight and reproductive parts. adapted to smaller freshwater fish. Spawning takes place shortly after this transformation. Sea lamprey adult = 12 to 24 inches Silver lamprey = 9 to 14 inches The native parasitic lamprey transform from an ammocoete to an adult in the Chestnut lamprey = 8 to 10 inches early parts of summer, they then begin their parasitic feeding on fish.
    [Show full text]
  • How the Complex Biting System of Pomacentridae Circumvents Performance Trade-Offs
    vol. 197, no. 5 the american naturalist may 2021 E-Article Unprecedented Biting Performance in Herbivorous Fish: How the Complex Biting System of Pomacentridae Circumvents Performance Trade-Offs Damien Olivier,1,2,* Sam Van Wassenbergh,3 Eric Parmentier,2 and Bruno Frédérich2 1. Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México; and Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ciudad de México, México; 2. Laboratoire de Morphologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Freshwater and Oceanic Sciences Unit of Research, Institut de Chimie (B6C), Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; 3. Département Adaptations du Vivant, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7179 CNRS/Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, Case Postale 55, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France; and Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium Submitted April 6, 2020; Accepted October 8, 2020; Electronically published March 19, 2021 Online enhancements: supplemental tables. Dryad data: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2280gb5qh. abstract: It is well accepted that the complexity of functional sys- Introduction tems may mitigate performance trade-offs. However, data sup- Functional trade-offs are thought to place strong con- fi porting this theory are hard to nd because they need to be based straints on the evolution of organismal performance be- on a functional system with different complexity levels in closely re- lated species. The Pomacentridae (damselfishes) provide an excel- cause the best phenotype for one task is often not the best lent opportunity to test this hypothesis because most of the species for other tasks (Walker 2007; Holzman et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientist Hails 'Jaw-Dropping' Fish Fossil Discovery
    27 September 2013 Scientist hails 'jaw-dropping' fish fossil discovery Entelognathus primordialis had a heavily armoured head and body, a scaly tail, jaws but no teeth and tiny eyes set in large, bony sockets A leading British scientist has said that the discovery of a 419-million-year-old fish fossil in China is a stunning and spectacular development. Palaeobiologist Matt Friedman told the BBC that the fish provided crucial evidence about the evolutionary development of jawed vertebrates. As a remote relative of humans, it provides important evolutionary clues. "It is the deepest branch of our family tree that bears the kinds of jaw bones found in humans," Dr Friedman said. The fossil was found at China's Xiaoxiang Reservoir, and was reported by the journal Nature on Thursday. Scientists say that the heavily armoured fish, Entelognathus primordialis, is a previously unknown member of jawed vertebrates also known as gnathostomes. It has a complex small skull and jaw-bone structure. "This is an unexpected discovery that inverts schoolbook teaching on the evolution of bony skulls," Dr Friedman told the BBC. "Up until now it had been thought that the anatomical peculiarities of bony fishes - the group that would eventually give rise to human beings - are specialisations that arose later in vertebrate evolutionary history in our own bony fish lineage." "But now that narrative has been turned on its head." Dr Friedman said that the fish's jaw was much more like that of a modern bony fish - which is why its discovery may offer a new perspective on the early evolution of these creatures.
    [Show full text]
  • Family-Group Names of Fossil Fishes
    European Journal of Taxonomy 466: 1–167 ISSN 2118-9773 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.466 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2018 · Van der Laan R. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Monograph urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:1F74D019-D13C-426F-835A-24A9A1126C55 Family-group names of fossil fishes Richard VAN DER LAAN Grasmeent 80, 1357JJ Almere, The Netherlands. Email: [email protected] urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:55EA63EE-63FD-49E6-A216-A6D2BEB91B82 Abstract. The family-group names of animals (superfamily, family, subfamily, supertribe, tribe and subtribe) are regulated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Particularly, the family names are very important, because they are among the most widely used of all technical animal names. A uniform name and spelling are essential for the location of information. To facilitate this, a list of family- group names for fossil fishes has been compiled. I use the concept ‘Fishes’ in the usual sense, i.e., starting with the Agnatha up to the †Osteolepidiformes. All the family-group names proposed for fossil fishes found to date are listed, together with their author(s) and year of publication. The main goal of the list is to contribute to the usage of the correct family-group names for fossil fishes with a uniform spelling and to list the author(s) and date of those names. No valid family-group name description could be located for the following family-group names currently in usage: †Brindabellaspidae, †Diabolepididae, †Dorsetichthyidae, †Erichalcidae, †Holodipteridae, †Kentuckiidae, †Lepidaspididae, †Loganelliidae and †Pituriaspididae. Keywords. Nomenclature, ICZN, Vertebrata, Agnatha, Gnathostomata.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification Guide to Common Sharks and Rays of the Caribbean
    Identification Guide to Common Sharks and Rays of the Caribbean The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. © FAO, 2016 ISBN 978-92-5-109245-3 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works
    UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title Functional basis of ecological divergence in sympatric stickleback Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/18w300cd Journal BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13(1) ISSN 1471-2148 Authors McGee, Matthew D Schluter, Dolph Wainwright, Peter C Publication Date 2013-12-31 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-277 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California McGee et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:277 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/277 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Functional basis of ecological divergence in sympatric stickleback Matthew D McGee1*, Dolph Schluter2 and Peter C Wainwright1 Abstract Background: The evolution of ecological divergence in closely related species is a key component of adaptive radiation. However, in most examples of adaptive radiation the mechanistic basis of ecological divergence remains unclear. A classic example is seen in the young benthic and limnetic stickleback species pairs of British Columbia. In each pair the benthic species feeds on littoral macroinvertebrates whereas the limnetic feeds on pelagic zooplankton. Previous studies indicate that in both short-term feeding trials and long-term enclosure studies, benthics and limnetics exhibit enhanced performance on their own resource but fare more poorly on the other species’ resource. We examined the functional basis of ecological divergence in the stickleback species pair from Paxton Lake, BC, using biomechanical models of fish feeding applied to morphological traits. We examined the consequences of morphological differences using high speed video of feeding fish. Results: Benthic stickleback possess morphological traits that predict high suction generation capacity, including greatly hypertrophied epaxial musculature.
    [Show full text]
  • Fossils Kit (1 Piece) Georgia Museum of Natural History University of Georgia Natural History Bldg
    Fossils Kit (1 piece) Georgia Museum of Natural History University of Georgia Natural History Bldg. Athens, GA 30602-7882 Phone (706) 542-1663 SPECIMENS OUT IN ID# SPECIMENS OUT IN S1 Fossil shell (3) S29 Toe & vertebrae bone S2 Fossil shell S30 Deer: long & antler bone S3 Cast of clam interior S31 Whale ear S4 Mold of snail shell S32 Assorted bone fragments (3) S33 Toe bone S6 Fossil shell S34 Rhinoceroses jaw, teeth S7 Shrimp Burrow-Trace fossil S35 Bone fragments (mineralized) S8 Fossil Tooth-Giant White Shark S36 Bone fragments (mineralized S9 Crocodile skin scale (2) S37 End of long bone S10 Turtle scutes (4) S38 Cast of bison-like mammal’s jaw with teeth S11 Fish skeleton S39 Various shark teeth S12 Turtle scutes (2) S40 Fish vertebrae, dental plates of ray, lower fish jaw S13 Horse tooth S14 Horse tooth S15 Mammoth tooth ID # BOOKS OUT IN S16 Titanothere tooth B42 Fossils S17 Mastadon tooth fragment B43 Fossil Vertebrates S18 Oreodont tooth B44 Dinosaur Hunters S19 Mammal grinding molar B45 How & Why Activity: Dinosaurs S20 Mammal grinding molar B46 Illustrated Fossils of the Ga. Coastal Plain S21 Mammal shearing carnassiae B47 Prehistoric Vertebrates of the Ga. Coastal Plain S22 Reptile tooth S23 Deer-like mammal tooth ID# MISCELLEANEOUS OUT IN S24 Marine mammal tooth M48 Fossil Glutton S25 Marine mammal tooth M49 Fossil Collection Laws of GA S26 Mammal incisor tooth M50 GMNH Educational Supplement Notebook S27 Deer: long bones, jaw, tooth M51 Celebrating 25 Years DVD S28 Bone that has been replaced Name: School/Group: Address: County: City/State/Zip: E-Mail: Phone: Grade/ Age # Classes # Students Fossils Kit Terms Of Borrowing Please call to arrange a time to pick up the kits.
    [Show full text]
  • Trophic Ecomorphology of Cardinalfish
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 322: 249–257, 2006 Published September 20 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Trophic ecomorphology of cardinalfish Adam Barnett1, 2,*, David R. Bellwood1, Andrew S. Hoey1 1Centre for Coral Reef Biodiversity, School of Marine Biology, James Cook University Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia 2Present address: Marine Research Laboratories, Nubeena Crescent, Taroona, Tasmania 7053, Australia ABSTRACT: Trophic diversity in 9 cardinalfish species was investigated by comparing 14 morpholog- ical characteristics of their feeding apparatus with dietary data based on stomach content analysis. Analysis of the morphological characteristics separated the 9 species into 3 distinct groups. The first group (Cheilodipterus macrodon, C. artus and C. quinquelineatus) was characterized by elongated heads; the second group (Archamia fucata, Apogon guamensis, A. cyanosoma and A. fragilis) by large gapes; and the third group (Apogon exostigma, A. doederleini) by wider heads and low trans- mission coefficient in their jaw mechanics. Stomach samples, however, revealed that morphology was of limited utility in predicting dietary groupings. The majority of species examined displayed generalist diets. The results indicate that while morphology may predict feeding potential, or feeding mode, actual resource use in this group may be shaped primarily by other modifying factors such as behaviour and prey availability. In contrast to other reef fish groups, morphology does not appear to play a strong role in influencing diet in the Apogonidae. KEY WORDS: Coral reef · Diet · Apogonidae · Trophic ecomorphology · Functional morphology Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher INTRODUCTION Considerable advances in our understanding of the mechanical basis of feeding performance in fishes Cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are represented in all have been made using a functional approach (Wain- tropical and warm temperate seas, with over 300 spe- wright & Bellwood 2002).
    [Show full text]
  • Greening China's Fish and Fish Products Market Supply Chains
    Greening China’s Fish and Fish Products Market Supply Chains A Life Cycle Assessment Study Contributors: Arthur Hanson He Cui Linlin Zou MartinShelley Streicher Clarke -Porte, Empa HansGeoffrey Jörg Althaus, Muldoon Empa Jason Potts Huihui Zhang February 2010 June 2011 Click here to enter text. 2 © 2011 International Institute for Sustainable Greening China’s Development (IISD) Published by the International Institute for Fish and Fish Sustainable Development Products Market The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) contributes to sustainable Supply Chains development by advancing policy recommendations on international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change and energy, and management of natural and social capital, as well as the enabling Contributors: role of communication technologies in these areas. We report on international negotiations and Arthur Hanson disseminate knowledge gained through collaborative He Cui projects, resulting in more rigorous research, capacity Linlin Zou building in developing countries, better networks Shelley Clarke spanning the North and the South, and better global connections among researchers, practitioners, citizens Geoffrey Muldoon and policy-makers. Jason Potts Huihui Zhang IISD’s vision is better living for all—sustainably; its mission is to champion innovation, enabling societies to live sustainably. IISD is registered as a charitable June 2011 organization in Canada and has 501(c)(3) status in the United States. IISD receives core operating support from the Government of Canada, provided through This Report has been prepared under a the Canadian International Development Agency project partnership between the Ministry (CIDA), the International Development Research of Commerce, China (MOFCOM) and the Centre (IDRC) and Environment Canada, and from International Institute for Sustainable the Province of Manitoba.
    [Show full text]