PES XVII_2016_studied_36-78_PES 13.12.16 11:43 Stránka 67

SUN CULT ON THE BASIS OF ANTHROPONYMS PES XVII/2016 6 7

Fig. 1 Panel of the false door of Lady Tisethor, found in the tomb of Princess Khekeretnebty at Abusir. Her name was composed of a theophoric element , written with a falcon sign (photo Archive of the Czech Institute of )

Old Kingdom sun cult on the basis of theophoric anthroponyms

Marie Peterková Hlouchová

Worshipping of the sun was one of the principal elements of religious beliefs in almost every period of ancient Egyptian civilisation. A number of were linked to this cosmic body either directly, or on the basis of a solar aspect. In the Old Kingdom, the majority of these divinities are attested mainly within the royal sphere: in the ideology of the kingship, in royal monuments and particularly in the . Some allusions to the sun cult, however, can be observed in other pieces of evidence. Theophoric personal names may offer additional insight into conceptions connected to the sun.

It is a well-known fact that the name (rn) was a very name was a very effective magical instrument. Such significant essence of a human being, at least from the a concept is reflected in an Egyptian story of the true name religious point of view (consult e.g. Ranke 1952: 2; Vernus of Re (e.g. Pinch 2002: 69–71), attested in Ramesside 1982a; Baines 1991: 176–178; Doxey 2001; Taylor 2001: sources. In this narrative, the goddess forced Re, the 23–24; Vittmann 2013a). It was counted among seven ruler of the gods, to give away his secret appellation to her. material and immaterial integral parts and manifestations She thus gained enormous power for her son Horus. of each human.1 The ancient Egyptians believed that the A similar conviction is present in the 142nd chapter of the appellation participated in the existence of an individual which is called the “Book (…) of and that is why it had to be remembered, in order for the knowing the names of in all his places where he deceased to live forever and ever. The knowledge of one’s wishes to be” (Quirke 2013: 319–320). To be familiar with PES XVII_2016_studied_36-78_PES 13.12.16 11:43 Stránka 68

6 8 PES XVII/2016 SUN CULT ON THE BASIS OF ANTHROPONYMS

Chart 1 Number of anthroponyms mentioning gods with solar aspects

one hundred appellations of the god of the afterworld was investigations may clarify the spreading of the cults of the one of the preconditions for reaching eternal life. divinities connected to the sun into several spheres of the The names were given to new-borns at the moment of Egyptian society. their birth by their parents (e.g. Ranke 1926 and 1952: 2–3; Posener 1977; Vernus 1982b) and they often bore Analysis a meaning in ancient Egypt. They appear in various forms: basilophoric, theophoric, one word, phrase or even a whole sentence (for more details, see Ranke 1952: 20–227; Gods with solar aspects attested in theophoric names Vernus 1982c; Vittmann 2013b; Scheele-Schweitzer 2014: The theophoric private personal names containing any of 53–83). The names were given not only to persons, but to the afore-mentioned deities are listed in tables 1–6. There animals, cosmic bodies, buildings or to divinities as well. are several categories in the indexes. The appellations in A number of researchers have given attention to the transliteration are followed by their translation. In some ancient Egyptian anthroponyms. There are more or less cases, however, neither the reading, nor the understanding extensive lists of names (Murray 1908; Hoffmann 1915), is clear or without problems. Geographic and diachronic added to by studies on various aspects of the onomastic trends of the attestation for the names are incorporated (Ranke 1935, 1952 and 1976; Gourdon 2007 a AGÉA;2 and the distinction between male and female ones is Scheele-Schweitzer 2014), and the phenomenon of observed as well. Finally, the references to the secondary theophoric names was in the interest of several scholars sources are mentioned (Ranke 1935 and 1952; (Ranke 1936: 305–318; Helck 1954; Begelsbacher-Fischer Begelsbacher-Fischer 1981; Gourdon 2007 and AGÉA; 1981; Fischer 1996). Scheele-Schweitzer 2014). Sometimes, the numbers of Since a number of Egyptian anthroponyms contain pages and of the names in the indexes are accompanied by a mention of a god, sometimes even more gods, they may variants used by the scholars. It was not always possible be significant material for studying religious beliefs. For to fill in every category. If needed, the notes column the analysis presented in this article, a group of male is added. divinities with a connection to the sun were selected:3 On the basis of the data in the tables, there were up to Re as the personification of the brightest and most 186 names mentioning a god with solar aspects and burning midday sun, of its strength and power, the attested in the Old Kingdom period (chart 1).7 The reading newborn morning sun, , and its evening phase of some anthroponyms is not certain; therefore, the . Apart from these divinities of the solar cycle, number can change a little bit. The absolute majority Horus,4 Sokar, Akhti, Nemti,5 Nefertem and Weneg were counts for the god Re: 76 theophoric names (tab. 1).8 Re, linked to this range of beliefs. The sunrise and daylight the ka of Re or Re in connection with other gods (, aspects in the characteristics of were also important and ) are referred to in the appellations. Some in this religion.6 names express positive attributes of the . Re is The analysis presented in this article is based on the glorious and radiant (?); strong and mighty; great, perfect identification of the afore-mentioned gods in the theo- and noble. A reference to his creative power is uttered and phoric anthroponyms. Only the names mentioning the a wish for the long life of Re is pronounced in one name divinities explicitly are classified. If there is an appellation as well. Apart from this, Re is said to be the possessor of with an epithet like nDs, km, etc. it will not be listed life, power, protection, nobility and the ka. Not only the separately. Both male and female names are taken into qualities of Re, but a relationship of a person to the god is consideration. The study is time-limited to the period from indicated as well: Re is admired, worshipped and praised. the Third to the Sixth Dynasty. Attention is given to what The people put their lives into the hands of Re. They are the anthroponyms can tell us about the deities, and these servants and acquaintances of the god, and beloved by this PES XVII_2016_studied_36-78_PES 13.12.16 11:43 Stránka 69

SUN CULT ON THE BASIS OF ANTHROPONYMS PES XVII/2016 6 9 Notes nDs, wr nDs, km Gourdon: “Rê est l’aimé de Maat” wr nDs Gourdon: “ appartient Rê” Gourdon: “La course est à Rê” t) Scheele-Schweitzer 207 [63] 225 [195] 204 [37] 250 [383] 252 [397] 297 [698] 308 [762] 256 [414] 327 [910] 328 [916] 512 [2199] ( -mry-MAa 336 [971] 369 [1191] 386 [1324] 420 [1550] 512 [2198] ) ( Ra-mry-PtH 428 [1597] 426 [1586] 432 [1626] 431 [1615] 441 [1684] 433 [1629] 442 [1687] 446 [1715] 452 [1767] 472 [1915] 483 [1990] 443 [1698] 476 [1944] 484 [2000] 475 [1935] 505 [2161] ) ) ) AGÉA 206 39 545 ( Jr(w).n-Ra 924 ( anx(j)-m-a-Ra 924 ( anx(j)-n-Ra 876 1093 1098 327 [904] 1154 ) 863 ( N(j)-Ra-wsr ) ) ) ) Gourdon [6] 5. [34] 4. [81] 4. [129] 5. [128] 2. [180] 3. [182] 1. [143] 5. [193] 3. [257] 4. [261] 4. [257] 1. ( Mry-PtH-Ra [318] 3.) ( N(j)-Ra-anx [319] 1.) ( N(j)-Ra-wsr [318] 2. [465] 2. ( ¡pt-n-Ra [319] 2. ( N(j)-Ra-MAat [319] 3.) ( N(j)-Ra-¡p [319] 4.) ( N(j)-Ra-xw [320] 1. ( N(j)-Ra-kA=j [370] 2. [375] 4. [320] 2.) ( N(j)-Ra-kAw [345] 5. [377] 2. [387] 1. [419] 3. 169 Begelsbecher-Fischer 169 169 169 ) 170 ( Ra-wr 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 ) 170 ( Ra-nfr 170 170 Ranke I: 39, 26 I: 64, 1 I: 217, 12 I: 218, 2 I: 80, 28 I: 157, 6 I: 417, 25 I: 217, 13 I: 218, 1 I: 171, 16 I: 145, 5 I: 172, 16 I: 173, 3; II: 364 I: 172, 23 I: 173, 4 I: 180, 9 I: 180, 23; II: 366 I: 183, 28; II: 366 I: 423, 29 I: 180, 16 I: 219, 10 I: 200, 8 I: 215, 2 Male/Female male female male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male 4, 5, 6 4 Dating (dynasty) 5, 6 4, 5, 6 5, 6 6 4, 5, 6 6 5 4, 5 5 or 6 4, 5, 6 4 4, 5, 6 5 4, 5, 6 6 6 5 5 4, 5 5 4, 5, 6 5 4, 5, 6 5 3, 5, 6 5 Giza Giza Locality Dahshur Giza Abusir Giza Giza Abusir, Giza, Hilal Wadi Giza Saqqara Abusir, Giza, Giza Saqqara, Abusir, Giza, Dahshur Saqqara Abusir Abusir, Saqqara Abusir, Giza Saqqara Giza, Saqqara Giza, Abusir, Saqqara, Abusir, Giza, Hilal Wadi Dahshur, Abusir, Abu Rawash, Giza, Tehna Saqqara, Saqqara Meir Giza Giza Saqqara Saqqara Giza, Abusir, Saqqara Abusir, Giza, Deshasheh Giza, Abusir, Saqqara Abusir, Giza, Giza, Abusir, Saqqara, Abusir, Giza, Dahshur Abusir Abusir, Saqqara, Byblos Abusir, Abusir Giza Abusir -tool (?) belongs to One who belongs to things/matters of Re Pillar of Re Meaning Glorious is Re One created by the ka of Re Life is in the hand of Re One whom Re created Life is (in the hand of) Re (?) Admirer of Re Long live Re! Great is the power of Re Great is Re Life is that of Re Greatness of Re (?) is the ka ofEffective Re Beloved by Maat and Re Strong is Re Maat belongs to Re (?) Power belongs to Re Beloved by Re One who belongs to Re The Hp -tool (?) belongs to Re Beloved by Re and Ptah Maat belongs to Re Life belongs to Re The Hpt Protection belongs to Re Re Nobility belongs to Re The ka belongs to Re Perfect is the mercy/satisfaction of Re One who belongs to sekhet /field of Re Master of life is Re Perfect is Re The kau belongs to Re Perfect is the hearing of Re Divine is the name of Re (?) Perfect is the face of Re Perfect is the leading of Re ? ) MAat-Ra (= N(j)-mAat-Ra (= MAat-Ra Name JAw-Ra (J)r(t)-(j)xt-Ra Jrw-kA-Ra Ax-Ra Jwn-Ra Jr(j).n-Ra anx-m-Ra anx-m-a-Ra anx-n-Ra anx-Ra Wr-bAw-Ra Wr-Ra BA-kA-Ra Mrj-MAat-Ra Wr-n(j)-Ra Wsr-Ra Mr(j)-Ra Mrj-Ra-PtH N(j)-anx-Ra N(j)-wsr-Ra N(j)-mAat-Ra N(j)-Hp-Ra N(j)-Hpt-Ra N(j)-xw-Ra N(j)-sxt-Ra N(j)-Ra N(j)-Spss-Ra N(j)-kAw-Ra Nb-anx-Ra Nfr-Htp-Ra N(j)-kA-Ra Nfr-Ra Nfr-sDm-Ra Nfr-sSm-Ra (?) NTrj-rn-Ra Nfr-Hr-Ra Tab. 1 Personal names with the element Re Tab. PES XVII_2016_studied_36-78_PES 13.12.16 11:43 Stránka 70

7 0 PES XVII/2016 SUN CULT ON THE BASIS OF ANTHROPONYMS Notes nDs nDs nDs Scheele-Schweitzer 511 [2197] 511 512 [2201] 511 [2196] 511 512 [2203] 512 [2202] 512 [2204] 512 [2205] 513 [2207] 513 [2208] 513 [2209] 539 [2408] 541 [2418] 554 [2510] 555 [2517] 568 [2589] 580 [2647] 586 [2681] 590 [2699] 594 [2723] 592 [2710] 596 [2743] 597 [2747] 638 [3042] 639 [3047] 642 [3073] 655 [3171] 658 [3187] 660 [3206] 660 [3208] 661 [3212] 678 [3313] 696 [3445] 708 [3504] 743 [3770] ) AGÉA 336 289 299 902 ( anx-sxm-Ra 903 680 ) Gourdon [426] 2. [425] 6. [426] 1. [426] 3. [426] 4. [426] 5. [427] 3. [427] 4. [436] 6 [470] 4. [473] 4. [493] 1. [491] 3. [503] 5. [511] 1. [511] [532] 5. [534] 1. [526] 2. [541] 2. [538] 5. [544] 1., 5. ( #wjt.n-Ra [561] 1. [599] 2. [598] 3. [623] 2. [633] 5. [633] 3. [634] 4. [656] 3. [704] 1. [692] 5. [698] 4. [753] 2. [754] 2. ) Begelsbecher-Fischer 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 171 171 161 ( KAj-xr-Ra 171 171 Ranke I: 217, 20; II: 373 I: 425, 7; II: 404 I: 219, 13 II: 302, 19 I: 220, 2; II: 373 I: 398, 17 I: 239, 24 I: 240, 5 I: 255, 3; II: 379 I: 254, 20 I: 219, 15; II, 373 I: 220, 1 I: 264, 23 I: 266, 8 II: 309, 26 I: 266, 24; II: 381 I: 301, 9; II: 386 I: 319, 12 I: 319, 14 I: 319, 19 I: 326, 21 I: 339, 13 I: 340, 20 I: 398, 17; II: 400 I: 398, 19 Male/Female male male male male male male male male female male female male female male male male female male male male male male female female male male male male male male male male male male male male male male OK Dating (dynasty) 5 4, 5 end OK 4–5 4, 5, 6 6/1IP 3, 4, 5, 6 6 4, 5, 6 4, 5, 6 4, 5, 6 3, 4–5 5 3, 4–5 3, 4, 5, 6 5, 6 6 3, 5 5, 6 5, 6 5 5 5 5 5–6 5 4, 5, 6 4–5 5 4, 5 5 5, 6 4, 5, 6 5, 6 Locality Wadi Hammamat Wadi Saqqara Giza Giza Giza Giza, Saqqara Giza, Saqqara Saqqara, Beit Abusir, Giza, Khallaf Saqqara Saqqara Giza Saqqara, Deir Abusir, Giza, -Gebrawi Saqqara, Deir Abusir, Giza, el-Gebrawi Giza, Saqqara Abusir Giza Saqqara, Abusir, Giza, Tehna, Meidum, el-Hamamijeh, Gebelein Giza, Abusir, Saqqara Abusir, Giza, Giza, Saqqara Giza Giza, Saqqara, Meir Giza, Saqqara Saqqara Giza Saqqara Abusir Gebelein Saqqara Abusir Saqqara Saqqara, Abusir, Giza, el-Hamamijeh Giza Saqqara, Abusir, Giza, Mit Rahina Saqqara Giza Giza Saqqara Giza, Abusir, Saqqara, Abusir, Giza, Dahshur (?) My ka is by the hearth of Re Meaning Re provides Re is my ka Re protects Re is behind me Re is in a hurry (?) Re is on my ka (?) Re is on my head (?) Re, he protects Re is next to me Servant of Re It is Re whom I worshipped Acquaintance of Re One who praises Re Female servant of Re One who praises Re May Re be satisfied Radiant is Re (?) May Re protect me May the ka of Re emerge May Re protect One whom Re protects Protection of Re Good of Re May Re maintain the life One who is protected by Re One whose life Re maintains Sobek is the ka of Re (?) One whom Re made perfect Re made Kakai powerful Mighty is the life of Re Mighty is the ka of Re Mighty is Re Noble is Re My ka is Re My ka belongs to Re (?) One who worshipped Re One who worships Re (?) Name Ra-m-kA(=j) Ra-apr=f Ra-nD=f Ra-=j Ra-Hp=f Ra-Hr-kA(=j) (?) Ra-Hr-kA(=j) Ra-Hr-tp(=j) (?) Ra-Hr-tp(=j) Ra-xw(j)=f Ra-xr(=j) Ra-dwA.n(=j) Rxt-Ra ¡m-Ra ¡mt-Ra ¡zy-Ra ¡z(j)-Ra ¡tp-wDA-Ra ¡tp-Ra (?) ¡D-Ra #a(j)-kA-Ra #w(j)-wj-Ra #w(j)-Ra #w(j).n-Ra #w(j)t-Ra #w(j)t.n-Ra xt-Ra %anx.n-Ra %anx-Ra %bk-kA-Ra %nfr-Ra %rwD-Ra-KAkAj %xm-anx-Ra %xm-kA-Ra %xm-Ra ^pss-Ra KA(=j)-n-Ra KA(=j)-xr-jb-Ra _wA-Ra KA(=j)-pw-Ra _wA.n-Ra PES XVII_2016_studied_36-78_PES 13.12.16 11:43 Stránka 71

SUN CULT ON THE BASIS OF ANTHROPONYMS PES XVII/2016 7 1 Notes falcon sign nDst falcon sign nDs Scheele-Schweitzer 212 [100] 288 [643] 305 [745] ) (= N(j)-anx-¡r 308 [764] 319 [765] 330 [922] 330 [923] 422 [1554] 414 [1519] 433 [1631] 439 [1676] 444 [1700] 475 [1940] 446 [1718] 502 [2133] 500 [2117] 524 [2292] 551 [2487] 452 [1771] 505 [2162] 551 [2488] 552 [2489] 552 [2496] 552 [2494] 552 [2490] 552 [2491] 552 [2493] 552 [2498] 553 [2501] 552 [2497] 552 [2499] 571 [2599] 594 [2723] 591 [2700] AGÉA 113 121 492 570 1104 ) ( W{r}j-¡r 1119 ) 284 ( N(j)-¡r-anx ) (?)) [17] 2. Gourdon [19] 2. [120] 4. [128] 4. [168] 4. [183] 5. [323] 3.) ( N(j)-¡r-anx [186] 4.) ( Wr(j)-¡r [329] 4. [323] 2. ( N(j)-¡r-jt(j) [343] 2. [373] 2. [332] 1. [323] 4.) ( N(j)-¡r-kAw [410] 1. [449] 2. [347] 3. [413] 5. [414] 2. [486] 3. ( ¡r-bjtj [486] 5. [487] 1. [487] 4. [487] 3. [511] 3. [511] [539] 2. Begelsbecher-Fischer ) 93 ( ¡r-wr ) (?)/Njt-¡r 93 ( ¡r-nt 93 93 93 93 93 94 93 ) II: 260, 28 Ranke I: 246, 9 I: 66, 1 I: 64, 2 I: 76, 22 I: 246, 18 I: 246, 21 I: 249, 6 I: 171, 19 II: 296, 1 II: 296, 28 II: 294, 23 3 I: 211, I: 229, 27 I: 178, 7 I: 180, 25 II: 296, 19 I: 249, 9 I: 249, 10 ( ¡r-nxt(.w) I: 247, 1; II: 378 I: 246, 25 II: 306, 25 I: 265, 16 I: 250, 11 I: 248, 12 II: 306, 29 I: 398, 18 I: 266, 25 I: 413, 3 I: 253, 24 I: 250, 7 I: 266, 9 male Male/Female male male male male male male female male male female male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male male female male male male male male male male male male male Dating (dynasty) 6 6 6 4 5, 6 4 4, 5 6/1IP 6 5 6 4, 5 6 (?) 5 4 6 5–6 5 5 5 4–5 5 6 5 6 5, 6 4 5, 6 Locality Wadi Hammamat Wadi Saqqara, Wadi Hammamat, Wadi Saqqara, Hilal Wadi Saqqara Wadi Hilal Wadi Giza, Saqqara Giza, Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Giza, Saqqara, Wadi Hilal Wadi Giza, Saqqara, Saqqara Saqqara Giza, Saqqara Giza Giza Hilal Wadi Edfu, Abu Rawash, Saqqara Rawash, Abu Dendera Saqqara Giza Edfu Saqqara Saqqara Tehna Abusir Abusir Giza Abusir Qubbet el-Hawa Abusir Qubbet el-Hawa Giza Giza Giza Bir Danqash, Edfu, Qubbet Danqash, Bir el-Hawa Saqqara Heliopolis, Saqqara, Wadi Heliopolis, Saqqara, Hammamat Abusir, Saqqara, el-Harageh, Abusir, Hilal, Balat Wadi Edfu, Divine is the corps of Horus (?) Meaning Horus came to me The love of Horus came Big is Horus Long live Horus! Great is Horus (My) Life is in the hand of Horus One who is unique of the body Horus Great is Horus (?) Horus to belongs father My She belongs to Horus One who belongs to Horus The ka belongs to Horus Life belongs to Horus Horus It is my master, Strong is Horus He belongs to Horus Master of kau is Horus Perfect is Horus Strong is Horus Horus consented The kau belongs to Horus Glowing are the kau of Horus Horus is animated May Horus, the King of Lower Egypt, live Horus is the king Horus is my protection Horus is his protection Horus is her kau Horus appears Horus protects Horus is everlasting Horus beats (?) It is Horus whom I worshipped One who belongs to Horus (?) Horus to belongs who One May Horus protect me (?) May Horus be satisfied One whom Horus protects ?) anx-¡r (= N(j)-anx-¡r N(j)-anx-¡r (= anx-¡r Name Jy-mr(y)-¡r Jy.n(=j)-¡r aA-¡r anx(=j)-m-a-¡r watt-Xt-¡r Wr-¡r Wr-¡rj (?) N(j)-jt(j=j)-¡r N(j)-anx-¡r N(j)-¡r N(j)-s(j)-¡r N(j)-sw-¡r N(j)-kA-¡r N(j)-kAw-¡r Nb-kAw-¡r Nzr-kAw-¡r Nb(=j)-pw-¡r Nfr-¡r Nxt-¡r Nxtw-¡r !n-¡r ¡r-bA=f NTrj-Xt-¡r ¡r-bjt(?)-anx (?) ¡r-bjt(?)-anx ¡r-H(wj)=f ¡r-xa=f ¡r-m-zA(=j) ¡r-m-zA=f ¡r-m-kAw=s ¡r-nswt ¡r-dwA.n(=j) ¡r-xw=f ¡r-Dd=f ¡r(j) ¡tp-¡r #w(j).n-¡r #w(j)-wj-¡r (?) #w(j)-wj-¡r Tab. 2 Personal names with the element Horus Tab. PES XVII_2016_studied_36-78_PES 13.12.16 11:43 Stránka 72

7 2 PES XVII/2016 SUN CULT ON THE BASIS OF ANTHROPONYMS Notes falcon sign falcon sign Notes Scheele-Schweitzer 597 [2748] 606 [2797] 622 [2919] 662 [3213] 631 [2996] 637 [3031] 679 [3316] 721 [3608] 744 [3773] Scheele-Schweitzer 205 [45] 251 [392] 287 [637] 308 [759] 322 [869] 436 [1659] 325 [894] 518 [2246] 538 [2401] 541 [2417] 554 [2509] 554 [2508] 556 [2527] 561 [2553] 592 [2715] 619 [2887] 638 [3045] 676 [3306] ) AGÉA 49 AGÉA 538 ( Ir(w).n.Axtj 748 291 308 300 Gourdon [544] 2. [554] 5. [576] 1. [579] 4. [635] 1. [595] 4. [657] 2. [693] 1. [718] 1. [753] 4. [755] 1. Gourdon [80] 1. 2. [119] [172] 2. [178] 3. [265] 3. [278] 4. [330] 2. [435] 5. [473] 3. [468] 1. [491] 2. [494] 3. [501] 1. [536] 3. [572] 1. [596] 3. [598] 2. [654] 1. Begelsbecher-Fischer 94 94 94 Begelsbecher-Fischer Ranke I: 291, 28 I: 428, 15 I: 319, 20 I: 326, 23 I: 426, 12 I: 398, 18 I: 398, 20 Ranke I: 39, 24 I: 57, 5 I: 416, 27 I: 80, 14 I: 263, 29 I: 173, 16 I: 239, 17 I: 240, 4 I: 254, 14 I: 266, 18 I: 427, 23 I: 257, 26 Male/Female female male male female male male male male female male male male Male/Female male male male female female male female male male female male female male male male male male male male male male male male Dating (dynasty) 5 5 5–6 5–6 6/1IP 5 4, 5 5 6 4 6 Dating (dynasty) 3, 5, 6 3 5 5 5–6 4, 5, 6 6 end OK 5, 6 5 5–6 5, 6 5–6 5–6 4, 5, 6 5 5 6 6 6 Locality Giza Abusir, Saqqara Abusir, Saqqara Edfu Edfu Saqqara Saqqara Giza, Saqqara Giza Saqqara Abusir Giza Locality Saqqara Saqqara Giza, Abusir, Saqqara, Wadi Saqqara, Abusir, Giza, Hilal Wadi Hammamat, Giza Giza Saqqara Giza Saqqara Abusir, Giza, Saqqara Giza Giza, Saqqara Giza, Saqqara, Abusir Giza, Saqqara, Saqqara Saqqara Giza Giza Saqqara Abusir, Saqqara Giza Giza, Saqqara, Abusir, Gebel Abusir, Giza, Saqqara, Hammamat Wadi el-Teir, Giza Giza Giza Meaning One who is protected by Horus Protection of Horus Foremost are the kau of Horus Idea of Horus Daughter of Horus (?) Favourite place of Horus Mighty is the ka of Horus Noble is Horus My ka belongs to Horus (?) Female companion of Horus One who worshipped Horus One who worships Horus Meaning One who belongs to Akhti (?) One who belongs to One whom Akhti created One whom Akhti Big is (My) Life is in the hand Akhti of May the face of Akhti exist (?) exist Akhti of face the May Akhti Great is Akhti Beloved by One who is filled by Akhti One who is filled by People of Akhti (?) People of One who praises Akhti One who praises He belongs to Akhti He belongs to Akhti Servant of Akhti Female servant of Akhti One who is praised by Akhti Favor of My face is the one of Akhti (?) Akhti of one the is face My Akhti (?) Praise of May Akhti be satisfied May Akhti protects One whom Akhti maintain life May Man of Akhti Man of Akhti One whose life maintains Akhti Noble is (?) (?) Name #w(j)t.n-¡r #ntj-kAw-¡r (?) ZAt-¡r ZA-n(j)-¡r %t-jb-¡r %xm-kA-¡r ^pss-¡r %jA-¡r KA(=j)-n-¡r &jst-¡r _wA.n-¡r _wA-¡r Axtj(j) (?) Axtj(j) Jr(j).n-Axtj Name aA-Axtj anx(=j)-m-a-Axtj Wn-Hr-Axtj Wr-Axtj Mrj(t)-Axtj MHw-Axtj (?) RHw-Axtj N(j)-sw-Axtj ¡m-Axtj ¡mt-Axtj ¡zwt-Axtj ¡r(=j)-m-Ax(tj) (?) ¡r(=j)-m-Ax(tj) ¡z-Axtj ¡zzj-Axtj ¡zt-Axtj ¡tp-Axtj #w(j).n-Axtj Zj-n(j)-Axtj %anx.n-Axtj %anx-Axtj ^pss-Axtj Tab. 3 Personal names with the element Akhti Tab. PES XVII_2016_studied_36-78_PES 13.12.16 11:43 Stránka 73

SUN CULT ON THE BASIS OF ANTHROPONYMS PES XVII/2016 7 3

god. The majority of the names are attested in the cemeteries of Memphis, mainly in Giza, Abusir and Saqqara, less often in Abu Rawash and Dahshur. They also occur in provinces, and even in Byblos. The general trend to use Re’s appellation in the anthroponyms is observable Notes Sokar 1915: 2) (Hoffman from the Third Dynasty. The name of the god, Re, was not recorded ideogrammatically,9 but phonetically in the private personal names: r (D21)10 and a (D36) (consult e.g. Ranke 1952: 16). Among the deities with solar aspects, the second Scheele-Schweitzer 222 [173] 309 [765] 328 [913] 430 [1612] 393 [1364] 419 [1546], 420 [1553] 436 [1652] 470 [1904] 480 [1968] 475 [1934] 493 [2065], 630 [2988] 493 [2066] 494 [2068] 494 [2067] 567 [2585] 594 [2723] 678 [3311] position in the frequency of attestations within the theophoric names is taken by the god Horus:11 50 names (tab. 2).12 In the appellations Horus is described as big, great, perfect, strong, noble and everlasting; and long life is wished to him. He is said to come and appear. Interestingly, his royal role is expressed in the names. He AGÉA

) also is the protector of his attendants and has their lives in his hand. In one name, the fact that the love of Horus came is expressed as well. The appellations with Horus convey

N(j)-Nmtj-anx the worshipping of and belonging to this god. Except for the Memphite necropolises, Horus as an element of the Gourdon [127] 5. [260] 2. 1. [315] ( [314] 5. [347] 3. [402] 2. [375] 2. [402] 1. [402] 3. [509] 5. [538] 4. theophoric names occurs in provinces rather often. The anthroponyms with Horus are attested at least from the Fourth Dynasty to the end of the Old Kingdom. Similarly as in the name of Re, the Horus one is written with consonants in the private anthroponyms: H (V28), Hr (D2) and r (D21). Only in several cases was Begelsbecher-Fischer ) 221 ( antj-nfr ) 221 ( antj-Htp it recorded with a falcon-sign: anx-¡r: ; !n-¡r: ; ZAt-¡r: ; &jst-¡r: (fig. 1).13 ) The reading, however, is not certain and there are some problems in the identification of the signs (consult Scheele-Schweitzer 2014: 305, notes 95 and 96, 524, 622, I: 64, 3 ) ( anx(=j)-m-a-Zkr Ranke I: 171, 5; II: 294, 3, 4 II: 294, 7 I: 69, 25 II: 291, 11 II: 298, 25 I: 69, 21 I: 69, 23 I: 70, 2 I: 70, 1 ( antj-nxt note 16). Rather surprisingly, Akhti is attested in 23 theophoric anthroponyms (tab. 3).14 He is described as big, great and as a possessor of life; and his creative role is highlighted. male male Male/Female male male male male male female male female male male male male male male male male male The fact that someone belongs to or is beloved by this god was not omitted as well. Except for Wadi Hammamat, Wadi Hilal and Gebel el-Teir, he is attested only in the Memphite area. As for the time-span, the names with the element Akhti were in use from the Third Dynasty onwards, but the Dating (dynasty) 4 (?), 6 6 6 6 5 4, 5/6 6 2–3 5, 6 6 5–6 6 majority come from the Fifth and Sixth Dynasty. Another deity attested in the theophoric anthroponyms is Nemti, in 19 cases (tab. 4).15 He is marked by many attributes: great, perfect, foremost, high, strong, satisfied and noble. He is coming or came. He is also the protector and possessor of life and the name-bearer is beloved by Locality Giza, Hatnub, Wadi Maghara Wadi Hatnub, Giza, Saqqara Saqqara Giza Giza Saqqara Giza Saqqara, Sharuna Giza, Saqqara Sharuna Maghara Wadi Hatnub, Giza, Saqqara Sharuna Giza Saqqara Saqqara Qau el-Kebir El-Hawawish Sharuna this god. The appellations with the element Nemti appear in the Memphite area and in provinces. They are attested at least from the beginning of the Third Dynasty onwards, but mainly in the Sixth Dynasty. Even though Ptah as the god of the capital city, Memphis, appears most frequently in the names (see below), another god connected to the Memphite area and Meaning (My) Life is in the hand of Nemti Nemti is coming Great is Nemti Perfect is Nemti Perfect is the face of Nemti Beloved by Nemti One who belongs to Nemti She belongs to Nemti Life belongs to Nemti Perfect are the thrones of Nemti (?) Nemti came May Nemti be satisfied Nemti is foremost Nemti is his protection Nemti is high Strong is Nemti Noble is Nemti Nemti is in his border One whom Nemti protects its cemeteries is attested less often in this material. Only 12 appellations mention the patron of the Memphite necropolis, Sokar (tab. 5).16 Again, he is described as (?) powerful, satisfied, noble and healthy. Long life is wished to him. Life and the name-bearer belong to him. With one exception from Edfu, he is attested only in the Memphite Name anx(=j)-m-a-Nmtj Wr-Nmtj Mry-Nmtj N(j)-anx-Nmtj Jw(j)w-Nmtj Nfr-swt-Nmtj Nmtj-m-HAt N(j)-Nmtj Nfr-Nmtj Nmtj-m-zA=f N(j)-sj-Nmtj Nmtj-jw(w) ^pss-Nmtj Nfr-Hr-Nmtj Nmtj-m-Dr=f Nmtj-qA(j)=f Nxt-Nmtj #w(j).n-Nmtj ¡tp-Nmtj Tab. 4 Personal names with the element Nemti Tab. region from the Third Dynasty onwards. PES XVII_2016_studied_36-78_PES 13.12.16 11:43 Stránka 74

7 4 PES XVII/2016 SUN CULT ON THE BASIS OF ANTHROPONYMS Notes Wr-bAw-Zkr Notes Scheele-Schweitzer 327 [905] 344 [1021] 424 [1564] 573 [2607] 585 [2675] 630 [2987] 630 [2989] 679 [3319] 751 [3824] 257 [425] 419 [1545] Scheele-Schweitzer 445 [1713] 487 [2020] 487 [2021] 660 [3205] AGÉA 893 1088 ) 346 ( _w-Zkr AGÉA 560 Gourdon [147] 1. [179] 3. [327] 5. [516] 1. [531] 5. [657] 4. [752] 1. Gourdon [85] 5. [392] 3. [633] 2. Begelsbecher-Fischer 189 189 189 189 Begelsbecher-Fischer Ranke I: 90, 1 I: 172, 1 I: 298, 12 I: 263, 14 I: 298, 9 II: 332: 15 Ranke I: 200, 24 Male/Female male male male male male male male male male male male male Male/Female male male male male male male Dating (dynasty) 5 5 6/1IP 4, 5, 6 5 3 6 5–6 Dating (dynasty) 5 6 6 4, 5–6 5 Locality Saqqara Abusir Giza Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Giza, Saqqara Saqqara Giza Edfu Locality Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Saqqara Giza, Saqqara Saqqara Mighty is the life of Nefertem (?) Nefertem of life the is Mighty Long live Sokar! Great is the power of Sokar Meaning Perfect is the face of Sokar Powerful is Sokar Life belongs to Sokar One who belongs to Sokar May the power of Sokar appear Sokar of power the May May Sokar be satisfied Life belongs to Sokar (?) Sokar is healthy Noble is Sokar One who was given to Sokar Meaning Life belongs to Nefertem The kau belongs to Nefertem Creation of Nefertem (?) One who belongs to Nefertem Nefertem appears (?) ) ? (?) (?) Zkr-anx (= N(j)-anx-Zkr N(j)-anx-Zkr (= Zkr-anx Name anx-Zkr Wr-bAw-Zkr BAw-Zkr N(j)-anx-Zkr N(j)-Zkr ¡tp-Zkr #a(j)-bAw-Zkr Nfr-Hr-Zkr Zkr-snb=f ^pss-Zkr _jw-Zkr N(j)-anx-Nfr-tm Name Jrt-Nfr-tm (?) N(j)-kAw-Nfr-tm Nfr-tm-xa(j)=f (?) Nfr-tm-xa(j)=f Nfr-tm(j) %xm-anx-Nfr-tm Tab. 5 Personal names with the element Sokar Tab. 6 Personal names with the element Nefertem Tab. PES XVII_2016_studied_36-78_PES 13.12.16 11:43 Stránka 75

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Chart 2 Comparison of male and female personal names mentioning deities with solar aspects; unclear sex of some name-bearers is also included

Very interesting are also the attestations for Nefertem in Horus appears in the anthroponyms rather often as well. the theophoric names, albeit only in 6 examples (tab. 6). However, it is very difficult to distinguish his various types The names express the close relationship of Nefertem to and aspects in this material. Moreover, problems emerged life; the name-bearer is designated as belonging to this with the question of whether the god or the king is meant god. The appellations with Nefertem are attested almost here (Begelsbacher-Fischer 1981: 79). Horus was very exclusively from Saqqara; only in one case does it appear closely linked to the reigning king at least in the time of in Giza. The time-span is the Fourth and Fifth Dynasty. the unification of the two lands (consult e.g. Frankfort The majority of the anthroponyms mentioning a god 1978). It seems to be possible that the anthroponyms refer with solar aspects were used for males, only 20 of them to the deity (Begelsbacher-Fischer 1981: 79) because were female and in three cases it is undetermined (chart 2). there are basilophoric names directly with kings’ appel- In the names of women, the first four deities are attested: lations. Therefore, there was probably no need to use Re, Horus, Akhti and Nemti (cf. tab. 1–6). They are rather the term Horus for the sovereign in the names. On the more complicated names. The women were beloved, contrary, they might have wanted to stress a different protected, companion, acquaintance or servant. Adaughter aspect of the king/kingship. relationship to Horus might be attested in one name, which The presence of Akhti and Nemti in the theophoric is quite remarkable if we take into consideration the names is rather startling. These two gods were not much statement of Günter Vittmann (2013b: 4) who is convinced supported by the kings.19 The importance of Akhti is not that this affinity does not appear before the Middle clear at this time and it deserves further study. It might be Kingdom. presumed that he was connected to the akhet, i.e. to the sphere where the sky, earth and meet and where the 20 Discussion sun is reborn and the deceased becomes an akh. On the basis of the analysis of the names, it can be added that he As was observed previously, the names of not every god was responsible for resurrection into a new life. Some with solar aspects were used in the anthroponyms. The creative power was ascribed to him as well, which was appellations with the element Re are the second most perhaps influenced by his link to the akhet. The falcon numerous theophoric names of the Old Kingdom period. deity Nemti had a similar characteristic to Horus. He was The prime position has to be given to the main Memphite the sky god. Furthermore, he protected the eastern regions god, Ptah (Ranke 1952: 230; Begelsbacher-Fischer and was the main deity of the 12th Upper Egyptian nome. 1981: 144). There might be several explanations for this And as is attested in the names, he protected the life of the phenomenon. In the opinion of Hana Vymazalová commoners. (personal communication), the theophoric names with Re The anthroponyms with the element Akhti and Nemti of private persons imitated royal patterns. Even though this are attested more often than the appellation with Sokar, aspect might have been plausible for a certain period of even though he was the god connected more closely to time, the statement is not valid for the Third Dynasty, and Memphis. The role of the patron of the local necropolises for the following one, before the reign of Djedefre. It was in fact attributed to him. Avery significant feast linked seems thus that Re played an important role in the elite to Sokar was celebrated at the cemeteries, and his cult was sphere even before he was fully adopted by the royal in the interest of the kings. In the names, his positive sphere.17 Noteworthy is also the name “Pillar of Re”. Does attributes and his connection to life are expressed. it mean that this person should support this deity, or is it The attestations for Nefertem, who was a minor deity in a reference to Heliopolis (Jwnw) where Re’s cult arose? the Old Kingdom, are not numerous, but remarkable. This Jwn-Ra is, however, attested in the Fourth Dynasty, i.e. deity does not appear very often in the Old Kingdom earlier than the supposed date of the establishment of Re’s sources. He is mentioned only in two spells of the Pyramid cult in Heliopolis.18 Texts: PT 249, § 266a (Sethe 1908: 144) and PT 307, PES XVII_2016_studied_36-78_PES 13.12.16 11:43 Stránka 76

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§ 483b (Sethe 1908: 249). Another source for this deity is divinities, which so far have been known only from the a record in the South Saqqara Annals which refers to religious sources of that period. They expressed the endowments provided for Nefertem in the reign of King positive and power attributes of the gods with solar Merenre (Baud – Dobrev 1995: 41, Fig. 16, Pl. VIII). The aspects. Very often the life of the name-bearer is given to names with Nefertem actually show that he was not or protected by one of these deities. Sometimes, the exclusively used by the royal sphere. creative role of the deities is stressed as well. Re and Horus From the deities of the solar cycle, the names of Atum are attested most often, albeit it is not clear if it is and Khepri were not recognised in the studied material, a consequence of religious motives or of copying royal albeit the lists present two names with the stem xpr: xpr.n models. It is also evident that our understanding of (Ranke 1935: 268, 22; Gourdon 2007: [547] 3; Scheele- Nefertem in the Old Kingdom has to be changed slightly. Schweitzer 2014: 597 [2753]) and xprw (Ranke 1935: 269, 5; He must have been more significant than has been Gourdon 2007: [547] 4; Scheele-Schweitzer 2014: 597 previously supposed. The inhabitants of Egypt needed [2754]), recorded in Saqqara and Wadi Hilal for the Sixth strong, protective gods and the practical roles of such, and Dynasty. It does not seem, however, that they refer to the that is also why the people did not turn to some . The lesser deity, Weneg, and the god of light, Shu, divinities with cosmic aspects. are not attested at all. It might be speculated that these divinities had no practical role, since they did not provide the Old Kingdom Egyptians with protection, good harvest Notes: and suchlike. Astonishing then is when the appellation 1 Other constituents or manifestations are the body (Xt, Dt, Haw, , jrw, twt, Wr-nww: is listed in Gourdon’s index (Gourdon at, jwf), hearth (jb, HAtj), shadow (Swt, xAybt), ka and ba. Akh, a state into 2007: [180] 4) and translated as “Grand est le Noun”, i.e. which a man was transfigured after his death, has been added to with reference to the primeval dark motionless waters. It descriptions and characteristics of human and divine beings. is attested in the mastaba of Wernu at Saqqara, dated to the 2 Gourdon’s database is partially published online: Anthroponymes et Sixth Dynasty (see Davies – el-Khouli – Lloyd – Spencer Généalogies de l’Égypte Ancienne (hereinafter referred to as AGÉA). 1984: 21–29). The reading of the whole anthoroponym, 3 Some goddesses, e.g. , Sakhmet, also occurred in a link with the however, is problematic (e.g. Junker 1949; Fisher 1961: 24). sun, as its manifestations. The female divinities, however, are excluded The name can also be found in the index of Scheele- from this study. Schweitzer (2014: 328 [911]), where she states that it is 4 According to some scholars, more deities with the name Horus existed. perhaps a non-Egyptian name. Her opinion seems to be the However, it seems to be more probable that Horus was one single deity most reasonable because it was uncommon to record with a number of aspects, which can be divided into two main groups: Nun’s name with the sign D135: (consult Leitz a) the sky god, b) son of Osiris and Isis (Griffiths 1960; Melzer 2002 III: 519, 534–535, 543–547), and to mention such an 2001: 122). abstract deity in the anthroponyms of that period. 5 Or Anti in older literature. Consult e.g. Koschel (2000). 6 For other characteristics of these deities, see appropriate entries in Leitz Conclusion (2002–2003). For Khepri, consult Minas-Nerpel (2006) and for Weneg see Peterková Hlouchová (forthcoming), with further bibliographical How thus can the theophoric names enrich our knowledge references. of the solar religion of the Old Kingdom? The importance 7 The amount refers to the sum of the name types, not to the quantity of the of the study of this material lies in the fact that an insight name-bearers. into the beliefs of a wider range of people, even if mainly 8 The number slightly differs from 87 appellations in Gourdon (2007: elite, is offered. Not only the most significant deities, but Annexe 1, 2) and 81 in Scheele-Schwietzer (2014: 107). They also counted minor deities as well were in the interest of these persons. the names with additions such as nDs. The anthroponyms mentioning the gods with solar 9 The ideogram (N5) is attested only in the royal names. aspects are mostly attested in the Memphite region and 10 The codes follow the Sign list created by Sir Alan H. Gardiner (1927: sometimes in the provinces. The possibility that these 432–531). people were sent from the centre has to be kept in mind 11 It has to be kept in mind that any identification of a Horus type is almost (Hana Vymazalová, personal communication). From these impossible in the corpus of personal names (see also discussion perspectives, the knowledge of the social background of below). the people is very much needed because it can show us 12 Scheele-Schweitzer (2014: 107) found only 45 anthroponyms with who the people with the names mentioning the gods of Horus. solar aspects actually were (Peterková Hlouchová, in 13 Similarly to Re, the falcon (G5) is predominantly used in the appellations preparation). Did they or their parents hold some priestly of the kings and members of royal family. titles? If the answer to this question is yes, it could mean 14 Scheele-Schweitzer (2014: 107) presents just 20 names. that they might perhaps have had access to more complex 15 Scheele-Schweitzer (2014: 108) has only 18 examples. religious conceptions. At this point, however, it has to be 16 Scheele-Schweitzer (2014: 108) counted 9 names with Sokar. admitted that the solar beliefs of the Old Kingdom were 17 To this discussion, see Kahl (2007). not strictly present within the royal circuit and they spread 18 According to some researchers, Re’s cult was not adopted in Heliopolis into the non-royal milieu. The conceptions were similar in before the end of the Fifth Dynasty (e. g. Voss 2010: 228). both spheres, but differently reflected. 19 With the exception of King Merenre, whose name was Nemtimsaf. The meanings expressed in the private personal 20 To the term akh consult e.g. Janák (2013), with references to other theophoric names might specify the characteristics of the literature. 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Bibliography: Meltzer, Edmund S. Baines, John 2001 “Horus”, in: Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of 1991 “Society, Morality, and Religious Practice”, in: Shafer, Byron E. (ed.). Ancient Egypt. Vol. II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 119–122. Religion in Ancient Egypt. Gods, , and Personal Practice, Ithaca – Minas-Nerpel, Martina London: Cornell University Press, pp. 123–200. 2006 Der Gott Chepri. Untersuchungen zu Schriftzeugnissen und Baud, Michel – Dobrev, Vassil ikonographischen Quellen vom Alten Reich bis in griechisch-römische 1995 “De nouvelles annales de l’Ancien Empire égyptien. Une ‘Pierre de Zeit, Leuven: Peeters [Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 154]. Palerme’ pour la VIe dynastie”, Bulletin de l’Institut français Murray, Margaret Alice d’archéologie orientale 95, pp. 23–92. 1908 Index of Names and Titles of the Old Kingdom, London: Quaritch Begelsbacher-Fischer, Barbara L. [Studies of the British School of Archaeology in Egypt 1]. 1981 Untersuchungen zur Götterwelt des Alten Reiches. Im Spiegel der Peterková Hlouchová, Marie Privatgräber der IV. und V. Dynastie, Frieburg (Schweiz) – Göttingen: forthcoming “The god Weneg and the wng-plant in the Old Kingdom”, in: Universitätsverlag – Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht [Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 37]. Kuraszkiewicz, Kamil Omar – Kopp, Edyta – Popiełska-Grzybowska, Davies, W. V. – el-Khouli, A. – Lloyd, A. B. – Spencer, A. J. Joanna (eds.). Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology in Warsaw, Warsaw. 1984 Saqqâra Tombs I. The Mastabas of Mereri and Wernu, London: Egypt in preparation “Persons with theophoric names and their social background”. Exploration Society [Archaeological Survey of Egypt. Memoire 36]. Pinch, Geraldine Doxey, Denise M. 2002 Handbook of , Santa Barbara – Denver – Oxford: 2001 “Name”, in: Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of ABC-CLIO [Handbooks of World Mythology]. Ancient Egypt. Vol. II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 490–492. Posener, Georges Fischer, Henry George 1977 “Sur l’attribution d’un nom à un enfant”, Revue d’Égyptologie 22, 1961 “Three Old Kingdom Palimpsests in the Louvre”, Zeitschrift für pp. 204–205. Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 86, pp. 21–31. Quirke, Stephen 1996 Varia nova, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2013 Going out in Daylight – prt m hrw. The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Frankfort, Henry Dead. Translation, sources, meanings, London: Golden House Publi- 1978 Kingship and the gods. A study on Near Eastern religion as the cations [GHP Egyptology 20]. integration of society and nature, Chicago – London: University of Ranke, Hermann Chicago Press. 1926 “Zur Namengebung der Ägypter”, Orientalistische Literaturzeitung Gardiner, Alan H. 29/10, pp. 733–735. 1927 Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, 1935 Die ägyptischen Personennamen. Bd. I. Verzeichnis der Namen, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Glückstadt: Verlag von J. J. Augustin. Gourdon, Yannis 1936 “Les noms propres égyptiens”, Chronique d’Égypte 11, pp. 293–323. 2007 Recherches sur l’anthroponymie dans l’Égypte du IIIe millénaire 1952 Die ägyptischen Personennamen. Bd. II. Form und Inhalt und avant J.-C.: signification et portée sociale du nom égyptien avant Geschichte der Namen, Glückstadt – Hamburg: Verlag von J. J. Augustin. le Moyen Empire, Lyon: Université Lumiere Lyon 2 (unpublished 1976 Die ägyptischen Personennamen. Bd. III. Verzeichnis der Bestandteile, Ph.D. thesis). Glückstadt: Verlag von J. J. Augustin. Griffiths, J. Gwyn Scheele-Schweitzer, Katrin 1960 The Conflict of Horus and Seth. A Study in Ancient Mythology from 2014 Die Personennamen des Alten Reiches. Altägyptische Onomastik unter Egyptian and Classical Sources, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. lexikographischen und sozio-kulturellen Aspekten, Wiesbaden: Helck, Hans Wolfgang Harrassowitz Verlag [PHILIPPIKA. Marburger altertumskundliche 1954 “Zu den theophoren Eigennamen des Alten Reiches”, Zeitschrift für Abhandlungen 28]. Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 79, pp. 27–33. Sethe, Kurt Hoffmann, Konrad 1908 Die altaegyptischen Pyramidentexte nach den Papierabdrücken und 1915 Die theophoren Personennamen des älteren Ägyptens, Leipzig: Photographien des Berliner Museums. Erster Band. Text, erste Hälfte. J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung. Spruch 1–468 (Pyr. 1–905), Leipzig: C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung. Janák Jiří Taylor, John H. 2013 “Akh”, in: Dieleman, Jacco – Wendrich, Willeke (eds.). UCLA 2001 Death and Afterlife in Ancient Egypt, Chicago: The University of Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles (http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/ Chicago Press. viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002gc1pn). Vernus, Paul Junker, Hermann 1982a “Name”, in: Helck, Wolfgang – Westendorf, Wolfhart (eds.). Lexikon 1949 “Zu den Titeln des ”, Annales du Service des Antiquités de der Ägyptologie 4, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, pp. 320–326. l’Égypte 49, pp. 207–215. 1982b “Namengebung”, in: Helck, Wolfgang – Westendorf, Wolfhart (eds.). Kahl, Jochem Lexikon der Ägyptologie 4, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, pp. 326–333. 2007 «Re is My Lord». Searching for the Rise of the Sun God at the Dawn 1982c “Namensbildung”, in: Helck, Wolfgang – Westendorf, Wolfhart (eds.). of Egyptian History, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag [MENES 1]. Lexikon der Ägyptologie 4, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, pp. 333–337. Koschel, Klaus Vittmann, Günter 2000 “Ein altes Problem und ein Graffito im Wadi Hammamat: anti oder 2013a “Personal Names: Function and Significance”, in: Frood, Elizabeth – nmtj? ”, Göttinger Miszellen 175, pp. 9–12. Wendrich, Willeke (eds.). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles Leitz, Christian (http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002dwqr7). 2002–2003 Lexikon der ägyptischen Götter und Götterbezeichnungen. Bd. 2013b “Personal Names: Function and Significance”, in: Frood, Elizabeth – I–VIII, Leuven – Paris – Dudley – Massachusetts: Peeters [Orientalia Wendrich, Willeke (eds.). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles Lovaniensia Analecta 110–116, 129]. (http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002dwqsr). PES XVII_2016_studied_36-78_PES 13.12.16 11:43 Stránka 78

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Voss, Susanne divinities and attempts to investigate solar beliefs on the 2010 “Das Sonnenheiligtum des Niuserre”, in: Brinkmann, Vinzenz (ed.). basis of this perspective. The analysis demonstrates that Sahure. Tod und Leben eines grossen Pharao, Frankfurt – München: the majority of these gods were used as an element in the Liebieghaus Skulpturensammlung – Hirmer, pp. 225–233. anthroponyms. On the other hand, some of them are not attested in the personal names at all: Khepri, Atum, Weneg, Internet resources: Shu. It seems that the reason for this lay in the fact that the Gourdon, Yannis: Anthroponymes et Généalogies de l’Égypte Ancienne ancient people perhaps needed deities who were able to (http://www.ifao.egnet.net/bases/agea/noms/). help them in many matters of their lives. That is why they chose powerful and protective deities, whereas the more Abstract: abstract served the theologians and royal sphere.

Beliefs connected to the sun formed a significant part of Old Kingdom – sun cult – theophoric name – Re – Horus – the ancient Egyptian religion. Even in the Old Kingdom Akhti – Nemti – Sokar – Nefertem – Atum – Khepri – there were a number of gods with solar aspects: Re, Weneg – Shu Khepri, Atum, Horus, Sokar, Akhti, Nemti, Nefertem, Weneg, or Shu. Their characteristics are mainly studied on Marie Peterková Hlouchová the basis of religious texts, but theophoric anthroponyms ([email protected]) may provide some additional insights. This study Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles summarizes the personal names mentioning one of these University