The Merchant of Venice

i ^/ k v^' After Faed. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE. SHAKESPEARE'S COMEDY OF The Merchant of Venice EDITED, WITH NOTES BY WILLIAM J. ROLFE, Litt.D. FORMERLY HEAD MASTER OF THE HIGH SCHOOL CAMBRIDGE, MASS. ILLUSTRATED NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY Copyright, 1870, 1883, and 1898, by HARPER & BROTHERS. Copyright, 1903, by WILLIAM J. ROLFE. Copyright, 1911, by JOHN C. ROLFE. merchant of VENICE. W. P. 12 l^orace l^otoart! Jurness "The dearest friend to me, the ktndest man, The best-condition'd and unwearied spirit " In doing courtesies THIS BOOK AND THE EDITION OF SHAKESPEARE WHICH IT INTRODUCES ARE GRATEFULLY AND AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED W. J. R. PREFACE My edition of The Merchant of Venice was first published in 1870. It was the initial volume of the com- plete edition of Shakespeare's plays and poems, in forty volumes, which was finished in 1883. As I stated in the original preface, the book was planned and nearly completed more than three years earlier, but was laid aside for other work and not taken up again until the summer of 1870. Meanwhile the notes had been used with classes in school and out of school, and received such revision as was suggested by that experience and by further study of Shakespeare. When I began to prepare the book, Shakespeare was just coming to be studied in the secondary schools. Only a few annotated editions of single plays had been published in England, and none, so far as I am aware, in this country. Helps for the school study of Shake- speare were few and expensive. The Cowden-Clarke Concordatice cost ten or twelve dollars. The first vol- " " ume of Dr. Furness's New Variorum edition {Romeo andJuliet) was published in 1871, but the second {Mac- beth^ the first of the plays commonly read in schools) not until 1873. Critical commentaries on Shakespeare were, as a rule, to be had only in costly English editions. High school libraries were few and small, and public libraries, except in the larger cities, contained but little Shakespearian literature. Few teachers in secondary schools throughout the country were better equipped than I was, some fifteen years earlier, when 8 Preface the only Shakespeare I had was a one-volume edition without notes, and my pupils had to use such editions as they found at home or among their friends. In editing this play, therefore, it was my aim, as I " said in the preface, to furnish a pure text and the Jtotes needed for its thorough elucidation and illustra- tion." Having in mind the needs of the teacher as well as the student, I preferred, in these notes, to err, if at all, on the side of fullness. The book was favourably received, but the publishers were surprised, as I was, when the demand for similar editions of all the plays generally read in schools and colleges was followed by a call from the reading public for the rest of Shake- speare's works in the same form. The changes made now in revising the book have been mainly due to the changes that have taken place in the educational situation during the past thirty-five years. For instance, I have omitted the greater part of the notes on textual variations. This play, with most of the others read in schools, is now among the twelve plays that Dr. Furness has edited. No teacher can afford to do without his encyclopedic volumes, in which all the readings and notes of the early editions and of the standard modern editions are epitomized, together with large extracts from the best commentaries and much admirable criticism by Dr. Furness himself. The textual readings, however, are for the average teacher the least important part of the material in that monu- mental edition. The text of Shakespeare is now virtu- ally settled. Many emendations have been proposed in recent years, but those that have been generally accepted could be counted on the fingers of one hand, with possibly a finger or two to spare. Scattered cruces^ due to the corruption of the earlier editions, still re- main to perplex the critics, who will probably quarrel Preface 9 of over them to the end time ; and to some of these, as illustrations of an interesting but exasperating class of Shakespearian problems, I make brief reference in the present notes. " I have also omitted most of the Critical Comments" from the introduction, as the books from which they were taken are now readily accessible in public and school libraries. For these extracts I have substituted familiar comments of my own, and have added more of the same kind in the Appendix. A concise account of Shakespeare's metre has also been inserted as an introduction to the notes. Minor changes have been made throughout the notes. Some have been abridged or condensed, some have been expanded, and new ones have been added here and there. In very few instances, however, have I found it necessary to make any radical alterations, as the work of revision has been going on ever since the book was pubHshed. It has been so often reprinted that I have had opportunities every year — sometimes several times in a year — for making the slight changes and additions that seemed to be necessary or desirable. In 1883, when line numbers were first inserted, new plates were required, and the introduction and notes were thoroughly revised. More than five pages were added to the introduction, and about five more were afterwards appended to the notes. The present edition is, nevertheless, substantially a new book, and many teachers will, I think, prefer it to the old one. Both can be used, without serious incon- venience, in the same class or club. I may add that, in the revision, I have not been " " inclined to insert the Hints for Teachers that are to be found in some good school editions. The teacher who does not need them must regard them as an imper- lO Fretace tinence. Those who do need them are, in my opinion, quite as likely to misuse them as to profit by them. If they are made full enough and explicit enough to be of real service to the young and inexperienced teacher, they should be printed in a separate booklet, like my Elementary Study of English, which M-as prepared mainly as a guide to the use of certain books for younger students. I intend to prepare something of the kind on the study of Shakespeare. CONTENTS PAGB The Life and Works of vShakespeare . .13 Introduction to The Merchant of Venice ... 21 The History of the Play 21 The Sources of the Plot 23 Shakespeare and Italy 26 The Merchant of Venice 35 Act I 37 Act II . 56 Act III . .84 Act IV no Act V 129 Notes 143 Appendix 207 Comments on Some of the Characters .... 207 The Law in the Trial Scene 227 The Time-Analysis of the Play 229 List of Characters in the Play 230 Lndex of Words and Phrases Explained . 233 II Monument at bTKATFORD 12 --& John Shakespeare's House in Henley Street THE LIFE AND WORKS OF SHAKESPEARE His Life. — William Shakespeare was born at Strat- ford-upon-Avon, in the county of Warwick, England, in April, 1564. He was baptized on the 26th of April as it was a to christen (Old Style) ; and, common practice infants when three days old, the tradition which makes fiis birthday the 23d (May 3, as dates are now reckoned) is generally accepted. His father, John Shakespeare, who had been a farmer in a neighbouring village, came to Stratford about 1553, and adopted the trade of a glover. His mother, Mary Arden, belonged to a younger branch of a good old Warwickshire family, and inherited a considerable estate from her father. John Shake- speare was evidently shrewd, energetic, ambitious, and public-spirited. He made money, and was popular with 13 H The Life and Works of his fellow-townsmen. After passing through the lower grades of office, he was elected alderman, and in 1568 became high bailiff or mayor. Inner Court of the Grammar School, Stratford Of a family of four sons and four daughters, William was the third child, but the eldest son. When he was seven years old, he was doubtless sent to the Stratford grammar school, where he got all the regular schooling he ever had. In 1582, when he was only eighteen, he married Anne Hathaway, of the hamlet of Shottery, near Shakespeare 5 Stratford, who was some eight years older than himself. A daughter was born to him in 1583, and twins — a boy and a girl — two years later. He had no other children. i Stratford Church It was probably in the next year, 1586, that Shake- speare went to London, where he became, first an actor, then a writer for the stage. As an actor he seems to have made no special mark, but as a writer he very soon distinguished himself, and in a few years had won the foremost rank among the dramatists of his time. In 1598, Francis Meres, in his Palladis Tavim, or IVifs i6 The Life and Works of *' Treasury, speaks of him as the most excellent among the English for both kinds of tragedy and comedy." His works not only became widely popular, but they brought him special marks of favour and approval from Queen Elizabeth and her successor, James, and gained Chapel of Guild and Grammar School for him the patronage and friendship of some of the most accomplished men of rank of that day.

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