PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL PERÚ FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES Formas De Organización De Las Escenas Musicales Altern

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PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL PERÚ FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES Formas De Organización De Las Escenas Musicales Altern PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL PERÚ FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES Formas de organización de las escenas musicales alternas en Lima El caso de las bandas ska del bar de Bernabé Tesis para optar el Título de Licenciado en Antropología que presenta: César Camilo Riveros Vásquez 20 de Diciembre, 2012 ÍNDICE Introducción..................................................................................................................I Referencias a la antropología de la música.............................................................XVI 1. Referentes Históricos..............................................................................................1 1.1 Las tres olas del ska en el mundo.....................................................................1 1.2 La masificación de la escena subterránea en Lima........................................74 1.3 El ska en Lima...............................................................................................146 2 Dinámicas de sistemas complejos.........................................................................163 2.1 Conceptos fundamentales..............................................................................168 2.2 Organizaciones musicales como sistemas complejos auto organizados.......177 2.2.1 Primer nivel de interacción: Personas..................................................184 2.2.2 Segundo nivel de interacción: Bandas..................................................190 2.2.3 Tercer nivel de interacción: Colectivos, argollas y trabajo colectivo.....199 2.2.4 Cuarto nivel de interacción: Escenas por afinidad................................201 3. Procesos Productivos...........................................................................................207 3.1 Conteptos fundamentales..............................................................................207 3.1.1 Producción, trabajo y reproducción......................................................207 3.1.2 Mercancías: bienes de consumo cultural sujetos a relaciones de intercambio...................................................................................................210 3.1.3 Piezas musicales como mercancías en circulación..............................211 3.1.4 Flujos de mercancías como parte de la integración del sistema mundo...215 3.1.5 Capitalismo, capital y plusvalor.............................................................217 3.1.6 Razones para el uso de un caso extremo..........................................221 3.2 Producción: ¿Cómo se hace un concierto?.................................................223 3.2.1 Ensayos..............................................................................................226 3.2.2 Hacer conciertos: el caso extremo de las bandas ska del Bar de Bernabé..................................................................................................262 3.3 Distribución: circulación de repertorios musicales como flujos de información..................................................................................................327 3.3.1 Macro circuitos de difusión musical....................................................331 3.3.2 Medios de difusión musical en Lima...................................................342 3.3.3 Repertorios escuchados: insumos para crear....................................352 3.3.4 Construcción de la identidad social de una banda.............................354 3.4 Consumo: La realización de conciertos como procesos rituales.................356 4. Conclusiones......................................................................................................363 5. Bibliografía.........................................................................................................384 6. Anexos................................................................................................................394 6.1 La perspectiva del observador.....................................................................394 6.2 Configuraciones instrumentales de las bandas ska del Bar de Bernabé.....400 6.3 Presencia y función de cada persona en los ciclos productivos de cada banda...........................................................................................................419 6.4 Historia estructural con las configuraciones instrumentales por presentación.......................................................................................................424 6.5 Insumos culturales y repertorios creados....................................................433 6.6 Riders y salas de ensayo............................................................................476 6.7 Ejemplos en audio Tablas y cuadros Tabla 1: Géneros musicales que son insumo cultural en la creación del ska ...4 Tabla 2: Etapas productivas, condiciones ideales y estrategias empleadas......225 Cuadro 1: Macro circuitos de difusión musical...................................................341 Las formas de organización de las escenas musicales alternas en Lima. El caso de las bandas ska del Bar de Bernabé. La presente investigación emplea un caso extremo, el de las bandas ska del bar de Bernabé entre el 2005 y 2007 para dar cuenta de las formas de organización de las escenas musicales alternas en Lima. Se presentan los procesos históricos constitutivos de los géneros musicales en sus contextos de origen durante las tres olas del ska, las escenas musicales alternas limeñas y el ska en Lima. Luego se observan las lógicas de articulación de personas-bandas-colectivos-escenas, como sistemas complejos autoorganizados. A continuación se profundiza en cuáles son las prácticas y estrategias para la producción musical que se constatan en el medio urbano limeño, repasando cada función de la cadena de labores para la realización de ensayos, repertorios y conciertos. Luego se observa cuáles son las dinámicas de circulación de repertorios propios y ajenos, refiriendo a los macro circuitos de distribución musical y los medios masivos oficiales de difusión musical en Lima. Finalmente refiere a cómo el concierto se constituye en una instancia de articulación ritual en el que los cultores concretan el consumo musical mediante la comunicación pública de las obras creadas. Al detallar estos procesos y dinámicas, podemos responder a nuestra pregunta de investigación, planteando que: Las escenas musicales alternas emplean la organización colectiva para la producción musical; el uso estratégico del capital social para el manejo de ciclos productivos paralelos, con lógicas propias, según cada contexto, articulando personas de todo origen sociocultural. Estas posibilidades de conducta, con sus aportes, conflictos y contradiccciones, constituyen una parte fundamental de los medios de producción musical en el medio urbano limeño. Son medios de producción de sentido, para cuya realización se articulan diversas cadenas productivas, generando bienes y servicios culturales que son constitutivos de las realidades personales y colectivas experimentadas por sus cultores. Son parte fundamental de nuestras culturas urbanas. I INTRODUCCIÓN Existe un complejo fenómeno cultural que integra las posibilidades de producción musical en Lima, capital del Perú. Se trata del desarrollo de gran cantidad de circuitos musicales reconocidos como “independientes” o “no comerciales”. Estos se han organizado de manera paralela, aunque con distintos vasos comunicantes, a los circuitos con objetivos y prácticas que se orientan explícitamente a la acumulación monetaria y que gozan de difusión prioritaria en los medios masivos de comunicación oficial. Si bien en distintas épocas se han autodefinido como “no comerciales” esto no excluye que tengan sus propias lógicas económicas. Estos circuitos culturales en su conjunto constituyen ciertas formas de producción cultural en Lima y además de espacios de creación, distribución y consumo de bienes y servicios musicales, son espacios de socialización, constitución de identidades y alternativas de vida; que reproducen, critican y transforman a la sociedad limeña-peruana en su conjunto. Son parte de nuestras culturas urbanas1. Estos circuitos son autoreferidos actualmente como “independientes” en dos 1. Por culturas urbanas nos referimos a los patrones de conducta, concepción y creación propios de diversas personas y colectivos humanos en contextos urbanos. Es fundamental recordar que el fenómeno característico del siglo pasado fue la redistribución demográfica que lleva a la mayoría de la población a vivir en ciudades. Las ciudades y la vida urbana se distinguen en todo tiempo y lugar, por tener una alta densidad de interacciones sociales relativas a la sociedad más amplia en la cual están situadas. (SOUTHALL Aidan Ed. Urban Anthropology: cross cultural studies of urbanization. New York Oxford University Press, 1974) Las ciudades articulan poblaciones de diversos orígenes. Las poblaciones migrantes, conservan diversos elementos de las culturas de las cuales son parte. Sobre todo cuando coexisten juntos migrantes con orígenes similares (BANTON Michael Urbanization and Role Analysis en Op Cit Pag 59) La ciudad de Lima ha sido constituida por migrantes y sus dinámicas de funcionamiento e interacción, están marcadas por esa dinámica poblacional. II sentidos. Por un lado se contraponen a los contenidos y formas difundidas desde los medios masivos de comunicación oficial, prensa escrita, televisiva y radial, en los cuales se prioriza el uso de las músicas como mero entretenimiento con objetivos de acumulación monetaria y por otro lado, solo
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