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Chapter 1 Pariahs, Outcasts and Rogues

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Chapter 1 Pariahs, Outcasts and Rogues Notes Chapter 1 Pariahs, Outcasts and Rogues 1. Robert Hendrickson, The Facts on File Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins, Facts on File, New York, 1997, p. 510; The Oxford English Dictionary, second edition, Volume XI, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989. Also see J.A. Sauter, Among the Brahmins and Pariahs, Mittal Publication, New Delhi, 1986; Ramakant Prasad, The Parahiyas: A Study in Cultural Ecology and Tribal Dynamics, Acta Ethnologica et Linguistica, No. 42, Vienna, 1978; Robert Deliège, The World of the ‘Untouchables’: Paraiyars of Tamil Nadu, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1997. 2. William J.V. Neill et al., Reimaging the Pariah City: Urban Development in Belfast & Detroit, Avebury, Aldershot, 1995. 3. John D. Donoghue, Pariah Persistence in Changing Japan: A Case Study, University Press of America, Washington, DC, 1978. 4. Hannah Arendt, The Jew as Pariah: Jewish Identity and Politics in the Modern Age, Grove Press, New York, 1978. 5. Robert E. Harkavy, ‘The pariah state syndrome’, Orbis, Vol. 21(3), 1977, pp. 623–49 and ‘Pariah states and nuclear proliferation’, International Organization, Vol. 35(1), Winter 1981, pp. 135–63; Richard K. Betts, ‘Paranoids, pygmies, pariahs and non-proliferation’, Foreign Policy, 26, Spring 1977, pp. 157–83; Peter Vale, ‘South Africa as a pariah international state’, International Affairs Bulletin, Vol. 1(3), 1977, pp. 121–41; Efraim Inbar, ‘The emergence of pariah states in world politics: The isolation of Israel’, The Korean Journal of International Studies, Vol. 15(1), Winter 1983/84, pp. 55–83; Sara Pienaar, ‘South Africa from paragon to pariah: Contrasts between the League of Nations and the United Nations’, International Affairs Bulletin, Vol. 9(3), 1985, pp. 5–14; Martin Sicker, The Making of a Pariah State: The Adventurist Politics of Muammar Qaddafi, Praeger, New York, 1987; Greg Mills et al., From Pariah to Participant: South Africa’s evolving Foreign Relations, 1990–1994, South African Institute of International Affairs, Johannesburg, 1994. For a retroactive application to a pre- war case, see Aleksandr Nekrich, Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German–Soviet Relations, 1922–1941, Columbia University Press, New York, 1997. 6. Hilal Khashan, Partner or Pariah: Attitudes toward Peace with Israel in Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan, Policy Papers, No. 4, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1996. 7. Ahmed Hashim, ‘Iraq: The pariah state’, Current History, Vol. 91(561), January 1992, pp. 11–16; Geoff Simons, Iraq – Primus inter Pariahs: A Crisis Chronology, Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1999. 8. Tim Niblock, ‘Pariah States’ & Sanctions in the Middle East: Iraq, Libya, Sudan, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 2001. 9. Robert Thomas, Serbia: Still Europe’s Pariah? Alliance Publishers, London, 1996. 10. D. Elsworth Blanc (ed.), North Korea – Pariah?, Novinka Books, Huntington, NY, 2001. 11. One of the most elaborate studies of errant state conduct during the Cold War years is that of Efraim Inbar, Outcast Countries in the World Community, Graduate School of International Studies, University of Denver, Denver, 1985. 361 362 Notes 12. Exceptions include the present author’s book, Isolated States: A Comparative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990, and Wilfried von Bredow, Thomas Jäger & Gerhard Kümmel, ‘North Korea between isolation, dis- sociation and integration’, The Korean Journal of National Unification, Vol. 6, 1997, pp. 101–49. 13. See, for example, C. Howard, Splendid Isolation, Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1967; George Monger, The End of Isolation: British Foreign Policy 1900–1907, Thomas Nelson & Sons, London, 1963. 14. Among the numerous books on the subject are Elliott Abrams, Security and Sacrifice: Isolation, Intervention, and American Foreign Policy, Hudson Institute, Indianapolis, 1995; Richard D. Challener, From Isolation to Containment, 1921–1952: Three Decades of American Foreign Policy from Harding to Truman, St Martin’s Press, New York, 1970; Justus D. Doenecke & John E. Wilz, From Isolation to War, 1931–1941, Harlan Davidson, New York, 1990; W. Patrick Strauss, Isolation and Involvement: An Interpretive History of American Diplomacy, Xerox College Publishers, Waltham, Mass., 1972. 15. The Oxford English Dictionary. 16. Richard Bjornson, The Picaresque Hero in European Fiction, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1977, p. 3; Robert Alter, Rogue’s Progress: Studies in the Picaresque Novel, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1964, p. viii; Claudio Guillén, The Anatomy of Roguery: A Comparative Study in the Origins and the Nature of Picaresque Literature, Garland Publishing, New York, 1987, pp. 1–4. 17. Robert Alter, p. viii. 18. Richard Bjornson, p. 4. 19. Robert Alter, pp. 3–5. 20. Gwenda Morgan, Rogues, Thieves and the Rule of Law: The Problem of Law Enforcement in North-East England, 1718–1820, UCL Press, London, 1998; Lionel Rose, Rogues and Vagabonds: Vagrant Underworld in Britain, 1815–1985, Routledge, London, 1988; Padraic O’Rarrell, Irish Rogues, Rascals, and Scoundrels, Mercier Press, Dublin, 1992; James M. Denham, ‘A Rogue’s Paradise’: Crime and Punishment in Antebellum Florida, 1821–1861, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, 1997; Charles F. Adams, The Magnificent Rogues of San Francisco: A Gallery of Fakers and Frauds, Rascals and Robber Barons, Scoundrels and Scalawags, Pacific Books, Palo Alto, 1997; Walter Block, Defending the Undefendable: The Pimp, Prostitute, Scab, Slumlord, Libeler, Moneylenders, and other Scapegoats in the Rogue’s Gallery of American Society, Fleet Press, New York, 1976; David Philips & Susanne Davies (eds), A Nation of Rogues?: Crime, Law, and Punishment in Colonial Australia, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 1994; Michael Kurland, A Gallery of Rogues: Portraits in True Crime, Prentice-Hall, New York, 1994; Ted R. Gurr, Rogues, Rebels, and Reformers: A Political History of Urban Crime and Conflict, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, 1976. 21. Richard Marcinko, Rogue Warrior, Pocket Books, New York, 1992. 22. Gordon Newell’s Rogues, Buffoons & Statesmen, Hangman Press, Seattle, 1975, is a story of politics in the US state of Washington; another example is ‘Rogues’ Gallery’ & Indian Politics by Jogendra N. Sahni, Allied, New Delhi, 1982. 23. Timothy W. Stanley, ‘American strategy after the Cold War: The price of disen- gagement’, Comparative Strategy, Vol. 10, January–March 1991, pp. 73–82; President Ronald Reagan, quoted by Michael Klare, Rogue States and Nuclear Outlaws: America’s Search for a New Foreign Policy, Hill & Wang, New York, 1996, p. 27; Anthony Lake, ‘Confronting backlash states’, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 73(2), March/April 1994, p. 45. Notes 363 24. Charles Krauthammer, ‘The unipolar moment’, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 70(1), 1991, pp. 30–2; David Mutimer, The Weapons State: Proliferation and Visions of Security, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 2000. 25. Anthony Lake, 1994, pp. 45–55. 26. Debra von Opstal and Andrew C. Goldberg, Meeting the Mavericks: Regional Challenges for the Next President, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Washington DC, 1988. Also see Guy Arnold, The Maverick State: Gaddafi and the New World Order, Cassell, London, 1996. 27. President George Bush, 1990, quoted by Robert S. Litwak, Rogue States and U.S. Foreign Policy: Containment after the Cold War, The Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Washington DC, 2000, p. 2. Also see Michael Klare, Rogue States and Nuclear Outlaws, p. 27; Stephen Chan and Andrew J. Williams, Renegade States: The Evolution of Revolutionary Foreign Policy, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1994. 28. Anthony Lake, 1994, p. 45. 29. English translations of the German ‘Schurkenstaaten’, as used by Ellen L. Frost, ‘Umgang mit “Schurkenstaaten”’, Internationale Politik, Vol. 52(4), April 1997, pp. 1–6. 30. Paul Brooker, Defiant Dictatorships: Communist and Middle-Eastern Dictatorships in a Democratic Age, Macmillan Press – now Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1997. 31. Thomas H. Henriksen, Using Power and Diplomacy to Deal with Rogue States, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, Stanford, 1999, p. 8. 32. Additional references to ‘pariah states’ are to be found in, among others, Marc D. Millot, ‘Facing the emerging reality of regional nuclear adversaries’, The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 17(3), Summer 1994, p. 42; Phil Williams and Stephen Black, ‘Transnational threats: Drug trafficking and weapons prolifera- tion’, Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 15(1), April 1994, pp. 127–51. 33. Robert S. Litwak, ‘What’s in a name?: The changing foreign policy lexicon’, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 54(2), Spring 2001, pp. 375, 391–2. 34. Michael Klare, Rogue States and Nuclear Outlaws, pp. 16, 23–4. 35. See, for instance, Colin S. Gray, ‘Deterrence in the new strategic environment’, Comparative Strategy, Vol. 11(3), July–September 1992, pp. 247–67; Hans Binnendijk and Patrick Clawson, ‘New strategic priorities’, The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 18(2), Spring 1995, pp. 109–26; Michael Mandelbaum, ‘Lessons of the next nuclear war’, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 74(2), March/April 1996, pp. 33–6; Ashok Kapur, ‘Rogue states and the international nuclear order’, International Journal, Vol. 51(3), Summer 1996, pp. 420–39; Stephen Zunes, ‘The function of rogue states in U.S. Middle East policy’, Middle East Policy, Vol. 5(2), May 1997, pp. 150–67; John Bray, ‘Sanctions: Sticks to beat rogue states’, The World Today, Vol. 52(8–9), August/September 1996, pp. 206–8; Raymond Tanter, Rogue Regimes: Terrorism and Proliferation,
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